BLACKGOLDIGNITING THE FUTURE Gulf of Mexico’s MESSAGE FROM “Eye of fire”: Was it an THE EDITORIAL TEAM accident or mere negligence? "Write to be understood,speak to be heard,Read to Grow"

Warm greetings to our readers, We proudly pres- ent to you the 1st edition of Black Gold-Igniting the future- the official magazine of SPEAUACT Student Chapter. It presents authoritative briefs and features on technology advancements in exploration and production, oil and gas industry issues, and The Indian oil and gas market news about SPE. BLACK GOLD Magazine is the homepage for budding Petroleum Engineers featuring a mixture of information, is expected to record a CAGR of including the latest news, views, project updates and trends, the over 2.64% during the forecast digital and answers the needs of the global oil and gas industry. Each edition includes informative feature articles, interviews with period, 2020 – 2025. industry leaders, energy scene highlights, guest articles, new technology, and columns from students. We provide a unique in- sight into key industry sectors covering local and international energy markets delivering the latest Oil and Gas news; analy- sis of issues and events; and important statistics on international markets and activity.

We are thankful to Dr.S.Kalaiselvam(HOD,DAST) and Dr.J.Jayapriya(Faculty Advisor,SPEAUACT) for their endless support and constant motivation. We are also thankful to you as Can Moving to single-point sensors "A writer only begins a book, a reader finishes it." help sharpen the data than multiple sensors in land Acquisition?

@spe_auact SPE AUACT SC SPE AUACT Student chapter @spe_auact /spe.auact CONTENTS

TECH TALKS PETRO PICASSO (41 - 44) (45 - 46)

ABOUT SPEAUACT PETROXPRESS (1 - 12) (13 - 22)

WHAT’S THE PRICE? PETRO RIDDLES (47 - 54) (55 - 60)

VOICE YOUR VIEWS WORLD OF DATA (23 - 26) (27 - 34)

EXPLORER OF THE MONTH INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (61 - 62) (63 - 68)

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF DESIGNER-IN-CHIEF CRUDE WORD PUZZLE INDUSTRY STALWART EDITORIAL AND (35 - 36) (37 - 40) CONTENT BOARD

EDITORIAL AND DESIGN TEAM SOCIAL NETWORKS (69) (70) ABOUT SPEAUACT ABOUT SPEAUACT

endeavour to provide pupils Engineering and furthermore AC Tech, Anna University SPE a typical stage to grandstand get acquainted with Health, their insight before famous in- Safety and Environmental Student Chapter dustry veterans and contend elements of Oil and Gas in- with peers. The learning proj- dustry. We are envisioned to About Us ects will enhance the techni- bridge the gap between Indus- AC Tech, Anna Univer- cal and professional compe- try and Academia for a gen- sity SPE Student Chapter tences of student members eral proficient development (#6098 - Chennai Section) is by collecting, disseminating, of both students' community one of the registered Student and exchanging technical and the industry. We buckle Chapters of Society of Petro- knowledge concerning the down towards reaching the leum Engineers (SPE) Inter- exploration, development sky, and our tenacious, ardent gas sector worldwide and the national which provides the and production of oil and gas and persistent undertakings department has always lent a operating framework for Soci- resources and related tech- will empower us accomplish supporting hand to the pupils ety activities at university lev- nologies for the public benefit the "OUTSTANDING STUDENT for their enrichment in techni- el. The student chapter is or- and thereby making student CHAPTER AWARD" sooner cal knowledge and exposure ganised under the Department members familiar with Reser- rather than later. We look for- to industrial experience. of Applied Science and Technol- voir, Drilling and Production ward to your support and par- ogy (DAST), Alagappa College of Mission and Vision Technology, Anna University. The AC Tech, Anna University department offers Full-Time SPE Student Chapter aspires Courses in B. Tech. Petroleum to open doors to each affiliate, Engineering and Technology for individual and profession- and M. Tech. Industrial Safe- al advancements through an ty and Hazard Management. amalgamation of events round The department is progress- the year including the Series ing exponentially with a vision of Distinguished Lectures by for developing efficient and the Stalwarts of Oil and Gas technically sound students to Sector, Workshops, Soft Skill outperform their contempo- Development Seminars and a raries in their career in oil and plethora of contests. We will

1 2 ABOUT SPEAUACT ABOUT SPEAUACT ticipation in the entirety of our endeavours. The objective of organizing Chapter Activities Achievements Petrovision this symposium is to provide Petrovision is a Nation- We are immensely a forum for interaction among al Level Technical Sympo- honoured for that the Petro- sium conducted by AC Tech, the researchers, technolo- leum Engineering course in Anna University SPE Student gists, academicians and stu- SPE AUACT Student Anna University is featured in Chapter, Department of Ap- dents to exchange their ideas Chapter is immensely grati- the top 51-100 bracket in the plied Science and Technolo- and identify the manpower fied to formulate "Petr-O-ra- global QS World University gy, Anna University and it will skills required for the indus- , a Series of Seminars Rankings 2021 and our Anna be held over a period of two tion" days annually. Petrovision try. The deliberations will which is aimed to bridge the University has secured Rank kindles the flame in young also provide opportunities for gap between academia and 388 in World's Top 400 Insti- minds through Workshops, establishing collaborations, industry and to provide each tutes besides all IITs in India. Technical Events and Distin- identifying avenues for trans- affiliate with the opportuni- Anna University is guished Lectures for the stu- ties for professional devel- the only state university that dents to embark on their jour- lating research progress to opment through the series has been ranked very high in ney towards industrial glory. It useful products and other ap- of Distinguished Lectures Petroleum Engineering this provides opportunities to the plication prospects. The fest by the Stalwarts of Oil and year. It shows that the talent is students to collaborate with serves as an arena to encour- Gas Sector. It also provides not only confined to IITs, but students of different regions age a sense of productivity. an interactive forum to iden- also comes from other state and communities of same tify the essential manpower universities as such. We did sector. skills required for the indus- well in indicators like research output including H-index cita- tions (72.7) and citations per paper (78.1), the scores in other indicators like academic reputation (53.9).

