Croatia at the Crossroads

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Croatia at the Crossroads Croatia at the Crossroads A consideration of archaeological and historical connectivity Proceedings of conference held at Europe House, Smith Square, London, 24–25 June 2013 to mark the accession of Croatia to the European Union edited by David Davison, Vince Gaffney, Preston Miracle and Jo Sofaer Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 530 8 ISBN 978 1 78491 5315 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and authors 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................iii Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................v Interactions in the Old Stone Age: Possible Scenarios Using the Vindija Biological Evidence .................................1 Ivor Janković and Fred H. Smith Contacts and Connections in Late Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic Croatia ...................................................11 Ivor Karavanić Adriatic Connections: Exploring Relationships from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic ............................19 Dario Vujević The Mesolithic in Croatia ....................................................................................................................................33 Darko Komšo The Development of Eneolithic Cultures Between the Sava and Drava Rivers......................................................59 Jacqueline Balen Croatia and the Crossroads of Early Greek Seafarers ...........................................................................................75 Helena Tomas Multiculturalists Before We Knew It: Keeping Pace with Bronze Age Trends ........................................................85 Sanjin Mihelić Clay Birds as Religious Objects and Works of Craft in the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of the Balkans and the Carpathian Basin .............................................................................................................91 Darko Maričević The Princes of the Crossroads — The Early Iron Age in Northern Croatia ...........................................................109 Hrvoje Potrebica Indigenous Pottery in Dalmatia During the Last Millennium BC ........................................................................123 Vedran Barbarić Salona and the Sea – Some Observations .........................................................................................................139 Branko Kirigin Interaction Between Incomers and Autochthons on Roman Funerary Stones from the Croatian Region of Pannonia (1st –4th Centuries) ...........................................................................................................................157 Branka Migotti Immigrants from Other Areas of the Roman Empire Documented on Siscia Lead Tags ......................................169 Ivan Radman-Livaja New Knowledge on Certain Early Christian Dioceses in the Eastern Adriatic Region ..........................................193 Ante Škegro The K-type Sword from Koljane in Dalmatia as Possible Evidence for the Arrival of Croats at the End of the 8th Century .....................................................................................................................................................207 Ante Milošević The Gnalić Shipwreck: Microcosm of the Late Renaissance World .........................................................................223 Irena Radić Rossi, Mariangela Nicolardi and Katarina Batur Weapons of the Military Frontier in Croatia from the End of the 17th to the End of the 19th Century – Combat Equipment and Emblems of Rank ............................................................................................................249 Dora Bošković i.
Recommended publications
  • THE POSAVINA BORDER REGION of CROATIA and BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA: DEVELOPMENT up to 1918 (With Special Reference to Changes in Ethnic Composition)
    THE POSAVINA BORDER REGION OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA: DEVELOPMENT UP TO 1918 (with special reference to changes in ethnic composition) Ivan CRKVEN^I] Zagreb UDK: 94(497.5-3 Posavina)''15/19'':323.1 Izvorni znanstveni rad Primljeno: 9. 9. 2003. After dealing with the natural features and social importance of the Posavina region in the past, presented is the importance of this region as a unique Croatian ethnic territory during the Mid- dle Ages. With the appearance of the Ottomans and especially at the beginning of the 16th century, great ethnic changes oc- cured, primarily due to the expulsion of Croats and arrival of new ethnic groups, mostly Orthodox Vlachs and later Muslims and ethnic Serbs. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the Pannonian basin to the areas south of the Sava River and the Danube, the Sava becomes the dividing line creating in its border areas two socially and politically different environments: the Slavonian Military Frontier on the Slavonian side and the Otto- man military-frontier system of kapitanates on the Bosnian side. Both systems had a special influence on the change of ethnic composition in this region. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans further towards the southeast of Europe and the Austrian occu- pation of Bosnia and Herzegovina the Sava River remains the border along which, especially on the Bosnian side, further changes of ethnic structure occured. Ivan Crkven~i}, Ilo~ka 34, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The research subject in this work is the border region Posavi- na between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic Bosnia- 293 -Herzegovina.
