An Approach to Automotive User Interface Design Using Multi-Modal Feedback Joshua Ime Asukwo Ekandem Clemson University, [email protected]
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Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2017 Ambient hues and audible cues: An approach to automotive user interface design using multi-modal feedback Joshua Ime Asukwo Ekandem Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Ekandem, Joshua Ime Asukwo, "Ambient hues and audible cues: An approach to automotive user interface design using multi-modal feedback" (2017). All Dissertations. 1893. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1893 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMBIENT HUES AND AUDIBLE CUES AN APPROACH TO AUTOMOTIVE USER INTERFACE DESIGN USING MULTI-MODAL FEEDBACK A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Human Centered Computing by Joshua Ime Asukwo Ekandem August 2014 Accepted by: Dr. Juan E. Gilbert, Committee Chair Dr. Damon L. Woodard, Committee Co-Chair Dr. Shaundra B. Daily Dr. Sekou L. Remy ABSTRACT The use of touchscreen interfaces for in-vehicle information, entertainment, and for the control of comfort settings is proliferating. Moreover, using these interfaces requires the same visual and manual resources needed for safe driving. Guided by much of the prevalent research in the areas of the human visual system, attention, and multimodal redundancy the Hues and Cues design paradigm was developed to make touchscreen automotive user interfaces more suitable to use while driving. This paradigm was applied to a prototype of an automotive user interface and evaluated with respects to driver performance using the dual-task, Lane Change Test (LCT). Each level of the design paradigm was evaluated in light of possible gender differences. The results of the repeated measures experiment suggests that when compared to interfaces without both the Hues and the Cues paradigm applied, the Hues and Cues interface requires less mental effort to operate, is more usable, and is more preferred. However, the results differ in the degradation in driver performance with interfaces that only have visual feedback resulting in better task times and significant gender differences in the driving task with interfaces that only have auditory feedback. Overall, the results reported show that the presentation of multimodal feedback can be useful in design automotive interfaces, but must be flexible enough to account for individual differences. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 Background .............................................................................................. 1 Statement of Problem ............................................................................... 2 Purpose of Research ................................................................................. 3 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5 Automotive Trends .................................................................................. 5 Driver Distraction .................................................................................... 7 Automotive Interface Design ................................................................. 17 III. INTERFACE DESIGN ................................................................................ 25 Current Interface Design ........................................................................ 25 Design Motivation for Multimodality .................................................... 28 Hues and Cues Design Paradigm ........................................................... 34 Other Interface Considerations .............................................................. 54 System Overview ................................................................................... 60 IV. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 70 Rationale for Instruments and Procedures ............................................. 70 Research Questions ................................................................................ 80 Hypothesis.............................................................................................. 81 iii Table of Contents (Continued) Page V. EXPERIMENT ............................................................................................ 83 Participants ............................................................................................. 83 Experiment Design ................................................................................. 84 Procedure ............................................................................................... 88 Experimental Set-Up .............................................................................. 90 VI. ANALYSES AND RESULTS ..................................................................... 92 Data Screening ....................................................................................... 92 Overall Performance Score .................................................................... 93 Analyses of Performance Measures ...................................................... 94 Analyses of Subjective Assessments ................................................... 100 VII. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 105 Discussion of Findings ......................................................................... 105 Limitations of Present and Future Research ........................................ 113 VII. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 116 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 117 A: Appendix A ............................................................................................... 118 B: Appendix B ................................................................................................ 120 C: Appendix C ................................................................................................ 123 D: Appendix D ............................................................................................... 124 E: Appendix E ................................................................................................ 125 F: Appendix F................................................................................................. 126 G: Appendix G ............................................................................................... 127 H: Appendix H ................................................................................................ 129 I: Appendix I ................................................................................................. 130 J: Appendix J ................................................................................................ 132 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 133 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Wierwille's Categorization of Driver Distraction ........................................ 10 2. Green's Categorization of Visual Distraction .............................................. 10 3. Welcome Screen Ranking ............................................................................ 43 4. Temperature Selection Ranking ................................................................... 44 5. Fan Speed Ranking ...................................................................................... 44 6. Variables collected for every task for every subject are listed .................... 73 7. Correlation matrix of 15 variables ............................................................... 73 8. The participant groupings by gender ........................................................... 84 9. The Presentation order of screens based on group ....................................... 85 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1a. 2012 MyFord Touch ...................................................................................... 7 1b. 2010 BMW iDrive ......................................................................................... 7 2. Illustration of Wickens Multiple Resource Theory ..................................... 13 3. Example of City Browser interface .............................................................. 23 4. pieTouch Menu System ............................................................................... 27 5a. Top level menu