3 4 ABOUT SPEAUACT ABOUT SPEAUACT try. The seminars also occur through any of Online Plat- enormous participations We provide a unique insight forms in view of various circumstances. Several Pupils, Re- from various National and into key industry sectors cov- search scholars, Faculties from various Universities across International Universities. ering local and international the world attend it regularly and have got benefitted. energy markets delivering the Journal latest Oil and Gas news; anal- ysis of issues and events; and BLACK GOLD important statistics on inter- BLACK GOLD – Igniting national markets and activity. the Future, SPE AUACT Stu- dent Chapter’ flagship mag- Social Initiatives azine, presents authorita- tive briefs and features on technology advancements in exploration and produc- SPE AUACT Student tion, oil and gas industry is- Chapter is socially concerned opportunity to the pupils of oil sues, and news about SPE. by inculcating the goodness and gas sectors across the BLACK GOLD Magazine is the of benevolence in us under world to enhance the technical homepage for budding Pe- the scheme of "SPE Cares" exposure and for a good learn- troleum Engineers featur- by organising numerous ing experience. This brain- ing a mixture of information, Fundraising Events to pro- storming quiz session was including the latest news, vide some financial assis- previously hosted in collabo- tance as a timely help to sev- views, project updates and eral Voluntary Organisations, ration with My Swots and Tu- trends, the digital and an- Non-Governmental Organi- SPE AUACT Student tee HUT. The Quiz is bifurcat- swers the needs of the glob- sations, Children's Trust, Old Chapter is extremely ecstatic ed and conducted under two al oil and gas industry. Each Age Homes to cater the basic to present , an Domains such as "Petroleum" "Petr-O-Probe" edition includes informative needs of humanity to the peo- exhilarative International Lev- and "Petrochemical" domains, feature articles, interviews ple from different walks of life. el Online Quiz Competition enabling the participants to with industry leaders, ener- choose one of or both the Do- We put a smile on the faces periodically. The chapter pro- gy scene highlights, guest mains while registration. The by donating something that vides an enchanting articles, new technology, enthralling event perceived would facilitate them in this and columns from students. mean time. 5 6 ABOUT SPEAUACT ABOUT SPEAUACT

Passion Pavers

MURAL – A Wall Art Anna Govt. Higher Secondary School, Besant Nagar, Chen- Painting Event nai. The inauguration of the SPE AUACT Student Wall Art Painting Event Mural Chapter is socially concerned took place on March 29, 2021 to organise various benefi- SPE AUACT Student Chapter takes immense pleasure in that school with several to organise various motivational and career guidance pro- ciary activities to the soci- NGOs like Uravugal Trust, grammes under its initiative to the student ety and environment under Karpi Organisation, Karunai "Passion Pavers" community from schools/universities. In today’s competitive its scheme of SPE Cares. It Ullangal, Extended Family world, it has really become difficult to select the right kind of finds the great opportunity to and Thozhan and several oth- career which not only suits the student’s skill sets but also organise the Wall Art Painting er dignitaries as guests. in schools, colleges and oth- allows them to excel in their profile. The situation gets worse er public buildings with var- with the lack of opportunities and right direction. In all such ious social themes, thereby circumstances the role of career guidance plays an important improving the infrastructure role. Our sessions help students to select the right kind of job of the buildings and imparting oriented courses which will help them to take their career in the social values to the peo- the right direction. The career guidance is provided by the ple. occupation or education in future which goes well with their capabilities, skills and interest. We organised the first edi- Here we share the glimpses of our first Passion Pavers tion of this event from March Programme by Mr. Irshad in Aringnar Anna Govt. Higher Sec- 24 to Mar 28, 2021 in Arignar ondary School, Besant Nagar, Chennai. 7 8 ABOUT SPEAUACT ABOUT SPEAUACT Unavu SPE Green Campaign Publications SPE AUACT Student Chapter is immensely honoured for Tech Tuesday having our collaboration with "unavu" a registered Non-Gov- ernmental organisation that is aimed to cater one of the basic (Since June 08, 2021) needs of humanity, food to the needy. The Chapter is morally SPE AUACT Student concerned by instilling the kindness and altruism in us under Chapter is extremely elated in bringing out the latest techno- the scheme of "SPE Cares". Unavu has initiated "Unlock the logical and updates from all Hunger Sundays" scheme that endeavours to distribute food oil and gas sector. Tech Tues- packets to the needy during Total Lockdown Sundays where and when the restaurants are even closed in Tamil Nadu. Our day brings the latest develop- Student Chapter raised funds to contribute them last Sunday. ments in this sector. It not only "If we can't feed hundred people, we can just feed One" extensively covers the sector Unavu has brought out that opportunity of donating a but also curates and gets you Meal at ₹20. Our Student Chapter insists each and every one the most relevant technologi- SPE AUACT Student Chap- cal news in the oil and gas in- to be a part of this noble cause. ter feels glad to have launched We deeply appreciate and acknowledge the efforts of dustries. the "Foster A Tree" initiative un- unavu_foodforall to the Society. der the banner of "SPE Green Thoughtful Thursday Campaign" thereby contribut- (Since June 10, 2021) ing to the sustenance of Earth's biosphere. The Student Chap- Understanding technical ter Members are encouraged to terms and knowing funda- plant saplings in the places they reside and are advised to adopt mentals is very important in those unto its lifespan. As defor- oil and gas industry. Thought- estation has ramped up, Earth’s ful Thursday aims to bringing climate has changed significant- out concept in simpler way. ly and a global reforestation ef- fort can have a gradual climate This publication contains var- mitigation impact. What happens ious technical terms collected to Earth 100 years from Now de- source from various oil and pends on the choices we make gas industry. today! 9 10 ABOUT SPEAUACT ABOUT SPEAUACT

Subsurface Sunday not only extensively covers development of natural gas share the information on ma- the sector but also curates and oil by providing the es- chineries that rule the drilling, (Since June 07, 2020) and gets you the most rele- sential products that make production, reservoir and re- SPE AUACT Student vant news and analysis in the modern life possible while fining industries through the Chapter is immensely privi- oil and gas industries. keeping our workers and periodical literature "Machin- leged for having introduced Fossiliferous Friday nearby communities safe. ery Monday". the periodical literature, "Sub- SPE AUACT Student Chap- This periodical is excep- surface Sunday" on the most (March 27, 2020 – March ter is exceedingly concerned tionally useful to develop a feel fascinating facts of Reservoir 19, 2021) and it throws light on safety for hydrocarbon behaviour in Engineering which is of a great No matter how advanced procedures to be followed by the reservoir and of various importance to the technical our economy might be, no analysing various disasters of recovery methods. It provides and economic evaluation of matter how sophisticated our natural gas industries through the specific applications of the the oil and gas reserves and equipment becomes, for the a periodical literature "Safety process used in reservoir en- the selection of the optimum foreseeable future we will still Sunday". This periodical edi- gineering and enhances the method of recovery. depend on fossil fuel. As it's tion was ceased on 31st May, skills in solving reservoir en- Neoteric News well stated, SPE AUACT Stu- 2020 and it paved way for the gineering problems and maxi- (March 26, 2020 – March dent Chapter finds a great other Weekly, "Subsurface mizing recoverable reserves. chance of eliciting the fasci- Sunday" 20, 2021) nating intricacies of fossils SPE AUACT Student Machinery Monday and geological facts through Chapter is extremely elated in a periodical literature called (March 30, 2020 – March bringing out the latest energy "Fossiliferous Friday”. news, views and updates from 22, 2021) Safety Sunday One machine can do the all top sources of international work of fifty ordinary men. No energy industries through our (March 29, 2020 - May machine can do the work of literary publication, "Neoteric 31, 2020) one extraordinary man. SPE News" frequently. To ensure Safety is important to ev- AUACT Student Chapter in- that industry leaders keep eryone and is a core value sists on being an extraordi- pace with this fast changing for the natural gas and oil in- nary man by mastering the exciting industry, Neoteric dustry. Personal safety and extraordinary machines. News brings the latest devel- process safety work hand-in- Hence the student chapter opments in this sector. It is hand to ensure responsible finds the great opportunity to 11 12 PetroXpress PetroXpress

