History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology
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History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation Edited by Edwin R. Wallace, IV, MA, MD, MACPsych University of South Carolina Columbia, SC and John Gach Randallstown, MD Edwin R. Wallace, IV John Gach University of South Carolina Randallstown, MD, USA Columbia, SC, USA Library of Congress Control Number: 2006929450 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-34707-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-34708-0 © 2008 Springer ScienceϩBusiness Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceϩBusiness Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper. 987654321 springer.com In Memoriam to Three Master Psychiatrists and Historians of Their Discipline Stanley Jackson, M.D. (1921–2000) Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and History, and the History of Medicine, Yale University George Mora, M.D. (1923–2006) Medical Director, Astor Home for Children, Rhinebeck, NY Herbert Weiner, M.D., Dr. med (hon.) (1921–2002) Professor Emeritus UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute Contents Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii Introduction: Synopsis and Overview xix Contributors xlv Section One: Prolegomenon Chapter 1. Historiography: Philosophy and Methodology of History, with Special Emphasis on Medicine and Psychiatry; and an Appendix on “Historiography” as the History of History 3 Edwin R. Wallace, IV Chapter 2. Contextualizing the History of Psychiatry/Psychology and Psychoanalysis: Annotated Bibliography and Essays: Addenda A–F 117 Edwin R. Wallace, IV Section Two: Periods Proto-Psychiatry Chapter 3. Mind and Madness in Classical Antiquity 175 Bennett Simon Chapter 4. Mental Disturbances, Unusual Mental States, and Their Interpretation during the Middle Ages 199 George Mora Chapter 5. Renaissance Conceptions and Treatments of Madness 227 George Mora Chapter 6. The Madman in the Light of Reason. Enlightenment Psychiatry: Part I. Custody, Therapy, Theory and the Need for Reform 255 Dora B. Weiner The Growth of Psychiatry as a Medical Specialty Chapter 7. The Madman in the Light of Reason. Enlightenment Psychiatry: Part II. Alienists, Treatises, and the Psychologic Approach in the Era of Pinel 281 Dora B. Weiner Chapter 8. Philippe Pinel in the Twenty-First Century: The Myth and the Message 305 Dora B. Weiner Chapter 9. German Romantic Psychiatry: Part I. Earlier, Including More-Psychological Orientations 313 Otto M. Marx vii viii Contents Chapter 10. German Romantic Psychiatry: Part II. Later, Including More-Somatic Orientations 335 Otto M. Marx Chapter 11. Descriptive Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nosology during the Nineteenth Century 353 German Berrios Chapter 12. Biological Psychiatry in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 381 John Gach Chapter 13. The Intersection of Psychopharmacology and Psychiatry in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century 419 David Healy Section Three: Concepts and Topics Concepts Chapter 14. A History of Melancholia and Depression 443 Stanley W. Jackson Chapter 15. Constructing Schizophrenia as a Category of Mental Illness 461 Sander L. Gilman Chapter 16. The Concept of Psychosomatic Medicine 485 Herbert Weiner Topics Chapter 17. Neurology’s Influence on American Psychiatry: 1865–1915 519 Edward M. Brown Chapter 18. The Transformation of American Psychiatry: From Institution to Community, 1800–2000 533 Gerald N. Grob Chapter 19. The Transition to Secular Psychotherapy: Hypnosis and the Alternate-Consciousness Paradigm 555 Adam Crabtree Chapter 20. Psychoanalysis in Central Europe: The Interplay of Psychoanalysis and Culture 587 Hannah S. Decker Chapter 21. The Psychoanalytic Movement in the United States, 1906–1991 629 Sanford Gifford Chapter 22. The Development of Clinical Psychology, Social Work, and Psychiatric Nursing: 1900–1980s 657 Nancy Tomes Epilogue: Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation Chapter 23. Thoughts Toward a Critique of Biological Psychiatry 685 John Gach Contents ix Chapter 24. Two “Mind”-“Body” Models for a Holistic Psychiatry 695 Edwin R. Wallace, IV Chapter 25. Freud on “Mind”-“Body” I: The Psychoneurobiological and “Instinctualist” Stance; with Implications for Chapter 24, and Two Postscripts 725 Edwin R. Wallace, IV Chapter 26. Freud on “Mind”-“Body” II: Drive, Motivation, Meaning, History, and Freud’s Psychological Heuristic; with Clinical and Everyday Examples 757 Edwin R. Wallace, IV Chapter 27. Psychosomatic