Les Réformes De L'industrie Électrique En Europe

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Les Réformes De L'industrie Électrique En Europe COMMISSARIAT GENERAL DU PLAN Les réformes de l’industrie électrique en Europe Sous la direction de Jean-Michel Glachant (Centre ATOM, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) Les réformes de l’industrie électrique en Europe Juin 2000 Avant propos Dans tous les pays de l'Union européenne, l'introduction de la concurrence est en train de remodeler profondément la physionomie des services publics en réseau : les télécommunications, l’électricité, le gaz, les chemins de fer, et les services postaux. Des marchés européens intégrés et concurrentiels émergent progressivement dans ces activités qui étaient organisées jusqu’à très récemment autour de grands monopoles nationaux ou régionaux très souvent publics. Les perspectives de concurrence dans les services publics en réseau imposent de reconsidérer le rôle des pouvoirs publics. Il s’agit moins de déréglementer, et encore moins de déréguler ces secteurs que de construire de nouvelles régulations publiques en modifiant, dans un contexte économique profondément renouvelé, les formes d’intervention de l’État. Les différents pays, de par leur culture, leur histoire et les rapports de force qui existent entre les différents groupes d’intérêts, ont pris des voies qui apparaissent finalement, lorsqu’on les analyse plus précisément, significativement contrastées. Ces différences, même si elles doivent être relativisées en raison du lent mais inexorable mouvement d’intégration des marchés européens, traduisent les marges de liberté dont disposent les différents pays de l’Union européenne. Elles ont aussi des vertus pédagogiques : les retours des expériences menées par les pays qui ont entrepris les premiers ces réformes et les comparaisons des réformes entre les différents pays confortent et enrichissent un processus d’apprentissage complexe en matière de régulation qui engage l’efficacité globale de ces secteurs. C’est ainsi que la question de la mesure des performances des services publics se trouve renouvelée. Il s’agit pour les pouvoirs publics de garantir que le marché concurrentiel nouvellement créé est équitablement organisé et que les missions de service public sont bien assurées et financées, de connaître la manière dont se répartit la richesse créée dans le secteur après la réforme, de motiver dans les débats publics et devant les instances européennes les décisions et les arbitrages, enfin d’apprécier l’évolution des services offerts ou de comparer les prestations offertes dans les différents espaces nationaux ou locaux. - Avant-propos - Enfin, l’information, structurée autour d’indicateurs de référence fiables, apparaît tout à la fois comme un instrument de pilotage de la réforme, un élément essentiel du débat public sur les grands enjeux de ces réformes et enfin la base des négociations de contractualisation entre les différents acteurs. Comme l’illustrent les premières évaluations de la réforme menées dans le secteur des télécommunications, cette information constitue l’ossature même de la régulation. Dans le cadre de son programme de recherche sur les services publics en réseaux, le Commissariat Général du Plan a engagé plusieurs études pour approfondir ces questions. L’idée était double : il s’agissait d’éclairer et d’évaluer l’évolution des différentes réformes en Europe dans les secteurs qui subissent de fortes mutations, mais aussi et surtout de définir une méthodologie adaptée, car il n’est pas si simple de vouloir apprécier la performance et l’efficacité relative de réformes qui présentent de nombreuses spécificités. L’étude réalisée par le Centre ATOM, dont ce livre présente les principaux résultats, est l’une d’entre elles. Outre les éléments précieux qu’elle apporte sur les réformes menées dans les principales industries électriques de l’Union européenne, on retiendra particulièrement le cadre méthodologique proposé pour évaluer les performances relatives de ces industries et, par là même, des réformes qui ont été menées. L’étude ne se contente pas en effet de rapprocher les indicateurs classiques d’efficacité (performances en termes de prix, de productivité des facteurs, et de coûts de facteurs), elle essaie d’élargir l’analyse à des domaines plus larges, plus complexes à prendre en compte, traduisant le traitement des clientèles, les transformations de la fonction de production, le renouvellement de l’offre… L’investigation théorique et pratique réalisée dans le cadre de cette étude fournit un très bon exemple du type d’analyses qui va sans doute se multiplier dans les années qui viennent. La vision élargie qui préside à cette recherche amène les auteurs à bien montrer les différences significatives qu’on peut observer entre les réformes mises en place et à modérer certaines appréciations auxquelles pourrait conduire la prise en compte d’un nombre d’indicateurs trop limité. Un tel exercice n’est pas facile, ne serait-ce parce que bien souvent les données disponibles restent assez éloignées de celles qu’imposent les grilles d’analyses ambitieuses que l’on se fixe a priori. La tâche entamée ici doit sans doute être poursuivie, le secteur électrique n’étant qu’au début d’une transformation déjà profonde par rapport à la situation qui prévalait il y a seulement quelques années. Sommaire Partie I LE CADRE EUROPÉEN DES RÉFORMES ÉLECTRIQUES ET LES VARIANTES NATIONALES Chapitre I - PANORAMA DES RÉFORMES CONCURRENTIELLES EN EUROPE.............................................. 