Energy is reflected by rock layers below the ocean floor and is ADVANCEMENT IN SEISMIC often picked up by instruments called hydrophones. These are usually attached to ships. In choosing a drilling site based EXPLORATION -ANKUR ADARSH (IIT ISM, DHANBAD) on the data received, engineers can determine if fluids, faults, Scientists often explore for oil and gas reserves by or other formations underground can interfere with the proj- transmitting waves of energy through the earth’s crust, and re- ect. cording how they're reflected back. Called seismic exploration, Seismic exploration is generally more useful in find- this process often involves using vibrating trucks, underwater air ing evidence of gas. It often helps in determining the shape guns or explosive. The returning energy is usually detected by and size of an underground reservoir, while measurements of acoustical instruments, then analyzed with powerful computers. electrical resistance are usually better for oil exploration. Seis- Different layers within the ground can reflect the energy different- mic methods can be used for both, and can help engineers ly, so scientists often use seismic exploration to seek out areas decide the best way to get to the reserve. This technique is of- which may have oil, gas, or valuable minerals. ten part of geophysical testing to find hydrocarbons. In many Seismology is usually supported the composition of rock places, it is regulated by local and regional agencies where layers, within the earth’s crust, that affects how energy interacts the environment is of concern, such near the artic icecaps with underground materials. Energy waves usually move through and many offshore locations. the rock then reflect back toward where they came from. The di- We have addressed a set of key challenges below rection within which they return can give an inspiration of what for many oil and gas field scenarios, and discuss how various properties the rocks have. Data on the returning seismic waves are typically analysed by supercomputers and 3D imaging soft- advances in seismic technology are applicable solutions, in- ware. Engineers can use this information to locate the simplest Technology advances to improve target sites to begin drilling. illumination in geology with complex overburden. • On land, dynamite and other explosives are sometimes • Seismic wave propagation through the world be- drilled into the ground at various places and detonated. The explo- comes sophisticated once speedy lateral variations within sions typically generate seismic waves, smaller but similar to those the earth science (velocity) model exist higher than or close in an earthquake, which hit rocks below the surface and bounce off of them. Devices called geophones can be placed throughout to the target. within the worst state of affairs “multi-pathing” an area to detect the returning energy. Vibrating trucks are some- happens and a number of other seismal arrivals from iden- times used during seismic exploration, which lift up on a pole and tical interface are recorded at coincident surface locations. shake the ground. These generally do not cause as many disrup- this can translate to degraded image quality, resolution and tions as explosives and are more often used in populated areas. interpretability. Furthermore, several areas on the target in- • With underwater seismic exploration, compressed air terface may correspond to holes in seismic illumination, and bubbles can be ejected, which hit the rocks at the bottom. solely weak or scattered seismic energy conjointly be is also 13 14 PetroXpress PetroXpress mirrored back to the surface. this can also correspond to poor Technological solutions for noise reduction in or useless seismic images. Poor illumination is most typical in acquisition and processing the single vessel streamer state of affairs as a result of a slim vary of supply and receiver distributions could be a logistic • Swell noise is downsideatic in marginal atmospher- outcome for any given shot. ic condition as a result of “bulge waves” propagated on the • Fortunately, trendy modeling technology will demon- surface of fluid-packed streamers produce unwanted low fre- strate the quantitative relationships between acquisition ge- quency noise bursts. One commit to overcome this problem ometry, the earth science model, and also the effects upon has been enforced by WesternGeco, who apply compounding image quality. a brand new method conferred in Laurain et al and dip filtering routines in process to closely-spaced single (2004) simulates the potential image quality at elite horizons hydrophone recordings. The parameterization of the filtering in a very 3D geological model for a given survey configuration weights are primarily based upon conditions of overall sur- when migration. the tactic is predicated upon 3D ray tracing vey, and should so vary throughout the survey area. Another and incorporates anelastic attenuation and the realistic fre- approach to the present problem is to introduce solid stream- quency information measure of the seismal signal. In con- ers. Solid streamers became progressively well-liked thanks trast, previous illumination analysis tools did not incorporate to the improved performance in marginal weather and there- the physicist zone, and didn't incorporate scattering effects fore the absence of potential fluid discharge into the setting once estimating image quality. Such tools can complement once damaged. the expansion of Multi-Azimuth (a survey nonheritable in 2 or additional directions by one vessel) and Wide-Azimuth (a survey acquired with two or more supply vessels, so as to considerably increase the crossline aperture for every shot location) surveys.

• Another varient of problematic unstable noise arises from production- connected close to the seismic survey location. Examples embody vessel interference, mounted installations Associate in Nursing drilling. “True 3D” process solutions 15 16 PetroXpress PetroXpress developed recently take away such noise in a chic manner by proper target illumination and wavefield sampling. The use of modeling, aligning, then removing every 3D noise supply in Multi-Azimuth and Wide-Azimuth acquisition to improve tar- an repetitious manner from all traces in each gather get illumination was discussed earlier. • Note that as most multiple and noise types are gener- Seismic improvements for reservoirs masked by ated within near-surface, their apparent dip on seismic crowds complex multiples will be large, and such events will be prone to aliasing. Dense • Seismic multiples can have a multiple of mecha- 3D spatial sampling will be critical to the success of any effort nisms, and are a tremendous problem in many areas. Surface in processing to attenuate noise and multiples whilst simul- Related Multiple Elimination (SRME) has emerged in recent taneously preserving the high frequency content of the un- years as the first realistic method to handle mechanism in 3D derlying primaries – even when the primary targets are very geology. The technique itself is very depictive as it predicts deep. This fact is often overlooked. Fortunately, modern ves- all the mechanisms reflected from the free surface from the sel technology permits the efficient allowance of high-density data itself. The surface-related mechanisms are computed by streamer spreads with very high streamer counts. concluding all possible common shot gathers with all receiver Better resolution gathers respectively. The 3D implementation of SRME as- • High resolution of unstable knowledge results when sumes that sources and receivers are there in all possible sur- high frequency geologic options in shut proximity are often face bin locations. This is impossible in practice. Hence, the exactly centered with none contamination from artifacts or challenge to 3D SRME lies in the interpolation or inversion of noise (i.e. high signal/noise ratio). In general, recoverable fre- missing data (e.g., van Borselen et al., 2005). 3D SRME has quency information measure is a vital issue for vertical reso- been applied to most streamer geometries, primarily due to lution Associate in Nursingd dense 3D spacial sampling is an significant improvements in “data regularization” technology, important factor for spatial resolution. Vertical and horizontal but it is proven that denser sail line spacing combined with resolution are connected by the process of high frequency denser streamer configurations yield optimal results. focusing and imaging. • 3D SRME is usually touted as a potential solution • High resolution of 3D seismic data is achieved by to “multiple diffractions”; the most challenging multiple sce- the application of rigorous geophysical principles. In partic- nario, where the apex of diffractions associated with surface ular, the systematic pursuit of: 1. Uniform target illumination, or near-surface heterogeneities is out-of-the-plane, and mul- 2. Dense spatial sampling of the reflected wavefield, and 3. tiples of such diffractions obscure the target geology. As an Careful processing and imaging, will collectively deliver an alternative acquisition-based solution, a customized variant optimum esult (Ramsden et al., 2005). Note that the final step of Wide-Azimuth has been proven to suppress multiple dif- can never be successfully completed without the platform of fractions. The configuration used was a dual-source eight- 17 18 PetroXpress PetroXpress

