The Upper East Side, with a Special Focus on Preventable Causes of Illness and Death

Community New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Health

Profiles nyc.gov/health

10128

10028 The Health of 10021 the Upper 10044 East Side

Manhattan This community health profile highlights important health issues facing Message residents of the Upper East Side, with a special focus on preventable causes of illness and death. Preventing illness requires people making healthy life choices, neighborhood From resources that promote healthy living, and high-quality, accessible medical care. New York City is the most diverse city in the U.S. This is reflected in the the unique character of each neighborhood. Strategies to improve New Yorkers’ health should take local concerns into account and be based on an understanding of how Commissioner decisions at the city level affect local residents. The burden of illness and death does not fall equally across New York City’s neighborhoods. One of the primary goals of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene is to reduce and eliminate these disparities by improving health in communities with the greatest need. Improving the health of all New Yorkers requires the involvement and cooperation of individual residents, community-based organizations, and the public health community. We hope that this health profile will support this effort on the Upper East Side and across New York City. Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH Commissioner

Snapshots Number of people living on the Upper East Side in 2000:

From the 218,167 Census

People on the Upper East New York Upper East Side Side City are older than the Children (0–17 years) 12% 24% Age New York City Adults (18–64 years) 74% 64% average Adults (65 years and above) 14% 12%

2 or more races 2% African-American 3% Other race <1% 2 or more races 3% Compared to New Asian 6% Hispanic 6% African- York City as a Asian 10% American whole, more people 25% Race/Ethnicity on the Upper East White Side are of White White 35% Hispanic race/ethnicity Upper East 82% 27% Side New York City

About 1 in 5 residents on the Upper East Side was Upper East Side 22% foreign-born born outside the U.S. (Top 3 countries of origin: New York City 36% foreign-born Country of Origin United Kingdom, Germany, Japan)

2 COMMUNITY HEALTH PROFILES This summary shows how the health of residents of the Upper East Side compares Report to 41 other neighborhoods in New York City. In general, people living on the Upper East Side are healthier than residents of other New York City neighborhoods. Card on However, there remain many health issues that can be improved. The challenge of improving these indicators does not fall only on neighborhood residents but is a Health shared responsibility between all sectors of society. The Upper East Side compared to 41 other NYC neighborhoods

Below Average Average Above Average (bottom 10) (middle 22) (top 10)

General health ✓

Maternal and child health ✓

Infectious diseases (including pneumonia, influenza, HIV/AIDS) ✓

Chronic diseases (including heart disease, diabetes, ✓ lung diseases)

Prevention in doctors’ offices (including cancer screening and ✓ immunizations)

Access to medical care ✓

Please see the technical notes on page 11 for details on how these measures were calculated.

In a recent survey, adults on the Upper East Side and across New York City were How asked to rate their own health. The options were “Excellent,” “Very Good,” “Good,” “Fair,” and “Poor.” On the Upper East Side, 90% said their health is Residents “Good,” “Very Good,” or “Excellent.” How people rate their own health is a good indication of the overall health of a community. Rate

Most residents on the Upper East Side Their consider themselves healthy

100 90 86 Own 81 80

Health 60

20 "Very Good," "Very or "Excellent" Percent who Percent say health is "Good," 0 Upper East Side New York City USA

The Health of the Upper East Side 3 Heart disease and cancer caused the most deaths in 2001 among Upper East Side Major residents. The death rates for most causes were lower on the Upper East Side Causes of than in New York City as a whole. Leading Causes of Death on the Upper East Side, 2001 Death Upper East Side Upper East Side New York City compared to NYC as a whole

Death rate Death rate and No. of (per 100,000 (per 100,000 Higher by Lower by deaths people)* people)*

Hospital All causes 1,417 551 736 25% Heart disease 541 205 304 35% Admissions Cancer 394 158 167 5% Pneumonia and influenza 91 35 32 10% Stroke 53 21 24 15% Chronic lung disease 40 1621 25% Neurologic disease and 33 13 8 70% dementia Many deaths Accidents and injuries 28 10 15 30% from heart Diabetes 25 10 22 55% disease, the Kidney disease 19 8 10 25% biggest killer in High blood pressure 15 5 65% New York City *Age-adjusted and nationwide, are caused by preventable or Premature death controllable People who die before age 75 can be thought of as dying factors, such as How the overall death prematurely. The difference between 75 years and the age rate on the Upper East smoking, high of a person who dies before that is called the “years of Side ranks among 42 New York City blood pressure, potential life lost.” More than half the years of potential neighborhoods high cholesterol, life lost among Upper East Side residents were due to More healthy diabetes, and 2 causes: cancer and heart disease/stroke. Smoking is, obesity. by far, the leading preventable cause of these illnesses.

