Paper No: 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Module:09 Diversity: Origin and Classification

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Dr R.K. Chaitanya Content Writer Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

Dr. Sunil Mittal Content Reviewer Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

Anchor Institute Central University of Punjab

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Description of Module

Subject Name Environmental Sciences Paper Name Biodiversity and Conservation Module Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification Name/Title Module Id EVS/BC-III/09 Pre-requisites Objectives To learn about Animal Diversity, its origin and classification Keywords Ectodermic, endodermic, diploblastic, triploblastic

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Module 09: Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

1. Introduction 2. Evolutionary origin of 3. Animal Classification 3.1. Carolus Linnaeus classification 3.2. Five kingdom classification 3.3. Three domain classification: Tree of Life 3.4. Other animal classification systems 4. Description of animal phyla 5. Salient features of different phyla in the animal kingdom 6. Animal germ layers and their derivatives 7. Larval forms of various animals 8. State animals and

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

1. Introduction

Among the 5 major kingdoms of biodiversity, the KindomAnimalia is one of the important one. All the members of this kingdom are multicellular, eukaryotes and heterotrophs. Most of the members can move independently and are regarded as motile. As per estimates, there are around 9 to 10 million species of animals and among these about 8 lakh species have been identified. has only 2.4% of global land area but contains 7-8% of globally recorded species. Over 46,000 species of plants and 96,000 species of animals are recorded in India. Animals may lack symmetry or may have radial or bilateral symmetry. Bilaterally symmetrical animals have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. There are three major clades of bilaterian animals: Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa. With one exception, the phyla in these clades consist entirely of invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone; Chordata is the only phylum that includes vertebrates, animals with a backbone. They have been classified/subdivided into many categories on different basis as discussed in this module. The module discusses the evolutionary origin of animals, different animal classification systems, animal germ layers and their derivatives, State animals and birds etc.

2. Evolutionary origin of animals

The history of animals spans more than half a billion years. Fossil biochemical evidence and molecular clock analyses indicate that animals arose over 700 million years ago. Genomic analyses suggest that key steps in the origin of animals involved new ways of using proteins that were encoded by genes found in choanoflagellates. This table provides an overview of how animals evolved from their distant common ancestor over four geologic eras.

Era Period Age (Millions Important Events of years ago)

Neoproterozoic Ediacaran 560-542 soft-bodied; radially symmetric invertebrate animals appear (fossils: Mawsonitesspriggi, Sprigginafloundersi, Cloudina,

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Dickinsoniacostata)

Paleozoic Cambrian 542-488 Sudden increase in diversity of many animal phyla (Cambrian explosion) (fossils: Pikaia(eel-like , Marella (small arthropod, Anomalocaris(large animal with grasping limbs and a circular mouth), and Hallucigenia(animals with toothpick-like spikes

Ordovician 488-444 Colonization of land by animals; invertebrates dominated

Silurian 444-416 Radiation of crinoids; a continued proliferation and expansion of the brachiopods, and the oldest known fossils of coral reefs; also marks the wide and rapid spread of jawless fish

Devonian 416-359 Diversification of bony fishes; first tetrapods and insects appear (Fossils: Coccosteuscuspidatus, Tiktaalik)

Carbonifero 359-299 Origin of reptiles; amphibians dominant us

Permian 299-251 Radiation of reptiles; origin of most present-day groups of insects; extinction of many marine and terrestrial organisms

at end of period (Fossils: Dimetrodon, the largest known carnivore of its day)

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Mesozoic Triassic 251-199.6 Dinosaurs evolve and radiate; origin of mammals

Jurassic 199.6-145.5 Dinosaurs abundant and diverse (Fossil: Rhomaleosaurus victor, a plesiosaur)

Cretaceous 145.5-65.5 Dinosaurs become extinct at end of period

Cenozoic Paleogene 65.5-23 Major radiation of mammals, birds, and pollinating insects; Origins of many primate groups

Neogene 23-2.6 Continued radiation of mammals; Appearance of bipedal human ancestors

