Final Report on Scrap Management, Sorting and Classification of Steel A
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Classification of Engineering Materials, and Their Properties: 1
ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore Assistant professor/Aeronautical Classification Of Engineering Materials, And Their Properties: 1] Material classification: There are different ways of classifying materials. One way is to describe five groups or families 1 ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore Assistant professor/Aeronautical Metals and alloys; Ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics; Polymers (plastics); Semiconductors Composite materials Metals and Alloys: Metals and alloys include steels, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cast iron, titanium, copper, and nickel. An alloy is a metal that contains additions of one or more metals or non-metals. In general, metals have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or formability, and shock resistance. They are particularly useful for structural or load-bearing applications. Although pure metals are occasionally used, alloys provide improvement in a particular desirable property or permit better combinations of properties. Ceramics: Ceramics can be defined as inorganic crystalline materials. Beach sand and rocks are examples of naturally occurring ceramics. Advanced ceramics are materials made by refining naturally occurring ceramics and other special processes. Advanced ceramics are used in substrates that house computer chips, sensors and capacitors, wireless communications, inductors, and electrical insulation. Some ceramics are used as barrier coatings to protect metallic substrates in turbine engines. Ceramics are also used in such consumer products as paints, and tires, and for industrial applications such as the tiles for the space shuttle. Traditional ceramics are used to make bricks, tableware, toilets, bathroom sinks, refractories (heat-resistant material), and abrasives. In general, due to the presence of porosity (small holes), ceramics do not conduct heat well; they must be heated to very high temperatures before melting. -
Reduce Reuse Recycle Remanufacture
STEEL - THE PERMANENT MATERIAL IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY AR ECONOMY BEN CUL EFI CIR TS E R R C E a U U w n D S m io E E a t t c R e u r i d a e l r s s c n o o n i s s s e i r v m a e t i 2 o O n C E n o E R i f t f U a ic R v o ie T n E n c C In y C Y FA C U LE N MA RE ts Jo duc bs pro Durable 1 CONTENTS Steel in the circular economy 3 Steel is essential to our modern world 5 Reduce 7 Decreasing the amount of material, energy and other resources used to create steel and reducing the weight of steel used in products. Use and reuse 11 Reuse is using an object or material again, either for its original purpose or for a similar purpose, without significantly altering the physical form of the object or material. Remanufacture 15 The process of restoring durable used steel products to as-new condition. Recycle 19 Melting steel products at the end of their useful life to create new steels. Recycling alters the physical form of the steel object so that a new application can be created from the recycled material. End notes 22 2 STEEL IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A sustainable circular economy is one in which steel is fundamental to the circular economy. society reduces the burden on nature by ensuring The industry is continuing to expand its offer resources remain in use for as long as possible. -
Higher-Quality Electric-Arc Furnace Steel
ACADEMIC PULSE Higher-Quality Electric-Arc Furnace Steel teelmakers have traditionally viewed Research Continues to Improve the electric arc furnaces (EAFs) as unsuitable Quality of Steel for producing steel with the highest- Even with continued improvements to the Squality surface finish because the process design of steelmaking processes, the steelmaking uses recycled steel instead of fresh iron. With over research community has focused their attention 100 years of processing improvements, however, on the fundamental materials used in steelmaking EAFs have become an efficient and reliable in order to improve the quality of steel. In my lab steelmaking alternative to integrated steelmaking. In at Carnegie Mellon University, we have several fact, steel produced in a modern-day EAF is often research projects that deal with controlling the DR. P. BILLCHRIS MAYER PISTORIUS indistinguishable from what is produced with the impurity concentration and chemical quality of POSCOManaging Professor Editorof Materials integrated blast-furnace/oxygen-steelmaking route. steel produced in EAFs. Science412-306-4350 and Engineering [email protected] Mellon University Improvements in design, coupled with research For example, we recently used mathematical developments in metallurgy, mean high-quality steel modeling to explore ways to control produced quickly and energy-efficiently. phosphorus. Careful regulation of temperature, slag and stirring are needed to produce low- Not Your (Great-) Grandparent’s EAF phosphorus steel. We analyzed data from Especially since the mid-1990s, there have been operating furnaces and found that, in many significant improvements in the design of EAFs, cases, the phosphorus removal reaction could which allow for better-functioning burners and a proceed further. -