More than 7,000 years of potential life were lost before age 75 among Upper East Side residents in 2001

Other causes of death: 46% 3,332 years lost Cancer: 34% 2,469 years lost

Less healthy

Heart disease and stroke: 20% 1,466 years lost

4 COMMUNITY HEALTH PROFILES Causes of hospitalization Injuries and heart disease are the leading causes of adult hospitalization on the Upper East Side. The hospitalization data also reveal the burden of illness due to mental illness and drug and alcohol abuse, as well as HIV/AIDS. Hospitalization rates on the Upper East Side are generally lower than in New York City as a whole.

Leading Causes of Hospitalization in Adults on the Upper East Side, 2001

Upper East Side Upper East Side New York City compared to NYC as a whole Admission rate Admission rate No. of (per 100,000 (per 100,000 Higher by Lower by admissions people)* people)*

All causes 19,160 10,249 14,140 30% Accidents and injuries 2,181 1,179 1,209 <2.5% Heart disease 2,129 1,165 1,744 35% Cancer 1,338 72665410% Mental Illness 712 372 671 45% Pneumonia and influenza 479 263 433 40% Stroke 465 256 379 30% Alcohol-related 303 159 387 60% Chronic lung disease 220 121 193 35% Drug-related 202 104 492 80% Diseases of blood vessels 199 110 110 *Age-adjusted

Mental illness Depression is a common and serious health problem that often goes undiagnosed but is treatable. Other treatable mental health problems, such as anxiety, affect many New Yorkers. The high number of hospitalizations for mental illness among Upper East Side residents is one indication of the burden of mental illness there. In addition, in a recent telephone survey, 4% of adults living on the Upper East Side — corresponding to about 7,000 people — reported experiencing serious emotional distress.

Thousands of adults living on the Upper East Side report serious emotional distress 7 6 6

5 4 4

Percent of Percent adults 2

0 Upper East Side New York City

The Health of the Upper East Side 5 Reducing risky HIV/AIDS sexual behavior, While the number of AIDS deaths has dropped dramatically across New York City getting tested for over the past decade, HIV/AIDS remains a very serious public health problem. Over HIV, and ensuring a thousand Upper East Side residents are living with HIV/AIDS. high-quality treatment of all HIV-infected people are effective ways of HIV/AIDS on the Upper East Side, 2001 preventing new HIV Number of people newly diagnosed with HIV 66 infections and AIDS. Number of people living with HIV/AIDS 1,051

The health of mothers and children is an important measure of the overall health The of a community. Ensuring that children get a healthy start and learn healthy Health of behaviors has many long-term benefits Maternal and infant health Mothers Women receiving late or no prenatal care, 2001 Three important measures of 40 maternal and infant health are: and 30 30 1. Early prenatal care (care 20 Children initiated in the first trimester) 9 National 10 goal: Less

2. Low birthweight, which of Percent live births than 10% increases the risk for many 0 Upper East Side New York City health problems Babies born with low birthweight, 2001 3. Infant mortality (deaths of 10 (<2,500 grams/5.5 lbs) Healthy babies under one year of age) 88 babies start 8

6 with healthy The Upper East Side is at or National goal: Less 4 mothers who better than the citywide average than 5% for these indicators. 2

get early, of Percent live births 0 regular, and Upper East Side New York City high-quality prenatal care. Infant mortality, 1999–2001 10

8 6.2 6 National 4 3.7 goal: Less live births than 4.5 2

Number of deaths per 1,000 0 Upper East Side New York City

6 COMMUNITY HEALTH PROFILES Asthma can be Children’s health controlled. All The Upper East Side has a lower children with asthma hospitalization rate than Asthma other New York City neighborhoods asthma should 8 Asthma affects a large number of have a written 6 “Asthma Action New York City’s children and is a 6 leading cause of missed school days Plan” to help them 4 and hospitalizations. The asthma and their parents 2 know which hospitalization rate on the Upper 2

East Side is lower than in New York Rate per 1,000 children medicines to take 0 and when to take City as a whole. There were 54 asthma Upper East Side New York City hospitalizations among children on the Asthma hospitalization rate for children them, how to 14 years and younger, 2001 avoid asthma Upper East Side in 2001. triggers, and when to get medical care.