Quaternary 2.6-0.01 Ice ages; origin of genus Homo

3. Animal Classification 3.1.Carolus Linnaeus classification All modern classification systems have their roots in the Carolus Linnaeus classification system. His two most important contributions to were: i) A hierarchical classification system: species are grouped in increasingly broad taxa: Related genera are placed in the same family, families in orders, orders in classes, classes in phyla, phyla in kingdoms; ii) The system of binomial nomenclature (a 2-part naming method): Genus: The first part of the binomial to which the species belongs. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized, Specific epithet: The second part of binomial, is unique for each species within the genus, Entire binomial is italicized and scientific names are in Latin 3.2. Five kingdom classification Many biologists including R.H. Whittaker recognized five kingdoms:Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (a diverse kingdom consisting (mostly of unicellular organisms), Plantae, Fungi, andAnimalia.However, phylogenies based on genetic data soon began toreveal a problem

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

with this system: Some prokaryotes differ asmuch from each other as they do from eukaryotes. Such difficultieshave led biologists to adopt a three-domain system.

3.3.Three domain classification: Tree of life The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. Tree of life is based in part on sequence comparisons of rRNA genes or rDNA

3.4. Other animal classification systems

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

i) Animal classification based on level of organization:

a) Cellular level of organisation: Animal kingdom is divided into two subkingdoms- protozoa and metazoa. Protozoa are defined as single-celled eukaryotic organisms and metazoa are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The sub-kingdom metazoa is further sub-divided into two branches: parazoa and eumetazoa.

 Parazoa: Cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates, i.e., they exhibit cellular level of organisation; absence of tissue or organ system level of organisation. Eg. Phylum porifera

 Eumetazoa: Clade comprising all major animal phyla except porifera. Embryo gets layered during gastrulation. Exhibit either tissue or organ system level of organisation.

b) Tissue level of organisation: In phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora, the arrangement of cells is more complex. Here the cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues.

c) Organ level of organization: Organ level is exhibited by members of Platyhelminthes and other higher phyla where tissues are grouped together to form organs, each specialised for a particular function.

ii) Animal classification based on symmetry

a) Symmetry: Animals can be categorised on the basis of their symmetry.

b) Asymmetry: Sponges are mostly asymmetrical, i.e., any plane that passes through the centre does not divide them into equal halves.

c) Radial symmetry: When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry. Cnidarians, ctenophores and echinoderms have this kind of body plan. In phylum Echinodermata, larval stages are bilaterally symmetrical and adult stages are radially symmetric.

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

d) Bilateral symmetry: Animals like annelids, arthropods, etc., where the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane, exhibit bilateral symmetry

iii) Animal classification based on Number of germ layers: In all the animals except sponges, the embryo becomes layered during gastrulation. As development progresses, these layers, called germ layers, form the various tissues and organs of the body.

a) Diploblastic animals: Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm, are called diploblastic animals, e.g., Cnidarians and Ctenophores. An undifferentiated layer, mesoglea or mesohyl, is present in between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

b) Triploblastic animals: Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between the ectoderm and endoderm, are called triploblastic animals (platyhelminthes to ).

iv) Animal classification based on body cavity

a) Body cavity: Presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important in classification.

b) Coelomates: Most triploblastic animals have a body cavity, a fluid- or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. This body cavity is also called a coelom. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.

c) Pseudocoelomates: In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates, e.g., aschelminthes

d) Acoelomates: The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates, e.g., Platyhelminthes.

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

v) Animal classification based on presence or absence of notochord: Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals

a) Non-chordates: Those animals which do not form notochord structure are called non- chordates, e.g., porifera to echinoderms.

b) Chordates: Four key characters of chordates: a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.

vi) Animal classification based on embryonic development & segmentation

a) Embryonic development: Based on certain aspects of early development, many animals can be described as having one of two developmental modes: protostome development or deuterostome development. These modes can generally be distinguished by differences in cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of the blastopore.

b) Protostomes: Protostome development begins with spiral, determinate cleavage. The coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm and the mouth forms from the blastopore. Protostomes include the phyla Mollusca, Annelida and Arthropoda.

c) Deuterostomes:Deuterostome development is characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage. Coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron and the mouth forms from a secondary. Anus develops from blastopore. Deuterostomes include the phyla Echinodermata and Chordata.

