Studies of the Molecular Mechanism of Caspase-8 Activation by Solution NMR
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Apoptotic Threshold Is Lowered by P53 Transactivation of Caspase-6
Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53 transactivation of caspase-6 Timothy K. MacLachlan*† and Wafik S. El-Deiry*‡§¶ʈ** *Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Departments of ‡Medicine, §Genetics, ¶Pharmacology, and Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Communicated by Britton Chance, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, April 23, 2002 (received for review January 11, 2002) Little is known about how a cell’s apoptotic threshold is controlled Inhibition of the enzyme reduces the sensitivity conferred by after exposure to chemotherapy, although the p53 tumor suppres- overexpression of p53. These results identify a pathway by which sor has been implicated. We identified executioner caspase-6 as a p53 is able to accelerate the apoptosis cascade by loading the cell transcriptional target of p53. The mechanism involves DNA binding with cell death proteases so that when an apoptotic signal is by p53 to the third intron of the caspase-6 gene and transactiva- received, programmed cell death occurs rapidly. tion. A p53-dependent increase in procaspase-6 protein level al- lows for an increase in caspase-6 activity and caspase-6-specific Materials and Methods Lamin A cleavage in response to Adriamycin exposure. Specific Western Blotting and Antibodies. Immunoblotting was carried out by inhibition of caspase-6 blocks cell death in a manner that correlates using mouse anti-human p53 monoclonal (PAb1801; Oncogene), with caspase-6 mRNA induction by p53 and enhances long-term rabbit anti-human caspase-3 (Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA), mouse survival in response to a p53-mediated apoptotic signal. -
Serine Proteases with Altered Sensitivity to Activity-Modulating
(19) & (11) EP 2 045 321 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 08.04.2009 Bulletin 2009/15 C12N 9/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/00 (2006.01) C12Q 1/37 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 09150549.5 (22) Date of filing: 26.05.2006 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Haupts, Ulrich AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR 51519 Odenthal (DE) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • Coco, Wayne SK TR 50737 Köln (DE) •Tebbe, Jan (30) Priority: 27.05.2005 EP 05104543 50733 Köln (DE) • Votsmeier, Christian (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 50259 Pulheim (DE) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: • Scheidig, Andreas 06763303.2 / 1 883 696 50823 Köln (DE) (71) Applicant: Direvo Biotech AG (74) Representative: von Kreisler Selting Werner 50829 Köln (DE) Patentanwälte P.O. Box 10 22 41 (72) Inventors: 50462 Köln (DE) • Koltermann, André 82057 Icking (DE) Remarks: • Kettling, Ulrich This application was filed on 14-01-2009 as a 81477 München (DE) divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) Serine proteases with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances (57) The present invention provides variants of ser- screening of the library in the presence of one or several ine proteases of the S1 class with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances, selection of variants with one or more activity-modulating substances. A method altered sensitivity to one or several activity-modulating for the generation of such proteases is disclosed, com- substances and isolation of those polynucleotide se- prising the provision of a protease library encoding poly- quences that encode for the selected variants. -
HMGB1 in Health and Disease R
Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Journal Articles Academic Works 2014 HMGB1 in health and disease R. Kang R. C. Chen Q. H. Zhang W. Hou S. Wu See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/articles Part of the Emergency Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Fan X, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Tang D, . HMGB1 in health and disease. 2014 Jan 01; 40():Article 533 [ p.]. Available from: https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/articles/533. Free full text article. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Academic Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Academic Works. Authors R. Kang, R. C. Chen, Q. H. Zhang, W. Hou, S. Wu, X. G. Fan, Z. W. Yan, X. F. Sun, H. C. Wang, D. L. Tang, and +8 additional authors This article is available at Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Academic Works: https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/articles/533 NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Mol Aspects Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 December 01. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Mol Aspects Med. 2014 December ; 0: 1–116. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001. HMGB1 in Health and Disease Rui Kang1,*, Ruochan Chen1, Qiuhong Zhang1, Wen Hou1, Sha Wu1, Lizhi Cao2, Jin Huang3, Yan Yu2, Xue-gong Fan4, Zhengwen Yan1,5, Xiaofang Sun6, Haichao Wang7, Qingde Wang1, Allan Tsung1, Timothy R. -