An Inventory of US Navy Courses Suitable for Use in Training Civiliam
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 118 915 CE 006 479 AUTHOR Rogers, William A., Jr.; Nisos, Michael J. TITLE An Inventory of U.S. Navy Courses Suitable for Use in Training Civiliam Personnel in Basic Technical Skills. INSTITUTION Aerospace Education Foundation, Washington, D.C.; Naval Inst., Annapolis, Md. SPONS AGENCY Maryland State Dept. of Education, Baltimore. PUB DATE 15 Apr 75 NOTE 336p. AVAILABLE. FROM For more detailed information about course contents, contact U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland 21402 (No price given) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$18.07 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Auto Mechanics (Occupation); Aviation Technology; *Catalogs; Construction Industry; Course Content; *Course Descriptions; *Educational Equipment; Electrical Occupations; Food Service Occupations; Marine Technicians; Medical Services; *Military Training; *Technical Education; Technical Occupations; Trade and Industrial Education IDENTIFIERS *Navy ABSTRACT An inventory of courses of study developed by the United States Navy which might be useful to other private and public institutions in training civilian students in basic technological skills is presented. Individual course reports contain the following information: course description, comments, course content (including blocks of instruction and hours), support materials,, training aids, equipment, tools, and supplies and materials. Courses are listed for the following career fields: air conditioning and refrigeration, audiovisual equipment (operation), audiovisual equipment (repair) , automotive trades, aviation trades, -
Argyle Police Department
ARGYLE POLICE DEPARTMENT Policy 1.1 Mission, Values, and Written Directive System Effective Date: 02Feb12 Replaces: Reference: TBP 1.04.1 I. POLICY Law enforcement agencies provide essential services to foster safe communities through crime reduction and deterrence. Administrators of these law enforcement agencies are obligated to train, supervise, and guide personnel in performing the variety of tasks which create safe communities. At the same time, these administrators seek to improve employees' confidence and competence in performing tasks while reducing vulnerability to liability. To meet these obligations, agencies must manage themselves according to written directives. A manual of policies and procedures guides the day-to-day legal and ethical functioning of a law enforcement agency. To that end, this manual furnishes a blueprint for the performance of this agency’s activities in accordance with established state and national standards. Providing all members of the department with an understanding of the department’s mission and values provides guidance for decision making when situations are not covered by direct policy or procedure. II. PURPOSE This document outlines the organization of the Department, its Policy and Procedure Manual, its authority, and defines three kinds of statements that appear in these documents: policy, rule, and procedure. It also states the department’s mission and core values. III. AGENCY MISSION AND VALUES A. Mission The mission of the Argyle Police Department is to work with the citizens of Argyle to maintain effectively and efficiently provide for the protection of lives and property, preserve the public peace, and promote individual responsibility and community commitment with the highest level of professionalism and ethical standards. -
The Importance of Proper Inspection
The Importance of Proper Inspection Rocky Capehart How Do We Help Prevent: PROPER INSPECTION All of the below should be performed as specified in the contract documents: •product specified is being used, •specified surface preparation has been completed, •product is applied as per manufacture’s recommendation, •AND Post application INSPECTION Manhole Preparation Quality Assurance and Testing •Substrate surface preparation requirements – Hydroblasting, Sand blasting, Grinding •Inspection before material application – Clean, dry, sound, surface profile, pH Test – Equipment KEY FACTORS FOR PREP SUCCESS Obtain a clean, dry and sound surface! • Understand repair procedures: • infiltration or substrate loss • Understand preparation procedures • Know how to test preparation results Coating • Know common termination methods of: keys • cleaning power • abrasive choices • coating removal Moisture Level Definition Saturated Surface Dry describes the condition of the aggregate in which the pores in each particle of the aggregate particle are filled with water and no excess water is on the particle surface. This allows the absorption and the specific gravity of the aggregate to be measured. Moisture content of aggregate is described by four categories: pH Test Complications with a product application may occur if pH levels (number designation) are: – too high (alkaline) or too low (acid). EQUIPMENT • Equipment is product dependent • Some can be mobilized into underground structures as necessary • Material output is meeting proper ratio Manhole Preparation -
STEEL in the CIRCULAR ECONOMY a Life Cycle Perspective CONTENTS