    [Show full text]
  • Svetozar Borevic, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-17-2021 Fuer Kaiser und Heimat: Svetozar Borevic, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War Sean Krummerich University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krummerich, Sean, "Fuer Kaiser und Heimat: Svetozar Borevic, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War" (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8808 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Für Kaiser und Heimat: Svetozar Boroević, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War by Sean Krummerich A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Kees Boterbloem, Ph.D. Darcie Fontaine, Ph.D. J. Scott Perry, Ph.D. Golfo Alexopoulos, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 30, 2021 Keywords: Serb, Croat, nationality, identity, Austria-Hungary Copyright © 2021, Sean Krummerich DEDICATION For continually inspiring me to press onward, I dedicate this work to my boys, John Michael and Riley. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of a score of individuals over more years than I would care to admit. First and foremost, my thanks go to Kees Boterbloem, Darcie Fontaine, Golfo Alexopoulos, and Scott Perry, whose invaluable feedback was crucial in shaping this work into what it is today.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia in the Economic Structure of the Habsburg Empire in the Light of the 1857 Census
    MARIANN NAGY Sveučilište u Pečuhu, Mađarska Izlaganje na znanstvenom skupu UDK: 314.18(497.5)”1857” Croatia in the Economic Structure of the Habsburg Empire in the Light of the 1857 Census The census of 1857 was the first census in the Habsburg Empire where the occupa- tions of those conscripted were asked. The paper examines the occupational struc- ture of active population in Civil Croatia and in Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier and compares it with that of the other lands and regions of the Empire. On the strength of occupational structure and livestock density tries to determine the level of development of the Croatian economy and place Croatia in the eco- nomic hierarchy of lands and regions. Keywords: economic structure, census of 1857, Habsburg Empire, Croatia After the census taken under the rule of Joseph II it took more than 60 years to have a new census in the countries of the Hungarian Crown.1 Until the mid-19th century there was no unified census structure in the Habsburg Empire. In the majority of the Austrian lands primarily military censuses whereas e.g. in Tyrolia, Dalmatia and Vorarlberg censuses with a political focus where held on a regular basis. In Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania the conscriptions informed about the numbers of the non – nobles according to age, sex and status as well as about the three basic figures of demography. After the political and administrative reorganization of the Monarchy in 1849 the need emerged for a new census. The census of 1850, however, was interrupted due to the military preparations against Prussia and was finished in summer 1851.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Institutional Persistence of the Habsburg Military Frontier in Croatia
    History matters: development and institutional persistence of the Habsburg Military Frontier in Croatia MARINA TKALEC, Ph.D.* Article** JEL: C33; E02; E26; H41; O11 https://doi.org/10.3326/pse.44.1.4 * This research was done while the author was a Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science Centre for research on South Eastern Europe. The author would like to thank Michael Fritsch, Josip Glaurdić, Vassilis Monastiriotis, Ivan Žilić, and participants of the LSEE Visiting Speaker Programme, as well as to the two anonymous referees for helpful comments on the paper. ** Received: June 1, 2019 Accepted: October 14, 2019 Marina TKALEC The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Department of Macroeconomics and International Economics, Trg J. F. Kennedyja 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] ORCiD: 0000-0001-7974-9345 Abstract 118 In this paper we explore the effect of the long-gone Habsburg Military Frontier on modern institutions in Croatia. We use the Life in Transition Survey and geo- graphic regression discontinuity design to identify the causal mechanism between historical institutions and attitudes towards trust and corruption. We find that the 44 (1) 117-145 (2020) 44 (1) 117-145 ECONOMICS PUBLIC areas of the former Military Frontier are underdeveloped and poorer with worse SECTOR economic performance indicators. Our results suggest that respondents living in the former Military Frontier territory have lower levels of interpersonal trust, a higher level of trust in public authorities, but also tend to bribe those institutions more often when they interact with them. We claim that the war in Yugoslavia in the 1990s is not just a confounding factor in the analysis but also a potential chan- nel and find evidence that attitudes towards bribery can survive even harsh wars, while trust in public institutions collapses during extreme events of violence.
    [Show full text]
  • ECFG-Croatia-2021R.Pdf
    About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for ECFG success (Photo: The Dalmatian coastal town of Primošten). The guide consists of 2 parts: of Republic Part 1 is the “Culture General” section, which provides the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment with a focus on Southeast Europe. Part 2 is the “Culture Specific” section, which describes unique cultural features of Croatian society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre-deployment Croatia training (Photo: A display of bread in a fire pit in Dalmatia, Croatia). For further information, contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected] or visit the AFCLC website at https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in tit le, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the express permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society.