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

4. Description of animal phyla

Phylum Description

Porifera (sponges)  Lack true tissues

 Choanocytes ingest bacteria and tiny food particles

 Body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or sponging fibres

 Sexes are not seperate (hermaphrodite)

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

 Reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by formation of gametes

 Examples: Sycon(Scypha), Spongilla(Fresh water sponge) and Euspongia(Bath sponge)

Ctenophora  Eight rows of ciliated "combs" or ctenes (comb jellies)  Bioluminescence is well-marked in ctenophores

 Reproduction takes place only by sexual means

 Examples: Pleurobrachiaand Ctenoplana

Cnidaria  Unique stinging structures (nematocysts) housed in specialized cells (cnidocytes)

 Corals have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa

 Those cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit alternation ofgeneration (metagenesis) (e.g., Obelia).

 Examples: Physalia(Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia(Sea anemone),Pennatula(Sea-pen), Gorgonia(Sea-fan) and Meandrina(Brain coral).

Platyhelminthes  A central nervous system that processes information from sensory (flatworms) structures

 Specialised cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion

 Development is throughmany larval stages

 Some members like Planariapossess highregeneration capacity

 Examples: Taenia(Tapeworm), Fasciola(Liver fluke)

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Nematoda  Cylindrical pseudocoelomates with tapered ends (roundworms)  Undergo ecdysis

 Alimentary canal is complete with a well-developedmuscular pharynx

 An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavitythrough the excretory pore

 Examples: Ascaris(Round Worm), Wuchereria(Filaria worm), Ancylostoma(Hookworm)

Annelida  Segmented body wall (metameres) and internal organs (except digestive (segmented tract, which is unsegmented) worms)  Aquatic annelids like Nereispossess lateral appendages, parapodia, which

help in swimming

 Nephridia (sing. nephridium) help in osmoregulation and excretion

 Reproduction is sexual

 Examples: Nereis, Pheretima(Earthworm) and Hirudinaria(Blood sucking leech)

Mollusca  Second largest animal phylum

 Body parts include muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle

 Coelom reduced

 Most have hard shell made of calcium carbonate

 Mantle cavity in which feather like gills are present

 The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding, called radula

 Examples: Pila(Apple snail), Pinctada(Pearl oyster), Sepia(Cuttlefish), Loligo(Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia(Seahare), Dentalium(Tusk

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

shell) and Chaetopleura(Chiton)

Arthropoda  Largest phylum of Animalia

 Segmented body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton made of protein and chitin

 The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen

 Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system

 Circulatory system is of open type (hemolymph)

 Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are present

 Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules

 Examples: Economically important insects – Apis(Honey bee), Bombyx(Silkworm), Laccifer(Lac insect); Vectors – Anopheles, Culexand Aedes(Mosquitoes); Gregarious pest – Locusta(Locust); Living fossil – Limulus (King crab)

Echinodermata  The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally (echinoderms) symmetrical

 The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system which helps inlocomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration

 An excretory system is absent

 Examples: Asterias(Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon(Sea lily), Cucumaria(Sea cucumber) and Ophiura(Brittlestar)

Chordata  Characterised by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord (chordates) and paired pharyngeal gill slits

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

 Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates

 In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while inCephalochordata, it extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life

 Examples: Urochordata – Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum; Cephalochordata – Branchiostoma(Amphioxus or Lancelet)

Vertebrata

 The members of subphylum vertebrata possess notochord during the embryonic period

 The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult

 Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or fourchambers

 Kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages which may be fins or limbs

Class Cyclostomata

 Elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration

 Cyclostomes have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws

Examples: Petromyzon(Lamprey) and Myxine(Hagfish)

Pisces (Fish)

Class – Chondrichthyes

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

 Notochord is persistent throughout life

 Gill slits are separate and without operculum (gill cover)

 The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales

 Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking

 Heart is two-chambered (one auricle and one ventricle)

 Some of them have electric organs (e.g., Torpedo) and some possess poison sting (e.g., Trygon)

 They are cold-blooded (poikilothermous) animals, i.e., they lackthe capacity to regulate their body temperature

 Many of them are viviparous

 Examples: Scoliodon(Dog fish), Pristis(Saw fish),Carcharodon(Great white shark), Trygon(Sting ray).