Medicine and the Mind-Body Relation: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific, and Clinical Perspectives 781 Herbert Weiner Glossary 835 Index 837 Acknowledgments We give special thanks to the helpful staff at Springer: Janice Stern, Emma Holmgren, and Joseph Quatela. Dr. Wallace gives special kudos to his long-time University of South Carolina administrative associate, Freda Rene McCray, who patiently went through many drafts of his five chapters, as well as those of the introductory material. “Ned” Wallace is grateful to Charles L. Bryan, M.D., Professor (and former Chairman) of Internal Medicine, and Director of the Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, at the University of South Carolina, for protecting his time during the later phases of a very lengthy process. Professor Bryan is an Osler scholar, who published a much-touted book on his subject, as well as other monographs and articles on the history of medicine. Ned is also indebted to Center colleague George Khushf, Ph.D., noted bioethi- cist and philosopher of medicine, for countless têtes-à-têtes on historical and philosophical/ethical issues; and to Everett C. Simmons, M.D., for many conversations about psychoanalysis and psychiatric diagnosis generally. Likewise to Wallace’s former U.S.C. doctoral student, James Elkins, Ph.D., for lengthy conver- sations on paleoanthropology and its history. Mr. Gach is especially grateful to his daughter, Reetta Gach, for handling much of the antiquarian book business during his immersion in this project. Indeed, she has become an expert in the history of notable psychiatric books and articles herself. We also acknowledge Vidhya Jayaprakash, of Newgen Publishing and Data Services (Thiruvanmiyur, India), for her skilled supervision of the various stages in the printing of this book. As always Dr. Wallace acknowledges the seminal role of his teachers and mentors: Philip Rieff, Ph.D., University Professor Emeritus and Benjamin Franklin Professor Emeritus of Sociology (University of Pennsylvania); George E. Gross, M.D., former President of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and Society, and its long-time Medical Director; Charles S. Still, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Behavioral Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; and the late Professor Lloyd Stevenson, M.D., Ph.D., Director of the Hopkins Institute for the History of Medicine. Last but hardly least, we thank our wives, Neeta Shah Wallace, M.L.S., and Betty Gach, for their patience, love, and support during the hectic final years of this project. xi Preface Most of the prefatory issues are extensively elaborated upon in the Prolegomenon, which also contains the complete references to the texts and authors discussed below. Nevertheless, the “Preface” would be grossly incomplete without touching on some of these issues, books, and scholars. Too, many of this book’s chapters (e.g., Mora’s, Marx’s, D. B. Weiner’s) examine and “reference” important earlier, as well as contemporary, general histories of psychiatry and specialized monographs; in German, French, Italian, and Spanish. Also, in his 1968 Short History of Psychiatry, dis- cussed below, Ackerknecht (pp. xi–xii) references important nineteenth and earlier-twentieth century psychiatric histories in English, French, and German. Such citations will of course not be repeated here. Finally, thanks to several publishers’ re-editions of dozens of classical psychiatric texts; one can consult their bibliographies as well. See “Prolegomenon” for references to these splendid series. In a rough-and-ready sense, medical history began in classical Greece—for example, On Ancient Medicine. While traditionally included in the Hippocratic corpus, this text seems more likely to have been written by a non- or even anti-Hippocratic doctor. Moreover, the Hippocratic and other schools were hardly as secular as we now suppose. On Epilepsy, for example, does not so much declare the prevalent denotation of it as the “sacred disease” erroneous as it does that it is no more nor less sacred than any other disease. Historical and archaeological studies of ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese, and Greek medicines confirm that they arose first, from a common root with animism and magic; and then from a close association with religion and the priesthood. Latter nineteenth and twentieth century cultural anthropologists have found this to be the case in contemporary nonliterate societies as well. The first medicine to begin secularizing was Chinese—in the immediate post-Confucian period.