-streamer vessel and an additional source vessel. Nine differ- • The deeper the deployment, the more complex and ent sail line passes were made over the same location, each expensive the hardware. Wood said that it is difficult to exceed pass with a different lateral separation between the two ves- 500 meters in depth. "At this depth, the cables are heavy. sels, and the data were binned into eight different azimuths. They may also be covered by gravel, which requires a very Figure 4 shows a comparison of a single azimuth and all az- heavy transportation system," he explained. He said that for imuths combined. The figure clearly illustrates the enhance- the few cases where seafloor data needs to be obtained in ments in image quality obtained by using stacking to exploit very deep water, seafloor nodules can be selected. For ex- the differential moveout of diffraction multiple events after the ample, Wood says, if there is a cloud of gas or dissolved gas primary events are flattened. near the surface, the gas will absorb the energy of the image. However, seabed acquisition surveys can successfully draw geological maps. • Sensors are also installed in permanent arrays. "One of Ekofisk's systems has been in operation for many years and is working well," Wood said. He said that the array consists of 4,000 receivers and is purely optical. The passive array is designed to be used in the field for a lifetime, so Wood says it can be queried at any time and used in controlled studies at least once a year. Permanent sensors can easily track chang- es in storage tanks over time. Land Acquisition • Onshore, several changes are coming for sensors, Seabed Acquisition Wood says. As the density of acquisition points increases, the • Wood said that amazing results have been achieved use of multiple sensors is decreasing. Multiple sensors have in shallow waters, and new recording techniques have been been used to deal with noise generated by ground roll or sur- introduced to the seafloor. These devices are used at a depth face waves, he says. The downside to this deployment strate- of 50,500 meters to avoid noise and reflection problems that gy is smearing of data because the data come from more than are common near the surface. Some hydrophones record as one point. “Moving to single-point sensors can help sharpen low as 2 Hz or lower, while digital accelerometers can record the data,” Wood states. “Higher channel count addresses the as low as 0 Hz. "These devices collect data at very low fre- noise issue.” quencies and very long ranges," he said. • Wi-Fi-capable nodes are proving to be important land-based assets in regions where it may be too risky to wait 19 20 PetroXpress PetroXpress on collecting data. “Nodes and batteries get stolen,” Wood comments. “This aeromagnetic survey will be uniform, state points out, saying Wi-Fi nodes transmit their data to passing of the art coverage over the entire trend. It should be very helicopters or trucks, ensuring data safety. If a node is stolen, impressive and extremely useful in determining the optimum it can be located through global positioning satellites. “The placement of additional exploration dollars.” Where there is contractor can find the unit easily and retrieve the data with- no magnetic susceptibility in the shale lithology, magnetics out alerting or confronting the thief,” Wood says. “Data cannot still can provide information on the basement structure and be held hostage.” secondary faults to avoid. Prieto says the seismic is left to Magnetics and Shale Plays determine the extent of shale fracturing. • Shale geology was initially regarded as a very sim- Risk Management ple platform with little change and structure. "We now under- • In the next 510 years, risk analysis will become the focus of the global geological workflow, predicts Garrett Le- stand that there are some lithological structures and variants ahy, technical product manager for Roxar software solutions in shale," Prieto Said. He pointed out that some lithologies in Emerson's business unit. Process control. He insisted that shows magnetic susceptibility. High-resolution aeromagnetic including all data in the risk analysis workflow is essential for surveys and trends in magnetic shale will provide a lot of de- interpretation, and Leahy said that risk analysis is based on the tailed information about shale. Slate quarries and infrastruc- translator's assessment of uncertainty. The more evaluations ture. performed, the more reliable will be the risk management. He • “This has been an awakening,” Prieto enthuses. said that the uncertainty estimates contained in all data consti- “We know of one high magnetic susceptibility prone mineral tute the basis for several realizations of the structural model, in the Marcellus subgroup. When we have that level of mag- and generate risk distributions based on the quantity, econom- netic susceptibility in the lithology, we are assured of obtain- ic factors, and the probability of specific error detection, as well ing considerably more structural detail.” For this reason, she as the uncertainty from the beginning, until the final structural reports, a three-state, high-resolution aeromagnetic survey model and The workflow of risk assessment," he said. “This is under way in the Appalachians, covering the Marcellus adds a new dimension to how implementers perceive uncertain- trend. A joint venture between Integrated Geophysics Corp ty and manage risks”, Leahy said. He explained that it starts and CGG, she says the survey will provide close-spaced data with seismic data interpreted across horizons and faults. The coverage. The IGC interpretation will include the basement data are all due to the uncertainty of the modeling process and and shale structure faults. multiple realizations of the structural model, and each realiza- • Prieto says the first of three packages should be de- tion is disturbed in the uncertainty area. The horizon and faults livered this year. Clients will be able to integrate their seismic can move inside the envelope. Leahy said that the reservoir to determine where they need to acquire a bit more or place volume can be calculated for each run, and the volume histo- a well. “There are small surveys in the area now,” Prieto gram gives a probability distribution. 21 22 VOICE YOUR VIEWS VOICE YOUR VIEWS VOICE YOUR VIEWS Petroleum which is known as fossil fuel are formed over millions of years under high pressure and high tem- perature from the remains of organisms that lived during that time. It is evident that fossils hasn’t been found be- low 16,000 ft and we still drill to the depths of 28,000 to 30,000 ft to exploit the resources available. What do you think is the reason for this contradicting fact? Is Petroleum found at those extreme depths? If yes,how is it generated?

23 24 VOICE YOUR VIEWS VOICE YOUR VIEWS

25 26 WORLD OF DATA WORLD OF DATA

Market overview INDIAN OIL AND GAS India is expected to be one of the largest contrib- utors to non-OECD petroleum consumption growth globally. INDUSTRY Crude Oil import rose sharply to US$ 101.4 billion in 2019-20 from US$ 70.72 billion in 2016-17. Oil and gas sector is among the eight core industries in India and plays a major role in influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy. 1. As of May 01, 2021, the sector’s total installed provision- India’s economic growth is closely related to its al refinery capacity stood at 249.9 MMT; and IOC emerged as energy demand; therefore, the need for oil and gas is project- the largest domestic refiner, with a capacity of 69.7 MMT. ed to grow more, thereby making the sector quite conducive 2. As of December 01, 2020, India’s oil refining capacity for investment. The Indian oil and gas market is expected to stood at 259.3 million metric tonnes (MMT), making it the record a CAGR of over 2.64% during the forecast period, 2020 second-largest refiner in Asia. Private companies own about – 2025. Factors, such as increasing natural gas pipeline ca- 35.29% of the total refining capacity in FY20.In FY20, crude pacity, increasing refining capacity, and increasing demand oil production in India stood at 32.2 MMT. for petroleum products, are expected to increase the growth for the Indian oil and gas market during the forecast period. 3. In April 2021, the crude oil production stood at 2.5 MMT, However, a huge dependence over imports of crude oil and while for FY21 it was 30.5 MMT. In FY20, crude oil import in- natural gas for satisfying domestic demand and high volatility creased to 4.54 mbpd from 4.53 mbpd in FY19. Natural Gas of crude oil prices is expected to restraint the growth of the consumption is forecast to reach 143.08 million tonnes (MT) Indian oil and gas market. by 2040. India’s LNG import stood at 33.68 bcm during FY20.