The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate
cells Review The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate Vasanthy Vigneswara and Zubair Ahmed * Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 April 2020; Accepted: 12 May 2020; Published: 19 May 2020 Abstract: Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life. Keywords: caspase-2; procaspase; apoptosis; splice variants; activation; intrinsic; extrinsic; neurons 1. Introduction Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), plays a pivotal role during embryonic development through to adulthood in multi-cellular organisms to eliminate excessive and potentially compromised cells under physiological conditions to maintain cellular homeostasis [1]. However, dysregulation of the apoptotic signaling pathway is implicated in a variety of pathological conditions. For example, excessive apoptosis can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, whilst insufficient apoptosis results in cancer and autoimmune disorders [2,3]. Apoptosis is mediated by two well-known classical signaling pathways, namely the extrinsic or death receptor-dependent pathway and the intrinsic or mitochondria-dependent pathway. -
Caspase-1 Antibody A
Revision 1 C 0 2 - t Caspase-1 Antibody a e r o t S Orders: 877-616-CELL (2355) [email protected] Support: 877-678-TECH (8324) 5 2 Web: [email protected] 2 www.cellsignal.com 2 # 3 Trask Lane Danvers Massachusetts 01923 USA For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures. Applications: Reactivity: Sensitivity: MW (kDa): Source: UniProt ID: Entrez-Gene Id: WB H Endogenous 20 p20. 30 to 45 Rabbit P29466 834 beta, delta, gamma. 50 alpha. Product Usage Information 3. Miura, M. et al. (1993) Cell 75, 653-60. 4. Kuida, K. et al. (1995) Science 267, 2000-3. Application Dilution 5. Li, P. et al. (1995) Cell 80, 401-11. 6. Feng, Q. et al. (2004) Genomics 84, 587-91. Western Blotting 1:1000 7. Martinon, F. et al. (2002) Mol Cell 10, 417-26. Storage Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA and 50% glycerol. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. Specificity / Sensitivity Caspase-1 Antibody detects endogenous levels of pro-caspase-1 and the caspase-1 p20 subunit. The antibody is expected to detect alpha, beta, gamma and delta isoforms. Species Reactivity: Human Source / Purification Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues within the p20 subunit of human caspase-1. Antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography. Background Caspase-1, or interleukin-1ß converting enzyme (ICE/ICEα), is a class I cysteine protease, which also includes caspases -4, -5, -11, and -12. -
Caspase-7 Expanded Function and Intrinsic Expression Level Underlies Strain-Specific Brain Phenotype of Caspase-3-Null Mice
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 3, 2004 • 24(44):9977–9984 • 9977 Development/Plasticity/Repair Caspase-7 Expanded Function and Intrinsic Expression Level Underlies Strain-Specific Brain Phenotype of Caspase-3-Null Mice Caroline Houde,1 Kathleen G. Banks,2 Nathalie Coulombe,3 Dita Rasper,3 Erich Grimm,3 Sophie Roy,1,4 Elizabeth M. Simpson,2 and Donald W. Nicholson1,4 1Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada, 2Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Institute for Children’s and Women’s Health, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada, 3Merck Frosst Canada and Company, Pointe-Claire–Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada, and 4Merck Research Laboratories, San Diego, California 92121 Caspase-3-deficient mice of the 129S1/SvImJ (129) strain show severe brain development defects resulting in brain overgrowth and perinatal lethality, whereas on the C57BL/6J (B6) background, these mice develop normally. We therefore sought to identify the strain- Ϫ Ϫ dependent ameliorating gene. We biochemically isolated caspase-7 from B6-caspase-3-null (Casp3 / ) tissues as being the enzyme with caspase-3-like properties and capability of performing a caspase-3 surrogate function, apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Moreover, we show that, in contrast to the human enzymes, mouse caspase-7 is as efficient as caspase-3 at cleaving and thus inactivating ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase), the inhibitor of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Low levels of caspase-7 expression and activation correlate with Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ lack of DNA fragmentation in 129-Casp3 / apoptotic precursor neurons, whereas B6-Casp3 / cells, which can fragment their DNA, show higher levels of caspase-7 expression and activation. -
Complementary Regulation of Caspase-1 and IL-1Β Reveals Additional Mechanisms of Dampened Inflammation in Bats