    [Show full text]
  • War Invalids and Disabled Soldiers in the Habsburg Army: the Case of the Djurdjevac Regiment in 1860/61
    Essay War Invalids and Disabled Soldiers in the Habsburg Army: The Case of the Djurdjevac Regiment in 1860/61 Ivana Horbec1 , Dubravko Habek2,3 1 Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb, Croatia 2 University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh”, Zagreb, 3 Croatian Catholic University, Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT: Soldiers of the Military Frontier fought numerous wars for the Habsburg Monarchy from the 16th to the 19th century. By the nature of their service they were susceptible to injuries and health difficulties that limited their ability to perform the service. The aim of this research was to analyse OPEN ACCESS health conditions and most represented illnesses of Frontiersmen in the second part of the 19th Correspondence: century, as well as the Habsburg policy towards disabled soldiers and war invalids. The analysis is Ivana Horbec PhD based on the case report and findings of the General Arbitration Commission of the Varaždin gen- [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-4898-2555 eral command for the Đurđevac regiment in the military year 1860/61, kept in the Austrian State Archives. This article was submitted to RAD CASA - Medical Sciences as the Essay EYWORDS K : Invalids, Habsburgs Army, Military Frontier, medicine, medicohistoriography Conflict of Interest State- ment: The authors declare that the research was conducted in Sažetak: the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be Ratni invalidi i vojnici s invaliditetom u Habsburškoj vojsci: prikaz Đurđevačke construed as a potential conflict of pukovnije 1860/61. interest. Vojnici Vojne krajine borili su se za Habsburšku Monarhiju u brojnim ratovima od 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate
    ILLYRIAN POLICY OF ROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATE Danijel Dzino Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics University of Adelaide August 2005 II Table of Contents TITLE PAGE I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V DECLARATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS IX 1. Introduction, approaches, review of sources and secondary literature 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rome and Illyricum (a short story) 2 1.3 Methodology 6 1.4.1 Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Policy as an interaction between systems 9 1.4.2 The Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Working hypothesis 11 1.5 The stages in the Roman Illyrian relationship (the development of a political/constitutional framework) 16 1.6 Themes and approaches: Illyricum in Roman historiography 18 1.7.1 Literature review: primary sources 21 1.7.2 Literature review: modern works 26 2. Illyricum in Roman foreign policy: historical outline, theoretical approaches and geography 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Roman foreign policy: Who made it, how and why was it made, and where did it stop 30 2.3 The instruments of Roman foreign policy 36 2.4 The place of Illyricum in the Mediterranean political landscape 39 2.5 The geography and ethnography of pre-Roman Illyricum 43 III 2.5.1 The Greeks and Celts in Illyricum 44 2.5.2 The Illyrian peoples 47 3. The Illyrian policy of Rome 167 – 60 BC: Illyricum - the realm of bifocality 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Prelude: the making of bifocality 56 3.3 The South and Central Adriatic 60 3.4 The North Adriatic 65 3.5 Republican policy in Illyricum before Caesar: the assessment 71 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Croatian Political Movement of 1848-1849 and the Formation of the Croatian National Identity
    UDK: 323.1 (497.5) “1848/1849” 94 (497.5), “1848/1849” Pregledni članak Received: September 10, 2009 Accepted: November 18, 2009 BETWEEN REVOLUTION AND LEGITIMACY: THE CROATIAN POLITICAL MOVEMENT OF 1848-1849 AND THE FORMATION OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY Tomislav MARKUS* I. Croatia in the revolutionary era, 1848-1849 On the eve of the revolutionary events of 1848, the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia was 1848 territorially divided, economically backward and politically weak.1 Only Civil Croatia, which consisted of the three central Croatian and Slavonian counties, had a very limited degree of au- tonomy, more akin to a province than a state. The Military Frontier, Istria and Dalmatia were subject to direct rule by Vienna and were entirely separate from Civil Croatia. The traditional danger of Habsburg centralism was augmented, as of the 1820s, by the even greater danger of burgeoning Hungarian national- ism, which aspired to transform Hungary into a unified Hungarian state with Hungarian as the official language. During the 1830s and 1840s, a new stratum of the national intelligentsia emerged among the Croats and, to a lesser extent, the Serbs, which resisted Hungarian policies, largely depending on normally concealed support from the Viennese court. The Hungarians had the support of certain groups and individuals inside the Triune Kingdom, from the petty nobility of Turopolje (south of Zagreb) to certain Slavonian magnates, but these remained relatively weak. The so-called Illyrian Movement attempted to * Tomislav Markus, Ph D., Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb, Republic of Croatia 1 Numerous historiographic works cover the events in Croatia immediately prior to 1848 and the Illyrian Movement: Jaroslav Šidak, Studije iz hrvatske povijesti XIX stoljeća (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1973); Petar Korunić, Jugoslavizam i federalizam u hrvatskom nacionalnom preporodu 1835-1875 (Zagreb: Globus, 1989); Tomislav Markus, Hrvatski politički pokret 1848-1849.