India’s energy consumption by fuel-2020 27 28 WORLD OF DATA WORLD OF DATA

India’s consumption of petroleum products • In 2018, new refineries were set to be established in var- grew 4.5% to 213.69 MMT during FY20 from 213.22 MMT in ious parts of the country like the Barmer refinery and petro- FY19. The total value of petroleum products exported from chemical complex being built in , India, and is ex- the country increased to US$ 35.8 billion in FY20 from US$ pected to start refining activities by 2022. 34.9 billion in FY19. Export of petroleum products from India • In 2019, a multi-company deal for a refinery in Maha- increased from 60.54 MMT in FY16 to 65.7 MMT in FY20. rashtra was signed between Saudi Aramco, HPCL, BPCL, and Exports of petroleum products from India reached ADNOC touted as the world's largest greenfield refinery when 55.9 MMT in FY21 from 60.5 MMT in FY16. it is fully completed. The deal is expected to be around USD As of December 31, 2020, Gas Authority of India Ltd. 70 billion, according to the offer presented by the government (GAIL) had the largest share (69.39% or 11,884 kms) of the of India to the respected companies. country’s natural gas pipeline network (17,126 kms). Owing to several major upcoming projects for capacity expansion and capacity addition, the downstream sector is expected to witness significant growth owing to upcoming projects of expansion and construction of new refineries. Investment to Drive the Market • According to government data, India's natural gas pro- duction increased by 22.7% YoY in April 2021, as Ltd. and its partner, BP plc, increased production in the KG-D6 block on the east coast. • Pipeline: In 2019, the world's longest liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pipeline is expected to be laid, in the forecast period, for ap- Key Market Trends proximately 9,000 crore INR. It is expected to take the LPG from three LPG import terminals (at Kandla, Pipavav, and Da- hej ) and two oil refineries along the route. The LPG will be Downstream Sector to Witness Significant Growth transported to the LPG bottling plants in the States of Gujarat, • The refinery capacity of the country increased, by 3.65 Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. %, Year-on-Year, to 4,972 thousand barrels per day (kbpd),  The capacity of crude oil pipeline increased to 158,911 in 2018, from 4307 kbpd, in 2015. The refining throughput thousand metric tons (TMT), in 2018, from 145,693 TMT, in increased from 2.9% to 5154 kbpd, in 2018, from 5010 kbpd, 2017. One of the largest capacity crude oil pipelines in the in 2017. 29 30 WORLD OF DATA WORLD OF DATA

 The capacity of crude oil pipeline increased to 158,911 at Madhuban, Dibrugarh and a ‘Gas Compressor Station’ at thousand metric tons (TMT), in 2018, from 145,693 TMT, in Hebeda Village, Makum and Tinsukia remotely from Dhema- 2017. One of the largest capacity crude oil pipelines in the ji in Assam. country is the Salaya – Mathura pipeline, which has an exist- • In February 2021, the government launched key oil and ing capacity of 25000 TMT in 2018. gas projects such as the Ramanathapuram – Thoothukudi  Hence, investment in the oil and gas sector has been natural gas pipeline and Gasoline Desulphurisation Unit at driving the Indian oil and gas market. Pipeline coverage is Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Manali. expected to increase substantially in the forecast period with • In February 2021, IndianOil Corp. Ltd. signed a ‘state- petroleum product pipeline is expected to increase in the most ment of intent’ with Greenstat Hydrogen India Pvt. Ltd. to es- in the segment. tablish a centre of excellence for Hydrogen value chain and other related technologies such as hydrogen storage, fuel cells, etc. • Foreign investors will have opportunities to invest in projects worth US$ 300 billion in India as the country looks to cut reliance on oil import by 10% by 2022 according to Mr. Dharmendra Pradhan, Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. Oil and Gas imports • In February 2021, Petronet LNG announced its plans to India is the second biggest importer of crude oil increase in its Dahej terminal's capacity by 29% to 22.5 mil- and its products after China. In the year 2019, US is going to lion tonnes per annum (mtpa) to meet the rising demand. become net exporter of LNG, LPG, crude oil and its products • Key Indian oil retailers such as and from its shale oil production boom. Shale oil production cost have announced plans to increase the in US would be the higher ceiling price for the crude oil in capacity of their outlets in rural areas in 2021. international trade as its substantial production is consumed • In February 2021, ONGC announced that by May 2021, internally substituting the imports. India is heavily dependent it would increase natural gas output from a KG basin block to on crude oil and LNG imports with 82.8% import dependence 2.5-3 million standard cubic meters per day. for crude oil and 45.3% for natural gas/LNG. The net foreign • In February 2021, the government launched key oil & exchange outgo is 63.305 billion US$ in the financial year gas projects in Assam, such as INDMAX Unit at Indian Oil’s 2017–18 on account of crude oil imports. India generated 35.2 Bongaigaon Refinery, Limited's secondary tank farm million tons of petroleum products from indigenous crude oil 31 32 WORLD OF DATA WORLD OF DATA production whereas the consumption of petroleum products Major Players is 204.9 million tons. Similarly India generated 31.7 bcm natu- ral gas locally against the consumption of 58.1 bcm. In 2019, The production of Oil and Gas is the standard for the growth India was the fifth largest importer of LNG. LNG price is linked of economy in many ways and works as the backbone of In- to the prevailing crude oil price in global markets. dian economy. Different oil and gas companies in India have been vigorously contributing towards the fast growth of the economy of India. They even offer business opportunities to many raw material suppliers as well as they are great source of fuel supplies. Most of the oil and gas companies in the country are Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) organised by Indian Government. 1. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 2. Oil India Limited 3. Reliance Industries

Reference:

1.Media Reports, Press Releases, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell, News Articles, International Energy Agency, BP Statistical Review 2020 2. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/india-oil-and-gas-market 33 34 CRUDE-WORD PUZZLE CRUDE-WORD PUZZLE