15 1. Le changement des cadres réglementaires ................................ 16 2. L’aménagement des infrastructures techniques et commerciales ................................................................................ 17 3. L’adaptation des structures industrielles et des formes de propriété........................................................................................ 20 4. La résultante : un marché intérieur européen fractionné et une dynamique de transformation ............................................. 23 5. Références..................................................................................... 24 Chapitre II - VUES DETAILLÉES DES SECTEURS ÉLECTRIQUES ET DES RÉFORMES DANS SEPT PAYS........... 27 ALLEMAGNE .................................................................................................... 30 BELGIQUE........................................................................................................ 38 ESPAGNE.......................................................................................................... 47 ITALIE ............................................................................................................... 57 NORVEGE ......................................................................................................... 67 ROYAUME-UNI ................................................................................................ 80 SUÈDE............................................................................................................... 92 - Sommaire - Partie II ÉVALUATION DES MARCHÉS ET DES SECTEURS ÉLECTRIQUES EUROPÉENS Chapitre III ÉVALUATION DE L’ATTRACTIVITÉ ET DE L’ACCESSIBILITÉ DES MARCHÉS EUROPÉENS D’ÉLECTRICITÉ............................................................................... 105 1. L’attractivité des marchés d’électricité des États membres.. 106 1.1. La taille relative des marchés européens ...............................................107 1.2. La croissance relative des marchés européens.......................................108 1.3. L’attractivité relative des marchés européens........................................111 2. L’accessibilité des marchés d’électricité en Europe ............... 118 2.1. Le degré d’ouverture des marchés avant transposition de la directive 96/92 ..............................................................................118 2.2. Le degré d’ouverture des marchés après les transpositions de la directive.........................................................................................121 2.3. Le marché modèle de la nouvelle Europe électrique.............................124 Chapitre IV ÉVALUATION DES PERFORMANCES DES SECTEURS ÉLECTRIQUES ET DES RÉFORMES DANS SEPT PAYS .................................................................................................... 127 1. Les performances d’efficacité................................................... 131 1.1. Les prix..................................................................................................131 1.2. La productivité des facteurs...................................................................137 1.3. Les coûts des facteurs ............................................................................139 2. Les performances de transformation....................................... 140 2.1. Le partage de la valeur ajoutée ..............................................................141 2.2. Le traitement des clientèles ...................................................................143 - Sommaire - 2.3. Le renouvellement des filières de production........................................ 145 2.4. L’évolution des parts de marché des entreprises ................................... 147 2.5. La modification des périmètres d’activité des entreprises..................... 150 ANNEXES............................................................................................ 155 Annexe n° 1 - La méthodologie de l’étude....................................................... 157 Annexe n° 2 - Les prix de l’électricité en Europe ............................................ 165 Annexe n° 3 - Les
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