Class – Osteichthyes

 It includes both marine and fresh water fishes with bony endoskeleton

 They have four pairs of gills which are covered by an operculum on each side

 Air bladder is present which regulates buoyancy

 They are mostly oviparous

Examples: Marine – Exocoetus(Flying fish),Hippocampus (Sea horse); Freshwater – Labeo(Rohu),Catla(Katla), Clarias(Magur); Aquarium – Betta(Fighting fish), Pterophyllum(Angel fish)

Tetrapoda

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Class amphibian

 Body is divisible into head and trunk

 The amphibian skin is moist (without scales)

 The eyes have eyelids

 A tympanum represents the ear

 Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior. Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin

 The heart is three chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). These are cold-blooded animals

 They are oviparous

Examples: Bufo(Toad), Rana(Frog), Hyla(Tree frog),Salamandra(Salamander), Ichthyophis(Limblessamphibia).

Class – Reptilia

 Body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes

 They do not have external ear openings

 Tympanum represents ear

 Heart is usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles

 Reptiles are poikilotherms

 Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast

 They are oviparous

Examples: Chelone(Turtle), Testudo(Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard),Calotes(Garden lizard), Crocodilus(Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator), Hemidactylus(Wall lizard), Poisonous snakes – Naja(Cobra),

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Bangarus(Krait), Vipera(Viper)

Class – Aves

 Presence of feathers and most of them can fly except flightless birds (e.g., Ostrich)

 The forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree branches.

 Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail. Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic).

 The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard.

 Heart is completely four-chambered. They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, i.e., they are able to maintain a constant body temperature.

 They are oviparous

 Examples: Corvus(Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula(Parrot), Struthio(Ostrich), Pavo(Peacock), Aptenodytes(Penguin), Neophron(Vulture).

Class mammalia

 The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presenceof milk producing glands (mammary glands) by which the young ones are nourished

 The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair

 External ears or pinnae are present

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

 Different types of teeth are present in the jaw

 Heart is four-chambered

 They are homeothermous

 They are viviparous

 Examples: Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus(Platypus); Viviparous - Macropus(Kangaroo), Pteropus(Flying fox), Camelus(Camel), Macaca(Monkey), Rattus(Rat), Canis(Dog), Felis(Cat), Elephas(Elephant), Equus(Horse), Delphinus(Common dolphin), Balaenoptera(Blue whale), Pantheratigris(Tiger), Pantheraleo(Lion)

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

5. Salient features of different phyla in the animal kingdom

Phylum Level Symmet Body Segmenta Digestive/Circul No. of No. of of ry cavity tion atory/Respirator Speci species organiz y/Nervous es (India) ation System (worl d)

Porifera Cellular Asymme Absent Absent Absent/Absent/A 5500 500 (sponges) tric bsent/Absent

Ctenophora Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete/Absen 100 12 (comb t/Absent/Present jellies) (but no CNS)

Cnidaria Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete/Absen 10000 1042 t/Absent/Present (but no CNS)

Platyhelmin Organ Bilateral Absent Absent Incomplete/Absen 20000 1650 thes & t/Absent/Present (flatworms) Organ (CNS)

System

Nematoda Organ Bilateral Pseudo Absent Complete/Absent/ 25000 2902 (roundworm System coelom Absent/Present s) ate (CNS)

Annelida Organ Bilateral Coelom Present Complete/Present 16,50 1000 (segmented System ate /Absent/Present 0

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

worms) (CNS)

Mollusca Organ Bilateral Coelom Absent Complete/Present 100,0 5169

System ate /Present/Present 00 (CNS)

Arthropoda Organ Bilateral Coelom Present Complete/Present 1,000, 74175

System ate /Present/Present 000

Echinoderm Organ Radial/B Coelom Absent Complete/Present 7000 779 ata System ilateral ate /Present/Present (echinoder ms)

Chordata Organ Bilateral Coelom Present Complete/Present 56000 5665 (chordates) System ate /Present/Present

6. Animal germ layers and their derivatives (triploblastic animals)

Germ layer Body tissues derived

Ectoderm Epidermis: epidermis and epidermal derivatives (hair, nails, tooth enamel, mammary, sweat and sebaceous glands), epithelia of skin, ear, eye & nose, lower anal canal; cornea and lens of eye; epithelium of anterior pituitary, sensory receptors

Neural tube: Central Nervous System, Retina, Neurohypophysis, Pineal gland, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes

Neural crest: Connective tissue and bones of the face and skull; Cranial nerve ganglia, C cells of thyroid gland,

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

conotruncal septum in the heart, Odontoblasts, dermis in face and neck, spinal (dorsal root) ganglia, sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia of the GI tract, Adrenal medulla, Schwann cells, Glial cells, meninges (forebrain), melanocytes

Mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm or somitic mesoderm: the sclerotome forms cartilage, the syndotome forms tendons, the myotome forms skeletal muscle, the dermatome forms the dermis as well as skeletal muscle, and endothelial cells, the head mesoderm include connective tissue and the muscles of the face.