Across right 1. Intense heat and pressure from below the earth surface CRUDE-WORD PUZZLE forms this type of rocks. 4. The largest section on geological time scale is called as. 7. The rock in which petroleum originate. 8. Systematically curved structure on the surface of rocks are called. 10.The breakdown of rocks through wind , water , chemicals , Animals and plants is. 11.Any geological formations exposed on the surface are called. 13.Fractures that divides rocks into parts or blocks is. 15.Removal of hetero atoms in organic matter happens in. 19.The hardest mineral on earth. Across left 17.Deposits with fan shaped approximating a segment of cone and exhibit convex-up cross sectional profile. Down 1.”Time of reptiles” which era? 2.Unit of evolution. 3.From 65 million years ago to present day which era? 5.Most abundant mineral on earth curst. 6.Rocks forms out of magma and lava from the interior of earth. 9.Folds characterized by well-defined sharp hinge points are called. 12. study of origin , history and structure of earth. 14.The low lying area/depression where sediments can be deposit. send your answers to [email protected] to get the solutions 16.Determine actual age of rocks or fossils using radioactive and get a chance to win the performer of the month decay. 18.“Aeolian” refers to transport and deposition by what? 35 36 INDUSTRY STALWART INDUSTRY STALWART

since 2010 he has been a se- Mccaffery of Oil Traces have nior petroleum geochemist for both made a difference in his DAVID K. BASKIN Stratum reservoir. career and in his life. He is the winner He has been work- of the lifetime achievement ing in the oil business for Works award in the 2020 edition of about half a century and has 1.One of his early works includes his research on the contributed his longevity to WORLD OIL AWARDS. the early generation charac- In a career spanning the enjoyment of working with teristics of sulfur rich Mon- more than 50 years, Mr. David others and in helping to solve terary kerogen. This paper Baskin dramatically impacted practical problems at Chev- documents the critical role of how petroleum geochemistry ron Research, at Oil Traces organic sulfur in the early for- is used to resolve key petro- fluid type and quality of petro- and now a consultant for Stra- mation of bitumen and oil from leum exploration and field de- leum accumalations. tum Reservoir which was for- Mr. David received merly known as Weatherford. a sulfur-rich kerogen from the velopment problems. Those a Bs degree in geology from He enjoyed applying organic Miocene Monterey Formation contributions are documented San Jose state university. And geochemistry to solve both in California. in the 20 publications that he continued graduated studies exploration and production Hydrous pyrolysis was either authored or o authored at both California state uni- questions. Much of his early used to simulate the natural on the techniques he pio- versity at Fullerton and Cali- career was devoted to source generation of petroleum from neered. Mr. David was a pio- fornia state university at Long rock analysis including vitrin- a sulfur-rich, type II kerogen neer in the application of pe- Beach. ite reflectance .But in the last from the Phosphatic mem- troleum geochemistry to the David K. Baskin be- 30 years he has concentrated ber of the Monterey shale. assessment of reservoir conti- gan his career in 1969 as a in applying gas chromatog- The amount and distribution nuity. He developed protocols world site geologist for Ex- raphy to solve reservoir geo- of sulfur in the kerogen, bitu- for integrating kerogen miros- ploration Logging INC. David chemistry problems. men, and expelled oil gener- copy pyrolysis and elemental then worked as a petroleum During this time he ated at various temperatures analysis data to evaluate the geochemist for nearly 30 mentioned that he had a lot indicate that (1) initial bitumen generative potential and gen- years at Chevron’s research of support from numerous and oil generation is directly erative history of source rock. facility in Lahabra , California. colleagues and two of which related to cleavage of weak He also developed geochem- Following his time at Chevron come immediately to mind sulfur linkages, and (2) most istry based techniques which David was vice president for are Mr. Bob Jones of Chev- of the expelled oil is formed are now widely used to predict Oil Traces, for 8 years. And ron Research and Mr. Mark by decomposition of bitumen 37 38 INDUSTRY STALWART INDUSTRY STALWART and not directly from the ker- Niger Delta, however, many of However, it often is difficult ogen. Finally, comparison of the sands exhibit a poor neu- to obtain suitable end-member hydrous pyrolysis results with tron-density response to gas, oils from "shale" reservoirs. If other type II kerogens sug- and RFT testing has been core extracts are used for that gests that the temperature of largely eliminated because purpose, the number of poten- peak bitumen generation is poor hole conditions com- tial end-member samples can inversely related to the het- monly result in stuck tools. be too high to easily interpret eroatom content (primarily Oil fingerprinting of residual HRGC data. However, sever- sulfur) of the kerogen. hydrocarbons from sidewall al statistical methods can be core extracts can provide an used to identify suitable end 2. Another research of independent means of identi- gas condensates. Fingerprints members using HRGC peak- his and his team is predicting fying reservoir fluid type. of extracts from water-produc- height ratios. A Hierarchical gas, oil and water intervals in In conjunction with the tive intervals show a further ab- Cluster Analysis (HCA) assigns breviated signature, suggesting Niger Delta reservoirs using Nigerian National Petroleum oil samples and core extracts to that higher molecular weight hy- different groups based on the gas chromatography. Forma- Company, they completed drocarbons did not migrate into similarity of their composition. tion evaluation experts usual- numerous chromatographic these intervals. These signa- This method provides insight ly have little difficulty in inter- analyses on solvent extracts tures are distinct and intact de- about the number of distinct preting wireline logs to assess of sidewall core samples from spite poor sample preservation zones in a shale reservoir, but the type of reservoir fluid (oil/ various wells in the Mefa due to prolonged storage of up HCA results cannot easily be gas/water) in sand-shale se- field, offshore west Niger Del- to 3 yr. used to identify end members quences. This assessment ta. Oil fingerprints of sidewall 3. He and his colleagues because a commingled oil sam- is usually accomplished by a core extracts clearly reflect used statistical techniques to ple generally is a mixture of dif- combination neutron-density the type of hydrocarbons in identify end members for allo- ferent types of oil assigned to tool that detects low hydro- the reservoir. Fingerprints of cating commingled oil samples different HCA groups. HRGC gen and low electron densi- oil-saturated sands are typical produced from unconvection- peak-height ratios form distinc- ties typical of gas zones, and of topped (C15+) whole oils, al reservoirs. High-resolution tive patterns on star diagrams the repeat formation tester whereas fingerprints of hydro- GC (HRGC) data can be used that can be used to identify dif- to allocate oil samples that are (RFT), which uses both the carbons extracted from the ferent groups of oil samples and mixtures of different types of oil extracts, and relationships be- pressure gradient and sam- gas-dominated sands show produced from distinct reservoir tween different kinds of patterns ple acquisition techniques to an abbreviated hydrocarbon zones if end-member samples can be used qualitatively to evaluate reservoir fluid. In the distribution more typical of are available from each zone. identify potential end members. 39 40 TECH TALKS TECH TALKS