    [Show full text]
  • The Habsburg and Russian Empires: Some Comparisons and Contrasts
    Chapter 4 The Habsburg and Russian Empires: Some Comparisons and Contrasts Orest SUBTELNY 1. Empires: Some Introductory Generalizations For much of recorded history, most people have lived in empires. Until the twentieth century, empire was the most prevalent and effective way of uniting a variety of peoples and extensive territories under single rule. It was — until the very recent emergence of regional blocs and global organizations — the only way of establishing and maintaining political order in the face of cultural, ethnic, social hereogeneity. This unity was usually imposed by force. We can, therefore, view empire as the rule or control, direct or indirect, political or economic, of one state, nation or people over similar groups.1 A reflection of the unifying and stabilizing role that empires usually played is the fact that they were invariably associated with the concept of peace, law and order: we have, for example, Pax Romana, Pax Mongolica, Pax Ottomanica, Pax Russica ( and, most recently, Pax Sovietica and Pax Americana). By the same token, life outside of empire or without empire often viewed, by those within empire, as anarchistic and barbaric, a primitive struggle of one against all. The merits of empire were captured in the oft-repeated Middle Eastern aphorism: one day of anarchy is worse than forty years of tyranny. Thus, whatever their disadvantages, empires, especially at their 74 Orest Subtelny high point, offered stability and security. And this was prized by all peoples at all times. The life span of empires usually had two distinct if frequently overlapping phases: an initial, relatively brief phase, characterized by military conquest and a subsequent, extended phase, where the main focus was on stability, law and order (system maintenance).
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia About This Guide
    EXPEDITIONARY CULTURE FIELD Guide zagreb Split croatia About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for ECFG success (Photo: The Dalmatian coastal town of Primošten, Croatia). The guide consists of 2 parts: Republicof Part 1 is the “Culture General” section, which provides the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment with a focus on Southeast Europe. Part 2 is the “Culture Specific” section, which describes unique cultural features of Croatian society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre-deployment Croatia training (Photo: A display of bread in a fire pit in Dalmatia, Croatia). For further information, contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected] or visit the AFCLC website at https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the express permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Construction of Jewish Identity in Nineteenth-Century Serbia: the Case of the Musician Josif Schlesinger
    The Construction of Jewish Identity in Nineteenth-Century Serbia: The Case of the Musician Josif Schlesinger Maja Vasiljević , Haris Dajč All content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Received: 02/09/2019 Last updated: How to cite: Maja Vasiljević and Haris Dajč, “The Construction of Jewish Identity in Nineteenth-Century Serbia: The Case of the Musician Josif Schlesinger,” Musicologica Austriaca: Journal for Austrian Music Studies ( ) Tags: 19th century; Jewish identity; Schlesinger, Josif; Serbia Abstract This article explores the status of Josif Schlesinger (1794–1870), the first Serbian composer and professional musician in the court of Prince Miloš Obrenović (1780–1860), in the complex process of constructing Jewish identity in the web of Jewish legislation at the crossroads of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. Schlesinger was singled out as one of the most prominent Jews in the Principality of Serbia. His status was far more favorable than that of Jews of other professions, especially merchants. The attitude of the Serbian government towards Jews during most of the nineteenth century can be divided into two periods. During the first period, until the early 1840s, Jews were free to work, travel, and settle, while during the second period, which lasted until the Serbians achieved independence in 1878, Serbia had anti-Semitic laws that suppressed Jewish rights to work, travel, and settle. The anti-Jewish laws were so strict that the Alliance Israélite Universelle had to write to the major European forces during the talks leading to the Treaty of Berlin to inform them of the situation in Serbia; the anti-Semitic laws were abolished almost a decade later.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. 1 The Habsburg Puzzle Take care, Sire. Your Monarchy is a little straggling: it connects itself with the North, the South, and the East. It is also in the center of Europe. Your Majesty must give them law. — Prince Eugene of Savoy If that . empire is to be considered the greatest and most powerful which has the most secure borders and the least to fear from its neighbors, then Austria is to be counted among the weak, despite its size and inner resources. — Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz On November 1, 1700, Charles “the Bewitched,” great- grandson of Phillip II and last Habsburg king of Spain, died, childless. With his death, a dynasty that had ruled over much of the known world, from Peru to Prague, was shorn of its largest western possessions and relegated to the back corner of Europe. The new cockpit of the Habsburg imperium was a ragged cluster of duchies and kingdoms a thousand miles to the east, in the violent borderlands be- tween Christendom and the empire of the Turk. Its capital was Vienna, seat of the eastern Habsburg archdukes who for nearly half a millennium had ruled over much of middle Europe, first as march lords, and then as emperors of the German Reich and kings of Bohemia and Hungary. The eastern realm of the Austrian Habsburgs was different, not only from the dynasty’s western holdings, but from the other European Great Powers forming around it.
    [Show full text]