Intermediate mesoderm: It develops into the part of the urogenital system (kidneys and gonads), as well as the reproductive system.

Lateral mesoderm: The lateral plate mesoderm splits into parietal (somatic) and visceral (splanchnic) layers. The visceral layer forms the walls of the gut tube. Mesoderm cells of the parietal layer form the mesothelial membranes or serous membranes which line the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities.

Endoderm The entire alimentary canal except part of the mouth, pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum, the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas, the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs, the lining of the follicles of the thyroid gland and the epithelial component of the thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells), the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity, urinary bladder and part

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

of the urethra

7. Larvae of different animals

Phylum Organism Larva Sycon Amphiblastula Porifera Leucosolenia Parenchymula (Stereogastrula) Higher sponges Rhagon Ephyra (Ephyrula), Planula, Aurelia (Jelly fish) Hydratuba Cnidaria Obelia, Sea anemone Planula Anthozoa (E.g. Gemmaria) Semper?s larva Ctenophora Cydipid larva

Bladder worm Taenia (Tapeworm) (Cysticercus), Hexacanth, Oncosphere Platyhelminthes Cercaria, Miracidium, Metacercaria, Fasciola (Liver fluke) Redia, Sporocyst Planocera (class Turbellaria) Muller?s larva Ancylostoma (Hookworm) Filariform Nemathelminthes Wuchereria (Filarial worm) Microfilariae Ascaris (Round worm) Juvenile, Rhabditiform Neries (sand worm) Trochophore Annelida Polygordius Loven?s larva Squilla Alima Caterpillar (pupa is known as Arthropoda Butterfly, Silk moth Chrysalis) Lepas (Ship Barnacle) Nauplius, Cypris

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Hermit crab Glaucothoe Beetles and Honeybee Grub Housefly Maggot Crab Megalopa&Zoea Simplest crustacean larva Nauplius Rock Lobster Phyllosoma Lobsters Schizopod or Mysis Mosquitoes Wriggler Nauplius, Metanauplius, Protozoea, Prawn zoea, Metazoea, Mysis Nauplius, Cypris, Kentrogen stage, Sacculina Sacculinainterna, Sacculinaexterna Limulus Trilobite Ticks and mites Hexapod larva Mayfly Naiads Unio (Water mussel) Glochidium Amphineura (E.g. Chiton), Trochophore (Trochosphere, Mollusca Scaphopoda (E.g. Dentalium) and Telotrocha or Teleotrocha) Gastropoda Some gastropods Veliger Holothuria (Sea cucumber) Auricularia Asterias (starfish) Bipinnaria&Brachioloaria Echinodermata Brittle star Ophiopluteus Echinus Echinopluteus Antedon Doliolaria, Pentacrinus Hemichordata Balanoglossus Tornaria Petromyzone (Lamprey) Ammocete Chordata Herdmania, Ascidia Ascidian Tadpole

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

Amblystoma (Tiger salamander) Axolotl Frog, Amphiuma Tadpole Minor phylum Trochophore Echiuroidea Minor phylum Trochophore Sipunculoidea Minor phylum Trochophore Bryozoa Minor phylum Trochophore Polyzoa Minor phylum Bugula Cyphonautes Ectoprocta Minor phylum Phoronis Actinotrocha Phoronida Minor phylum Lineus Pilidium larva Nemertina Mesozoa Dicyamids Infusoriform larva

8. State Animals and Birds

1 Andhra Pradesh Blackbuck (Kala Hiran) Antilopecervicapra

2 Arunachal Pradesh Gayal Bosfrontalis

3 Assam One horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis

4 Bihar Gaur (Indian bison) Bosgaurus Asian water buffalo

5 Chhattisgarh Bubalisarnee (Wild water buffalo)

6 Goa Gaur (Indian bison) Bosgaurus

7 Gujarat Asiatic lion Pantheraleopersica

8 Haryana Blackbuck (Kala Hiran) Antilopecervicapra

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

9 Himachal Pradesh Snow leopard Pantherauncia

10 Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir stag Cervuselaphushanglu