What are the technological advance- ments in reducing the cost of data management? A. Data management is at the cen- tre of the software products in the oil TECH and gas industry. In this data driven era, there is an industry wide focus into adopting an open source based common data platform called OSDU™. TALKS The initiative aims to break down data Ms.Tharunya Danabal, silos, enable innovation and bring data Product Analyst at Schlumberger. together in one location. This central approach helps reduce cost on data Q.What is your role as a product migration and manage data across analyst in Schlumberger? several different applications easily. A. I work as a Product Analyst in the Most products today are built leverag- Geoscience Data portfolio division of ing non-relational databases that fits Schlumberger. This portfolio includes for unstructured and big data, cloud multiple products that help customers in technologies, and data visualization the E&P industry manage both well and technologies. seismic data efficiently. I am actively Q.According to the NASA report, Sat- involved in designing products that are urn’s orange moon Titan has hundreds aligned with the Schlumberger strategy. I interact with the geoscientists and data of times more liquid hydrocarbons than managers in the client companies, de- A. GIS is integrated with differ- A. A few years ago, the frack- all the known oil and natural gas re- liver workflow demonstrations, and de- ent software products that cater to ing methodology to tap energy from serves on Earth, still there is no direct sign solutions based on the feedback. users across the oilfield life cycle. shale changed the market dynam- evidence of life just yet. What is your I orchestrate the product deployments Managing Spatial data without any ics drastically. At this point, Energy view on this statement? for clients across the world. We are con- data loss is a key focus area of our transition is one of the main ave- A. I am no expert on life outside stantly on the look for delivering value data management products. The nues of many oil and gas operators. earth. During my bachelor’s degree, I adding products that help our customers concepts of GIS is weaved into most Exploring newer avenues of cost-ef- was involved in a project with Dr.San- manage well and seismic data more effi- data delivery products now. In new fective energy resources is the main jeevi Shanmugam from Geology De- ciently. energy transition initiatives, GIS is driving factor in this journey. A lot partment. We worked on projects to Q.Oil and gas are an integral part of the more relevant in projects where en- of focus around developing cost ef- identify the similarities in the forma- infrastructure and economy in most ergy resources are to be identified fective methods to produce energy tions on the craters in Mars with some countries. From location and extraction, based on lot of geographical, eco- from renewable resources such as areas on the earth. While we can draw to field work management, to resource nomic and environmental factors hydrogen, solar, wind etc a lot of parallels of similar geological transportation - geography plays a signif- Q.What would be the advanced Q.The cost of data management in formations and presence of hydro- carbons/water on other planets, I am icant role in how this industry operates. methods to exploit the unconven- the industry is usually extremely How GIS is empowering the growth of oil tional resources in a more economi- certain at some point soon, we can ex- heavy as there is a lot of unstruc- cept to get answers around existence and gas Industry? cal way? tured data generated per minute. of life. 41 42 TECH TALKS TECH TALKS

Q. Approximately 1 in 10 exploratory A. My under-graduate engineering Q.What is the importance of women In Schlumberger, the topic of wells finds commercial accumulations program in Geoinformatics has helped empowerment in oil and gas industry? Gender Diversity began in the early of oil and gas to justify the costs of me understand several core concepts A. I am one of the leaders of the 1990s. Over time, we realized that drilling and placing it on production. Is such as geology, data management, Connect Women Pune chapters, and just welcoming women into a very etc. These concepts enabled me to we are actively involved in empower- male oriented industry, without ac- there any advancement in exploration quickly learn the domain topics in oil methods which can give a higher suc- ing women and inculcating a diversity knowledging the needs of women is and gas. Geoinformatics covers a mindset in the company. I have been not helpful. Today, the focus is on cess rate of getting commercially pro- wide array of topics. Mastering these fortunate to interact with women across improving the diversity mindset and ducible well? foundation concepts along with the the company who are focussed on creating a work environment that latest technologies in the market can A. There is a continuous focus on op- changing gender stereotypes associ- fosters diversity and inclusion. timizing production to survive times help any-one navigate through the ated with jobs. We organize initiatives when oil and gas prices are fluctuat- Petroleum industry. I can see a lot of that question gender stereotypes, and ing. Today, software used in the ex- skillsets learnt from the GIS programs help women mould their skillsets to be ploration phase help the geoscientists be more relevant in the renewables in- ready for any challenging opportunity. and reservoir engineers to model the dustry moving forward. economic viability of the drilling con- tract very efficiently. Ensuring that the simulations are as close as possible to the reality is the key target in the next gen modelling and simulation models. Q. You did your bachelors“ in Geoinformatics from Anna University. What do you think is the scope of Geoinformatics in Petroleum Industry? “ 43 44 PETRO PICASSO PETRO PICASSO

TOPIC ORIGIN OF CRUDE

DARSHA M.S ALAGAPPA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,ANNA UNIVERSITY.

45 46 WHAT’S THE PRICE ? WHAT’S THE PRICE ?

CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS REFINED PRODUCTS

47 48 WHAT’S THE PRICE ? WHAT’S THE PRICE ?

In the July Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), we forecast Summary the Brent crude oil price will average $72 per barrel (b) in the second half of 2021 (2H21) and $67/b in 2022, both $6/b higher than in the June STEO forecast. We revised global production down by 210,000 barrels per day (b/d) in 2H21, leading to larger forecast inventory draws in 2H21 and smaller forecast inventory builds in 2022, which contributes to the increased price forecast. In the July STEO, we forecast the Brent crude oil price will av- erage $73/b in the third quarter of 2021 (3Q21) and will fall to average $71/b in the fourth quarter of 2021 (4Q21). Also in the July STEO, we forecast the Brent crude oil price will fall from an average of $69/b in 2021 (up from $65/b in the June forecast) to $67/b in 2022 (up from $60/b in the June forecast). We also expect West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices will likely follow a similar path. WTI crude prices are forecast in the July STEO to average $71/b in 3Q21, $6/b higher than in the June STEO. The July STEO expects WTI prices to be $68/b in 4Q21, up $7/b from the June forecast. The Brent crude oil price averaged $73/b in June 2021, up $5/b from May. June was the first month when the Brent price averaged more than $70/b since May 2019. We expect moder- ate downward oil price pressures will emerge beginning in 2H21, when forecast global oil production will rise, causing inventories to draw at a slower pace. Significantly smaller stock draws in 2H21 compared with 1H21 and stock builds in 2022 will likely put downward pressure on oil prices. In the July STEO, we forecast implied global stock draws (the difference between consumption and production) of 210,000 b/d in 2H21, a significant increase Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), July 2021 from average stock draws of 20,000 b/d in last month’s forecast but still significantly less than the average draws of 1.7 million b/d in 1H21. We expect implied stock builds in 2022 will average 460,000 b/d, down from 510,000 b/d in last month’s forecast.

49 50 WHAT’S THE PRICE ? WHAT’S THE PRICE ?

PRICE OF CRUDE OIL PRICE OF CRUDE OIL (INTERNATIONAL 2021) (INDIA 2021)

CHANGE DATE PRICE HIGH LOW DATE PRICE OPEN HIGH LOW VOLUME (In $) (In $) (In $) (In percentage%) (In ₹ RUPEES) (In ₹ RUPEES) (In ₹ RUPEES) (In ₹ RUPEES) JULY 1 75.23 76.22 73.39 0.0 JULY 1 5,607 5,485 5,678 5,473 75.368K JULY 2 75.16 75.62 74.41 -0.09 JULY 2 5,597 5,622 5,645 5,557 49.27K JULY 4 75.14 75.28 75.00 -0.03 JULY 5 5,687 5,595 5,695 5,580 41.09K JULY 5 +1.48 76.25 76.40 74.75 JULY 6 5,497 5,702 5,733 5,461 1112.39K JULY 6 73.37 76.98 72.94 -3.78 JULY 7 5,392 5,482 5,594 5,323 154.57K JULY 7 72.20 74.86 71.07 -1.59 JULY 8 5,423 5,388 5,450 5,293 103.40K JULY 8 72.94 73.26 70.76 +1.02 5,554 5,460 5,575 5,449 63.80K JULY 9 74.56 74.76 72.72 +2.22 JULY 9 5,498 5,561 5,564 5,462 60.39K JULY 12 74.10 74.93 73.16 -0.62 JULY 12 SUMMARY (JULY 1-12) *PRICE OF CRUDE OIL PER 1 BARREL SUMMARY (JULY 1-12) *PRICE OF CRUDE OIL PER 1 BARREL HIGHEST : $76.98 HIGHEST : ₹5,733 LOWEST : $70.76 LOWEST : ₹5,293 DIFFERENCE : $6.22 DIFFERENCE : ₹440 AVERAGE : ₹5,513 AVERAGE : $73.87 CHANGE : +2.89%

51 52 WHAT’S THE PRICE ? WHAT’S THE PRICE ?