Many children on the Upper Injuries East Side are hospitalized each year with injuries Injury is a preventable threat to 5

children’s health. In 2001, 92 children 44 4 on the Upper East Side were 3 hospitalized with injuries, including those from falls, burns, and motor- 2

vehicle crashes. 1 Rate per 1,000 children 0 Upper East Side New York City

Injury hospitalization rate for children 14 years and younger, 2001

Lead poisoning All Lead can cause neurologic, learning, children in and behavioral problems, and lowered Lead poisoning on the New York intelligence. While the number of Upper East Side City must 25 lead-poisoned children in New York have a 20 City has decreased over the past blood lead 15 decade, the goal is to eliminate lead 15 test at 1 10 9 and 2 years poisoning by preventing children’s of age. exposure to lead paint and other 5 sources of lead. There were 41 Rate per 1,000 children tested 0 children newly diagnosed with lead Upper East Side New York City poisoning on the Upper East Side in Rate of lead poisoning in children under 18 years, 2001 2001 (defined as blood levels over 10 µg/dL).

The Health of the Upper East Side 7 Targets Promoting healthy behaviors and reducing risks Smoking for Smoking causes heart disease, stroke, emphysema, lung cancer, and many other illnesses. Currently, about 1 in 7 adults on the Upper East Side smokes. Most, Prevention however, want to quit, and more than half tried last year. There are a number of highly effective strategies, including medication (such as the nicotine patch) and counseling, to help smokers quit.

About 1 in 7 adults on the . . . but most are trying to quit Stopping Upper East Side smokes . . . smoking is 30 70

60 55 57 the most 22 50 important 20 thing 15 40 National 30 Percent Percent smokers 10 goal: Less than 12% 20

can do to 10

improve 0 0 their health. Upper East Side New York City Upper East Side New York City Adults who currently smoke Smokers who tried to quit last year

Exercise, obesity, and diabetes As New Yorkers exercise less and eat more, we are becoming more overweight. Being overweight puts people at risk for heart disease and many other health problems, especially diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic illness that can lead to heart attack, blindness, kidney failure, and amputations. Many New Yorkers are not getting enough exercise and are obese.* Even modest increases in exercise and reductions in weight can reduce the risk of diabetes by more than half.

Exercise and obesity on the Upper East Side Diabetes on the Upper East Side

30 Upper East Side 10 26 New York City National 25 8 goal: Less 8 than 20% 20 18 6 18 National 15 goal: Less than 15% 4 10 7 2 National Percent of Percent adults Percent of Percent adults 2 5 goal: Less than 2.5% 0 0 No physical activity Obese Upper East Side New York City

* The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that adults get either moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes, 5 or more times per week, or vigorous exercise for at least 20 minutes, 3 or more times per week. Obesity is defined by someone’s “weight for height” — otherwise known as the “body mass index” or BMI — being over 30. “Overweight” is defined by a BMI over 25. Everyone should aim for a BMI less than 25. For example, a 5’10” man who weighs less than 175 lbs and a 5’4” woman who weighs less than 145 lbs have BMIs less than 25. To calculate BMI, visit www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/bmi-adult.htm.

8 COMMUNITY HEALTH PROFILES Alcohol Heavy drinking is responsible for many preventable illnesses, injuries, and deaths, including those caused by motor-vehicle crashes and other accidents, liver disease, and cancer. One pattern of alcohol misuse that can lead to violence and health problems is “binge” drinking (consuming 5 or more drinks on one occasion).

Thousands of adults on the Upper East Side binge drink at least once a month

20 3 or more episodes 15 3 or more episodes Percent 10

1 or 2 episodes 1 or 2 5 episodes

0 Upper East Side New York City

Risk behaviors for HIV Many adults on the Upper East Side report at least one of the following behaviors that put them at risk for HIV: using injection drugs, having unprotected anal intercourse, exchanging sex or drugs for money, or having a sexually transmitted disease.

Many adults on the Upper East Side are at high risk for HIV infection

6 5 5 4 4

Percent of Percent adults 2

0 Upper East Side New York City

The Health of the Upper East Side 9 Medical Opportunities for prevention The medical community — doctors, nurses, counselors, and others — can help Care prevent illness. Screening and treatment for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cancer can prolong life. Flu and pneumonia vaccinations prevent many hospitalizations and deaths. Counseling to quit smoking or control drinking is highly effective and helps people who want to improve their health. Access to care Preventing and treating illness depends on people’s ability to access high-quality medical care. This means having health insurance and a “medical home” — a personal doctor or nurse practitioner. Most Upper East Side residents have good access to medical care. However, some do not: about 9,000 people report no current health care coverage; How access to medical 2,000 people did not get needed medical care in the past care on the Upper East Side ranks among 42 year; and 45,000 people do not have a personal doctor. New York City neighborhoods Access to medical care on the Upper East Side More access to care 30 Upper East Side New York City 25 25 23

15 12 10 10 Percent of Percent adults 5 5 1 0 No health coverage Needed care but No personal doctor did not receive it Less access to care

Cancer screening and other preventive services Cancer screening and other clinical services can prevent or reduce the severity of many illnesses. This graph shows how rates on the Upper East Side compare to New York City as a whole and to some national goals.