Complementary regulation of caspase-1 and IL-1β reveals additional mechanisms of dampened inflammation in bats Geraldine Goha,1, Matae Ahna,1, Feng Zhua, Lim Beng Leea, Dahai Luob,c, Aaron T. Irvinga,d,2, and Lin-Fa Wanga,e,2 aProgramme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857, Singapore; bLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore; cNTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore; dZhejiang University–University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University International Campus, Haining, 314400, China; and eSinghealth Duke–NUS Global Health Institute, 169857, Singapore Edited by Vishva M. Dixit, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, and approved September 14, 2020 (received for review February 21, 2020) Bats have emerged as unique mammalian vectors harboring a experimental confirmation is rare. We recently demonstrated diverse range of highly lethal zoonotic viruses with minimal that NLRP3 is dampened in bats as a result of loss-of-function clinical disease. Despite having sustained complete genomic loss bat-specific isoforms and impaired transcriptional priming (9). of AIM2, regulation of the downstream inflammasome response in The stimulator of IFN genes (STING), a key adaptor to the bats is unknown. AIM2 sensing of cytoplasmic DNA triggers ASC DNA-sensing cGAS protein, is also exclusively mutated at S358 aggregation and recruits caspase-1, the central inflammasome ef- in bats, resulting in a reduced IFN response to HSV1 (10). We fector enzyme, triggering cleavage of cytokines such as IL-1β and previously reported a complete absence of Absent in melanoma inducing GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic cell death. -
The Molecular Links Between Cell Death and Inflammasome
cells Review The Molecular Links between Cell Death and Inflammasome Kwang-Ho Lee 1,2 and Tae-Bong Kang 1,2,* 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea 2 Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-43-840-3904; Fax: +82-43-852-3616 Received: 30 July 2019; Accepted: 9 September 2019; Published: 10 September 2019 Abstract: Programmed cell death pathways and inflammasome activation pathways can be genetically and functionally separated. Inflammasomes are specialized protein complexes that process pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18 to bioactive forms for protection from a wide range of pathogens, as well as environmental and host-derived danger molecules. Programmed cell death has been extensively studied, and its role in the development, homeostasis, and control of infection and danger is widely appreciated. Apoptosis and the recently recognized necroptosis are the best-characterized forms of programmed death, and the interplay between them through death receptor signaling is also being studied. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that many of the signaling molecules known to regulate programmed cell death can also modulate inflammasome activation in a cell-intrinsic manner. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss the current knowledge concerning the role of the signaling molecules originally associated with programmed cell death in the activation of inflammasome and IL-1β processing. Keywords: inflammasome; apoptosis; necroptosis; programmed cell death; Caspase-8; RIPK1/3; MLKL; PGAM5; DRP1 1. Introduction Homeostasis is a principle property of living organisms and it is maintained at the systemic, tissue, and cellular levels through the homeostatic control system. -
Caspase-6 Induces 7A6 Antigen Localization to Mitochondria During FAS-Induced Apoptosis of Jurkat Cells HIROAKI SUITA, TAKAHISA SHINOMIYA and YUKITOSHI NAGAHARA
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 37 : 1697-1704 (2017) doi:10.21873/anticanres.11501 Caspase-6 Induces 7A6 Antigen Localization to Mitochondria During FAS-induced Apoptosis of Jurkat Cells HIROAKI SUITA, TAKAHISA SHINOMIYA and YUKITOSHI NAGAHARA Division of Life Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Hatoyama, Japan Abstract. Background: Mitochondria are central to caspases (caspase-8 and -9) that activate effector caspases (1). apoptosis. However, apoptosis progression involving Caspases are constructed of a pro-domain, a large subunit, and mitochondria is not fully understood. A factor involved in a small subunit. Upon caspase activation, cleavage of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis is 7A6 antigen. 7A6 caspase occurs. Caspase-6 and -7, which are effector caspases, localizes to mitochondria from the cytosol during apoptosis, each have a large subunit that is 20 kDa (p20) and a small which seems to involve ‘effector’ caspases. In this study, we subunit that is 10 kDa (p10), but caspase-3, which is also an investigated the precise role of effector caspases in 7A6 effector caspase, has a large subunit of 17 kDa and a small localization to mitochondria during apoptosis. Materials and subunit of 12 kDa (p12) (2-4). Moreover, the large and small Methods: Human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cells were treated subunits of caspase-6 and -7 are connected by a linker, but with an antibody against FAS. 7A6 localization was analyzed caspase-3 does not have a linker (Figure 1). The difference by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. between effector and initiator caspases is that the pro-domain Caspases activation was determined by western blot of an initiator caspase is long and that the pro-domain of an analysis. -