11 Jharkhand Indian elephant Elephasmaximusindicus

12 Karnataka Indian elephant Elephasmaximusindicus

13 Kerala Indian elephant Elephasmaximusindicus

14 Madhya Pradesh Barasingha / swamp deer Rucervusduvaucelii

15 Maharashtra Indian giant squirrel Ratufaindica

16 Manipur Brow antlered Deer Rucervuseldiieldii

17 Meghalaya Clouded leopard Neofelisnebulosa

18 Mizoram Sumatran serow / Serow Capricornissumatraensis

19 Nagaland Gaur (Indian bison) Bosgaurus

20 Odisha Sambar deer Rusa unicolor

21 Punjab Blackbuck (Kala Hiran) Antilopecervicapra

22 Rajasthan Camel (Oont) Camelusdromedarius

23 Sikkim Red panda Ailurusfulgens

24 Tamil Nadu Nilgiritahr / Nilgiri ibex Nilgiritragushylocrius

25 Telangana Spotted deer / Axis deer Axis axis Phayre’s leaf monkey /

26 Tripura Trachypithecusphayrei Phayre’slangur

27 Uttar Pradesh Swamp deer Rucervusduvaucelii

28 Uttarakhand White-bellied musk deer Moschusleucogaster

29 West Bengal Fishing cat Prionailurusviverrinus Andaman and Nicobar 30 ** ** Islands 31 ** ** Dadar and Nagar 32 ** ** Haveli 33 Daman and Diu ** **

34 Delhi Nilgai / Blue bull Boselaphustragocamelus

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

35 Lakshadweep Butterfly fish Chaetodonfalcula 36 Puducherry Squirrel **

State birds

1 Andhra Pradesh Indian roller (Neelkanth) Coraciasbenghalensis

2 Arunachal Pradesh Great Bucerosbicornis

3 Assam White-winged duck Asarcornisscutulata

4 Bihar House sparrow Passer domesticus

5 Chhattisgarh Hill myna Graculareligiosa

6 Goa Flame-throated Bulbul Pycnonotusgularis

7 Gujarat Greater flamingo Phoenicopterusroseus

8 Haryana Black Francolin Francolinusfrancolinus

9 Himachal Pradesh Western Tragopan Tragopanmelanocephalus

10 Jammu and Kashmir Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis

11 Jharkhand Asian koel (Koel) Eudynamysscolopaceus

12 Karnataka Indian roller (Neelkanth) Coraciasbenghalensis

13 Kerala Great hornbill Bucerosbicornis

14 Madhya Pradesh Asian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphoneparadisi

15 Maharashtra Yellow-footed green pigeon Treronphoenicoptera

16 Manipur Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae

17 Meghalaya Hill myna Graculareligiosa

18 Mizoram Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae

19 Nagaland Blyth’s Tragopan Tragopanblythii

20 Odisha Indian roller (Neelkanth) Coraciasbenghalensis

21 Punjab Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis

22 Rajasthan Great Indian bustard Ardeotisnigriceps

23 Sikkim Blood pheasant Ithaginiscruentus

24 Tamil Nadu Emerald dove Chalcophapsindica

25 Telangana Indian roller (Neelkanth) Coraciasbenghalensis

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification

26 Tripura Green imperial pigeon Duculaaenea

27 Uttar Pradesh Sarus crane Grusantigone

28 Uttarakhand Himalayan monal Lophophorusimpejanus

29 West Bengal White-breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Andaman and Nicobar 30 Andaman Woodpigeon Columba palumboides Islands

31 Chandigarh Indian Grey Hornbill Ocycerosbirostris Dadar and Nagar 32 ** ** Haveli 33 Daman and Diu ** **

34 Delhi House sparrow Passer domesticus

35 Lakshadweep Sooty tern Onychoprionfuscatus

36 Puducherry Asian koel Eudynamysscolopaceus

Paper 03 Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Sciences Module 09 Animal Diversity: Origin and Classification