Preventive services on the Upper East Side Upper East Side

Cancer Screening Dental visits Flu shots New York City

100 87 84 80 National Goal 77 77 80 Pap smear >90% 67 68 66 63 Dental visits >60% 60 50 Flu shots >90% 40 20 Percent of Percent adults 0 Mammogram, Pap smear, Colon cancer Dental visit, Flu vaccination, past 2 years past 3 years screening ever past year past year (women over 40) (all women) (people 50 (all adults) (people 65 and older) and older)

10 COMMUNITY HEALTH PROFILES People’s ability to increase healthy behaviors and improve their health is Vulnerable influenced by the conditions in which they live. A healthy environment that includes adequate housing, neighborhood resources such as supermarkets and Populations parks, community services such as daycare, and safety, is essential in preventing disease and promoting health. The Upper East Side has a low poverty rate, and most people who live there feel their neighborhood is safe. There are still many people in the neighborhood, however, whose health is at risk due to poor social and economic conditions.

Vulnerability of the neighborhood — education, poverty, the safety 40

32 Upper East Side 30 28 New York City 21 20 Percent of Percent adults 10 7 7 5

0 Did not graduate Living in poverty Feel neighborhood high school (people is unsafe 25 and over)

Technical notes Data sources Mortality, years of potential life lost, infant mortality, low birthweight, late prenatal care: NYCDOHMH/Office of Vital Statistics; Self-reported health status, depression/anxiety symptoms, smoking, exercise, obesity, diabetes, alcohol, drugs/risky sexual practices, access to medical care, clinical preventive services, neighborhood safety: NYCDOHMH/Division of Epidemiology/NYC Community Health Survey 2002; Lead poisoning: NYCDOHMH Lead Poisoning Prevention Program; Hospitalizations: New York State Department of Health/Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System; Population (total, race/ethnicity, foreign-born, percent in poverty, education): New York City Department of City Planning/Census 2000 data; National goals: US Department of Health and Human Services/Healthy People 2010; National self-reported health status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2001, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How the report card was calculated Ranks in each category were computed by combining several standardized (z-scores) measures within the following categories: General health: Self-reported health status and all-cause mortality rate; Maternal and child health: All “Health of Mothers and Children” indices; Infectious disease: People living with HIV, pneumonia and influenza mortality, tuberculosis incidence, and gonorrhea incidence; Chronic diseases: Mortality and hospital admissions for heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and lung disease; Prevention in doctors’ offices: All listed indices; Access to medical care: All listed indices. All rates are age-standardized to the NCHS Year 2000 standard. Mortality rates do not include residents of NYC who died outside the city. Infant mortality rates are 3-year averages, 1999–2001. Death rates are rounded to the nearest whole number; however, percentage differences between neighborhood and NYC rates are calculated based on more precise values. Geographic definitions of neighborhoods are based on zip code aggregations (from the United Hospital Fund, New York, NY). For more information on data collection and analysis, including detailed tables, please visit www.nyc.gov/health. Cover Photograph: Park Avenue, Manhattan. Copyright Jeff Greenberg/NYC & Company, Inc.

The Health of the Upper East Side 11 Community Health Profile for the Upper East Side

Reports on 41 other New York City neighborhoods are available from the New York City Department of Health Inside and Mental Hygiene Community-specific information on . . . by visiting: nyc.gov/health by e-mailing: [email protected] Overall health and 2 census data or by writing to: Leading causes of death 4 Community Health Profiles and hospitalization New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Division of Epidemiology The health of mothers 6 125 Worth Street, Room 315, CN-6 and children New York, NY 10013 Behaviors affecting health: smoking, 8 exercise, alcohol use, For more information about the health issues and others covered in this report, please call 311. Opportunities for disease prevention in clinical settings: cancer 10 screening, dental care, vaccinations Social and demographic 11 issues affecting health

NYC Community Health Profiles nyc.gov/health New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Division of Epidemiology, Bureau of Epidemiology Services, 125 Worth Street, CN-6, New York, NY 10013

Michael R. Bloomberg Mayor

Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH Commissioner of Health and Mental Hygiene

To contact NYC Community Health Profiles, e-mail [email protected]

Suggested citation: Karpati A, Lu X, Mostashari F, Thorpe L, Frieden TR. The Health of the Upper East Side. NYC Community Health Profiles 2003;1(20):1–12.