Caspase Substrates and Inhibitors
Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 27, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Caspase Substrates and Inhibitors Marcin Pore˛ba1, Aleksandra Stro´z˙yk1, Guy S. Salvesen2, and Marcin Dra˛g1 1Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland 2Program in Cell Death Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92024 Correspondence: [email protected] Caspases are proteases at the heart of networks that govern apoptosis and inflammation. The past decade has seen huge leaps in understanding the biology and chemistry of the caspases, largely through the development of synthetic substrates and inhibitors. Such agents are used to define the role of caspases in transmitting life and death signals, in imaging caspases in situ and in vivo, and in deconvoluting the networks that govern cell behavior. Additionally, focused proteomics methods have begun to reveal the natural substrates of caspases in the thousands. Together, these chemical and proteomics technologies are setting the scene for designing and implementing control of caspase activity as appropriate targets for disease therapy. WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A CASPASE group, known as cysteine protease clan CD that he need to recycle scarce amino acids in early also contains the plant metacaspases (Vercam- Tbiotic environments required that proteases men et al. 2004), and mammalian and plant were among the first proteins to appear in the proteases of the legumain family (involved in most primitive replicating organisms. Since that specific processing events), the eukaryotic pro- distant origin, proteases have diversified into tease separase (required for sisterchromatid sep- every biological niche, occupied every cellular aration during mitosis), and the bacterial prote- and extracellular compartment, and are encod- ases clostripain and gingipain (Chen et al. -
Executioner Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 Are Functionally Distinct Proteases
Executioner caspase-3 and caspase-7 are functionally distinct proteases John G. Walsh, Sean P. Cullen, Clare Sheridan, Alexander U. Luthi,¨ Christopher Gerner*, and Seamus J. Martin† Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland Edited by Doug R. Green, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, and accepted by the Editorial Board July 8, 2008 (received for review August 15, 2007) Members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases play central CASP-3 and CASP-7 on the B6 background die immediately roles in coordinating the stereotypical events that occur during after birth because of defective heart development (9). The latter apoptosis. Because the major executioner caspases, caspase-3 and result suggests that there may be a degree of functional com- caspase-7, exhibit almost indistinguishable activity toward certain pensation in operation between caspase-3 and caspase-7, synthetic peptide substrates, this has led to the widespread view whereas the knockout phenotypes observed on the 129 back- that these proteases occupy functionally redundant roles within ground suggest that caspase-3 and caspase-7 serve distinct roles. the cell death machinery. However, the distinct phenotypes of mice However, a major problem in interpreting these data is that the deficient in either of these caspases, as well as mice deficient in relative expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-7 may vary both, is at odds with this view. These distinct phenotypes could be dramatically between mouse strains, as well as within particular related to differences in the relative expression levels of caspase-3 tissues. -
Developing Caspase-1 Biosensors to Monitor Inflammation in Vitro and in Vivo
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2020 Developing Caspase-1 Biosensors to Monitor Inflammation in Vitro and in Vivo Sarah Talley Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons Recommended Citation Talley, Sarah, "Developing Caspase-1 Biosensors to Monitor Inflammation in Vitro and in Vivo" (2020). Dissertations. 3827. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3827 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2020 Sarah Talley LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO DEVELOPING CASPASE-1 BIOSENSORS TO MONITOR INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN INTEGRATIVE CELL BIOLOGY BY SARAH TALLEY CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 5 Overview 5 Structure of Inflammasomes 6 Function of Inflammasomes 8 NLRP1 8 NLRP3 14 NLRC4 21 AIM2 24 PYRIN 28 Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis 31 Inflammatory Caspases 36 Caspase-1 36 Other Inflammatory Caspases 40 Biosensors and Novel Tools to Monitor