STEEL IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A life cycle perspective CONTENTS Foreword 3 The circular economy 4 Life cycle thinking 6 The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach 8 worldsteel’s LCA methodology and life cycle inventory (LCI) database 10 Sustainability and life cycle assessment 12 LCA in the steel industry 14 LCA by life cycle phase 15 Raw materials and steel production 15 Markets for by-products 16 Manufacturing and use 16 Reuse and remanufacturing 18 Recycling 19 LCA initiatives 20 Regional and global initiatives 21 Market sector initiatives 22 Construction 22 Automotive 24 Packaging 25 End notes 28 Glossary 29 Cover image: Steel staircase, office building, Prague, Czech Republic Design: double-id.com FOREWORD We live in a rapidly changing world with finite resources. Too many legislative bodies around the world At the same time, improvements in standards of living still enact regulations which only affect the “use and eradication of poverty, combined with global phase” of a product’s life, for example water and population growth, exert pressure on our ecosystems. energy consumption for washing machines, energy consumption for a fridge or CO2 emissions whilst As steel is everywhere in our lives and is at the heart driving a vehicle. This focus on the “use phase” can of our sustainable future, our industry is an integral part lead to more expensive alternative lower density of the global circular economy. The circular economy materials being employed but which typically have a promotes zero waste, reduces the amount of materials higher environmental burden when the whole life cycle used, and encourages the reuse and recycling of is considered. -
The Stainless Steel Family
The Stainless Steel Family A short description of the various grades of stainless steel and how they fit into distinct metallurgical families. It has been written primarily from a European perspective and may not fully reflect the practice in other regions. Stainless steel is the term used to describe an extremely versatile family of engineering materials, which are selected primarily for their corrosion and heat resistant properties. All stainless steels contain principally iron and a minimum of 10.5% chromium. At this level, chromium reacts with oxygen and moisture in the environment to form a protective, adherent and coherent, oxide film that envelops the entire surface of the material. This oxide film (known as the passive or boundary layer) is very thin (2-3 namometres). [1nanometre = 10-9 m]. The passive layer on stainless steels exhibits a truly remarkable property: when damaged (e.g. abraded), it self-repairs as chromium in the steel reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in the environment to reform the oxide layer. Increasing the chromium content beyond the minimum of 10.5% confers still greater corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance may be further improved, and a wide range of properties provided, by the addition of 8% or more nickel. The addition of molybdenum further increases corrosion resistance (in particular, resistance to pitting corrosion), while nitrogen increases mechanical strength and enhances resistance to pitting. Categories of Stainless Steels The stainless steel family tree has several branches, which may be differentiated in a variety of ways e.g. in terms of their areas of application, by the alloying elements used in their production, or, perhaps the most accurate way, by the metallurgical phases present in their microscopic structures: . -
Titanium, Aluminum Or Steel?
Titanium, Aluminum or Steel? Thomas G Stoebe Professor Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA and National Resource Center for Materials Technology Education Edmonds Community College 20000 68 Ave West Lynnwood, WA 98036 425-890-4652; [email protected] Copyright Edmonds Community College 2008 Abstract: Testing of metals is usually undertaken with sophisticated instruments. However, you can demonstrate to your students the basic differences between certain classes of metals using the simple spark test, presented here. You can even have your students test their “titanium” sports equipment to see if it really titanium! In many cases, they will find that the name “titanium” is used for marketing but little will be found in the product. In the process, students see the visible result of the carbon content in steel, and the lack of carbon in other materials, plus realize the reactivity of titanium metal. Module Objective: This simple demonstration provides an introduction to materials and materials testing. Even though this technique is limited to certain metals, it helps the student understand that different materials are different, and that materials that look alike are not necessarily the same. It also provides an opportunity to describe ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their basic differences, and one effect of heating on these different materials. Titanium is sufficiently reactive in air that it gives off sparks even with no carbon present. Since so many products today indicate that they are made of titanium, this test also provides a simple means to test for titanium in a product. This demonstration can also be expanded into a lab experiment to identify unknown materials. -
Used Motor Oil and Filter Recycling Guide
