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Formerly Incarcerated Adults in Higher Education: a Life-History Study of a Restorative Approach to Prisoner Reentry

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Formerly Incarcerated Adults in Higher Education: a Life-History Study of a Restorative Approach to Prisoner Reentry University of San Diego Digital USD Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2018-05-20 Formerly Incarcerated Adults in Higher Education: A Life-History Study of a Restorative Approach to Prisoner Reentry Robert Michael Ehnow University of San Diego Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations Part of the Criminology Commons, Other Education Commons, and the Prison Education and Reentry Commons Digital USD Citation Ehnow, Robert Michael, "Formerly Incarcerated Adults in Higher Education: A Life-History Study of a Restorative Approach to Prisoner Reentry" (2018). Dissertations. 102. https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/102 This Dissertation: Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORMERLY INCARCERATED ADULTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A LIFE-HISTORY STUDY OF A RESTORATIVE APPROACH TO PRISONER REENTRY by Robert M. Ehnow A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 Dissertation Committee Robert Donmoyer, Ph.D Fred Galloway Ed. D Alan Mobley, Ph.D Terri Monroe, Ed. D University of San Diego COPYRIGHT UNIVERSITY of SAN DIEGO School of Leadership and Education Sciences CANDIDATE’S NAME: Robert M. Ehnow TITLE OF DISSERTATION: FORMERLY INCARCERATED ADULTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A LIFE-HISTORY STUDY OF A RESTORATIVE APPROACH TO PRISONER REINTEGRATION APPROVAL: _____________________________________________, Chair Robert Donmoyer, PhD _____________________________________________, Member Fred J. Galloway _____________________________________________, Member Theresa Monroe, EdD, RCSJ _____________________________________________, Member Alan Mobley, PhD DATE: March 20, 2018 ABSTRACT The U.S. is the world’s “leading jailer” with both the highest incarceration rate and the largest number of prisoners. Each year more than 700,000 inmates are released from prison and re-enter their communities. The majority of prisoners who are released from prison lack the necessary education, work experience, and life skills to successfully reintegrate back into society. One alternative to the retributive standard of justice used in the United States is a restorative justice strategy. A restorative approach to prisoner reintegration seeks to re- establish community support and acceptance for criminal offenders in order to allow them to become beneficial members of society. The literature on prisoner re-entry and reintegration suggests that the formerly incarcerated are more apt to successfully re-enter society when they attain education and employment and maintain familial and community associations. Presently, there is a lack of knowledge about what the formerly incarcerated experience after they are released from prison and participate in post-secondary education. The central research question for this qualitative multi-case study was: What effect has participation in higher education for the formerly incarcerated had on their experiences of reintegration back into their communities? The study further examined the barriers to higher education encountered, the social and human capital attained, and former prisoners’ experiences during both incarceration and higher education. Six participants were invited to tell their life stories in order to make meaning of their experiences as both prisoners and as higher education students. One of the life stories was an auto-ethnographic account of the researcher’s own experience as both a former inmate and, presently, a doctoral candidate. Qualitative interviews were used to collect data from the other participants. Life-story and phenomenological methods were employed to collect and analyze these data. A cross-case analysis was conducted to compare and contrast the individual cases. Findings indicate that participating in higher education had a positive impact on the reintegration experience of those formerly incarcerated individuals that participated in the study. The participant’s life-stories suggest that higher education played an important role in restoring and creating relationships within the community, and enhanced their human and social capital. DEDICATION This study is dedicated to all the courageous formerly incarcerated people that are participating or have participated in post-secondary education after their incarceration. Their perseverance and commitment toward the goal of achieving a college/university degree is truly extraordinary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research would not have been possible if my good friend and the finest police officer in San Diego, Sergeant Jeff Pace, had not believed in me and supported my efforts to start this research. He encouraged me to examine with an experienced eye the effects of incarceration and the possibilities with alternative, restorative justice strategies for prisoner re-entry. Jeff has been a friend for over twenty-years; he visited me in prison in Colorado, and he set in motion the critical meeting I eventually had with Dr. Alan Mobley at San Diego State University shortly after my release from federal prison. Jeff is the epitome of a police officer who believes and practices restorative justice on the streets as a career cop. He is one of the really good guys. I would like to thank and honor each of my dissertation committee members for their guidance, wisdom, and friendship throughout my doctoral studies at the University of San Diego. Dr. Bob Donmoyer is the reason that I began my doctoral journey, and he stayed with me even when my studies were interrupted for twenty-eight months while I was incarcerated. He is a remarkable friend, a phenomenal editor, and a caring and compassionate educator. Likewise, Dr. Fred Galloway taught me the importance of research design and challenged me to ask the right questions. Fred also was always available to discuss any ideas about my research, and more importantly, he always wanted to make sure all was “ok” in my life whenever we met. Dr. Terri Monroe has a very special place in my heart. She believed in me when I returned to the University of San Diego after my incarceration. Her compassion and love supported my journey as I began the difficult process of reintegrating back into the community at the University of San Diego. I am grateful for her mentorship, love, and continued support. Dr. Alan vii Mobley, was unknown to me until after my incarceration. As a criminologist, he patiently supported and encouraged my research, and he guided me on my own journey to understanding and now applying restorative justice practices to support other students. Alan has become a good friend, and like Bob, Fred, and Terri constitute my panel of wise and loving elders. I would like to extend my gratitude to the many formerly incarcerated students and graduates that supported this study, most notably Ryan Rising, Jason Bell, DeAndre Brooks, Rena Alspaw, and Martin Leyva. Their support provided a rich tapestry of knowledge about the experiences of incarceration and post-incarceration higher education. Many of the formerly incarcerated students have had a heroic journey from prison to colleges. I hope they will persist in successfully breaking through the many barriers that face the formerly incarcerated and continue to mentor and set an example for others to follow. I would also like to recognize the support I received from all the students and staff, most notably Dr. Dan Stacy, from Project Rebound at San Diego State University. The Project Rebound Students provided inspiration as I collected data for this study and subsequently began the arduous process of writing the research findings. This research has been at the center of my life for fifteen months. My Mom and Dad who both live with us, along with my wife and four children all lovingly supported my commitment to earning my doctoral degree and this research in particular. My wife, Colette, is an astonishing person is so many ways, and I remain the luckiest man on the planet because I am the recipient of her devotion and love. Colette, Mom, Dad, Brendan, Caitlin, Kelly, and Eric thank you for your love, and I hope this work honors the sacrifices you have made for me as your son, husband, dad, and step-dad. Finally, if I viii individually named all of my family and friends that supported me, this research, and my education then the reader would surely be exhausted before ever reading this study. I am grateful to all of my tribe for “lifting me up” and allowing me to be the best version of myself. My own “better angels” have been re-born because of your support and unconditional love. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………..vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….x LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………xvi CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY...............................................1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………1 Statement of the Problem...............................................................................6 The Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………….7 Research Questions…………………………………………………………8 Methodological Overview………………………………………………….9 Delimitations and Limitations of the Study……………………………….10 Definitions of Key Terms…………………………………………………12 Significance of the Study………………………………………………….13 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE…………………………….16 Introduction………………………………………………………………..16 Restorative Justice Theory and Practice…………………………………..18
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