USED MOTOR OIL & FILTER RECYCLING LEARN MORE Used Motor Oil and Oil Filter Recycling Guide Used Motor Oil is a Hazardous Waste Used motor oil is a hazardous waste that should never be put in the garbage or dumped in the storm drains or on the ground. Just one quart of motor oil can contaminate 250,000 gallons of water, creating health risks and environmental impacts across our community. Recycling is Free and Easy Used motor oil can be refined and Recycling right is more than an individual choice - it is part of how we are all reconditioned to become usable again. Paper, making a difference for a cleaner Oakland and more livable neighborhoods. steel, and plastic from used oil filters can also With your participation, Oakland’s Zero Waste program strives to divert all be recycled. recyclable and compostable material away from our landfills. There are three options for recycling used Your used motor oil recycling team is a partnership between the City of motor oil and filters: Oakland, California Waste Solutions, and CalRecycle. Our commitment to you is to provide the services and information you need to recycle right. 1. Curbside residential recycling pickup 2. Certified Collection Center drop-off locations When you pledge to recycle right, we’re here to help. 3. Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) collection facility Oaklanders Recycle No matter where you live in the City, there is a free and easy recycling option Contacts and Important Phone Numbers close to you. Visit recycleusedoil.org to find a location near you. California Waste Solutions ...............................................................(510) 625–5263 Used Motor Oil & Filters Improper Disposal is Illegal Disposal [email protected] www.calwaste.com 我們講中文 Hablamos español When you dispose hazardous materials properly, it benefits Household Hazardous Waste Drop Off ...................................... -
Steelmaking by Electric Arc Furnaces Cleaner, More Efficient
EVRAZ Canadian Steel: Low Carbon Footprint November 2016 Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) with metal scrap: cleaner, more efficient • EVRAZ Regina utilizes two Electricity Steelmaking EAFs to make up to 1.1 Generation million tons of steel per Energy used CO2 emissions CO2 emissions year kg / ton of steel kWh / ton of steel grams / kWh -79% • Over 91% of steelmaking -64% -81% 2,081 in China is from Blast 4,624 764 Oxygen Furnaces (BOFs), which use iron ore, coking coal, and other inputs • For every one ton of steel scrap made into new steel, over 1,400kg of iron ore, 1,647 740kg of coal, and 120kg 441 147 of limestone are saved Overseas input shipping to China Blast EAF Blast EAF China Canada Furance Furnace Sources: BOF percentage: Worldsteel. Shipping emissions: National Technical University of Athens. Steelmaking: Midrex – Blast Furnace assuming 11% Scrap, EAF Use of 100% scrap. Scrap statistics: Worldsteel. Electricity Generation: IEA 2011 2 EVRAZ cleaner EAFs, Canada’s power generation outpace others Emissions from Steelmaking emissions and energy use energy generation Energy used CO2 emissions CO2 emissions kg / ton of steel kWh / ton of steel grams / kWh -79% -64% 2,081 4,624 -81% 764 1,526 3,419 2,327 476 470 929 1,647 441 147 China Germany Turkey EVRAZ Blast GermanyTurkey EAF China Turkey Germany Canada - BOF Canada Furnace - EAF - China Overseas shipping of inputs Sources: BOF percentage: Worldsteel. Shipping emissions: National Technical University of Athens, from China to BC, Europe to Houston. Steelmaking: Midrex – Blast Furnace assuming 11% Scrap, EAF Use of 100% scrap. -
AISI | Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
http://www.steel.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Articles3&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=12308 Home Steelworks Home Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking By Jeremy A. T. Jones, Nupro Corporation SIGN UP to receive AISI's FREE e-news! Read the latest. Email: Name: Join Courtesy of Mannesmann Demag Corp. FURNACE OPERATIONS The electric arc furnace operates as a batch melting process producing batches of molten steel known "heats". The electric arc furnace operating cycle is called the tap-to-tap cycle and is made up of the following operations: Furnace charging Melting Refining De-slagging Tapping Furnace turn-around Modern operations aim for a tap-to-tap time of less than 60 minutes. Some twin shell furnace operations are achieving tap-to-tap times of 35 to 40 minutes. 10/3/2008 9:36 AM http://www.steel.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Articles3&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=12308 Furnace Charging The first step in the production of any heat is to select the grade of steel to be made. Usually a schedule is developed prior to each production shift. Thus the melter will know in advance the schedule for his shift. The scrap yard operator will prepare buckets of scrap according to the needs of the melter. Preparation of the charge bucket is an important operation, not only to ensure proper melt-in chemistry but also to ensure good melting conditions. The scrap must be layered in the bucket according to size and density to promote the rapid formation of a liquid pool of steel in the hearth while providing protection for the sidewalls and roof from electric arc radiation.