PRICE OF NATURAL GAS (INDIA 2021)

DATE PRICE OPEN HIGH LOW VOLUME CHANGE (In ₹ RUPEES) (In ₹ RUPEES) (In ₹ RUPEES) (In ₹ RUPEES) (PERCENTAGE%) JULY 1 272.30 270.50 280.20 268.40 242.68K 0.0 JULY 2 277.50 274.20 278.80 269.30 173.91K +1.91 JULY 5 281.20 277.50 281.80 276.50 103.95K +1.33 JULY 6 273.10 281.50 283.20 270.20 177.09K -2.88 JULY 7 267.20 274.90 277.20 263.90 194.04K -2.16 SUMMARY (JULY 1-12) JULY 8 275.50 268.40 278.40 265.30 207.8K +3.11 HIGHEST : ₹283.20 LOWEST : ₹263.90 275.80 274.80 279.20 273.10 147.00K +0.11 JULY 9 DIFFERENCE : ₹19.30 278.10 274.20 280.80 270.50 172.71K +0.83 AVERAGE : ₹273.55 JULY 12 CHANGE : +5.47%

53 54 PETRORIDDLES PETRORIDDLES PetroRiddles

HINT HINT • It is resistant to erosion and can either be bedded or • Over 90% of volcanic rocks found all over the world are unlayered these rocks. • It is less soluble than weak acidic groundwater. • This rock covers over 80% of planet Venus surface. • It has a stochiometric ratio of nearly equal amounts of magnesium and calcium.

HINT HINT • It is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of small • It is the most common source rock for hydrocarbons sized silicate grains. • It has a special property called fissility (tendency to split • It has been widely employed in constructing tem- into thin layers) ples,homes and other buildings.

55 56 PETRORIDDLES PETRORIDDLES

HINT HINT • It often contains fossils and these fossils provide sci- • It is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's conti- entists valuable information about the ancient environment, nental crust, after feldspar. evolution of life etc... • It is extracted from open pit mines. • It is used as a building material,a component for con- • The value of this mineral in Mohs scale of hardness is 7. crete,an aggregate for the base of roads etc…

HINT HINT • It is common in the Earth's continental crust, where it is • It is widely mined and used as a fertilizer.It is also the found in various kinds of igneous intrusions. main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard/side- • It is formed from silica-rich (felsic) magmas. walk chalk, and drywall. • It has poor primary permeability overall, but strong sec- • As alabaster, a material for sculpture, it was used espe- ondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are cially in the ancient world before steel was developed, when present. its relative softness made it much easier to carve. • It is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. 57 58 PETRORIDDLES FIND THE ORDER

Find the order of formation of rocks from oldest to youngest.

HINT • It is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crys- tals. It is typically light colored. • It is considered as a volcanic glass because it has no crystal structure. • It is an abrasive material that can be used in powdered form or as a stone to remove unwanted hair or skin.

HINT

• It often referred as brown coal. • It is mined all over the world and used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation. • It has a high content of volatile matter which makes it Send your answers to [email protected] to get the easier to convert into gas and liquid petroleum products. solutions and get a chance to win the performer of the month.

59 60 EXPLORER OF THE MONTH EXPLORER OF THE MONTH EXPLORER OF THE MONTH

Deepansh Mishra Shubham B. Patel Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Pandit Deendayal Energy University Explorer of the month June 2021 Explorer of the month July 2021

61 62 INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT WAS IT AN ACCIDENT OR MERE employees’ lives at stake and ‘EYE OF FIRE’ IN NEGLIGENCE? the recent incident has proved THE MIDDLE OF THE the company’s negligence. WHAT’S REALLY HAPPENED IN THE In Feb 2015, the company’s OCEAN GULF OF MEXICO? budget was cut down without On 2021 July 2nd , due The Gulf of Mexico’s any concrete reasons spec- to an intense storm followed surface was on fire because ified which was approved by by rain and lightning the of dereliction of the Mexican the Mexican congress. In De- company closed the pump- state-owned petroleum com- cember 2019, the company ing stations that serve the pany PEMEX. This is not the company was Latin Amer- found a deposit in southeast offshore rig near “Pemex’ first time this kind of incident ica’s second-largest enter- Mexico that could produce Ku MaloobZaap oil devel- took place, the recent explo- prise by annual revenue, sur- 500 million barrels of crude opment” where the fire oc- sion occurred in 2019, which passed only by Petronas, a which are considered the larg- curred. Simultaneously there killed 137 people which wasn’t Brazilian national company. est discovery in more than 30 was a leak in the underwater a long time ago. Like other There have been many un- years. Although this compa- pipelines which reached the issues this is not that simple noticed complaints about the ny has vast exploration, it is surface of the ocean and got where things get back to nor- firm which led to the downfall. the most indebted oil compa- ignited by the lightning bolt mal in a short period. In fact Though there weren’t enough ny in the world. Despite the around 5.15 am local time. it takes time and it’s a global resources the company nev- arising obstacles, the compa- The reason for the leak is matter of concern. er minded exploring new re- ny always finds a way to get still a nightmare. Even the “PEMEX “Who are they? serves. It is expected that back in the game no matter impact on the environment Petroleos Mexicanos, companies involved in explo- what. Here is a statement by hasn’t been figured out yet. popularly known as PEMEX ration should have the proper president Cardenas which is a Mexican state-owned pe- infrastructure and employees. established the nationality of troleum company operated But firm planning which is not PEMEX “I ask the entire na- by the Mexican government formulated in the right man- tion to furnish the necessary which was formed in 1938 by ner. This company is said to moral and material support to Lázaro Cárdenas. This com- be the 7th most polluting in the face the consequences of a pany had assets worth around world according to the maga- decision which we, of our own $101.8billion in December zine “The Guardian”. This has free will, would neither have 2019 and as of 2009 this put the environment and the sought nor desired. “ 63 64 INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The company said The massive flames raged Greenpeace a global . Humans have grown to be that a chain of events took very close to Pemex’s largest network of independent cam- so destructive. We humans place which wasn't under oil crude producer – the Ku paigning organizations said are not worthy stewards of their control. The company MaloobZaap platform. Since that the accident appeared this earth,” one user said. believes that there is no crude such accidents aren't new to to have been caused by the “Apocalyptic scenes,” another oil spill and says that they the company, the remedial failure of an underwater valve user stated. Some were even have brought the gas leak un- measures were enough to put and this incident illustrates reminded of ‘Percy Jackson’ der control about five hours off the fire but it didn't prevent the dangers and drawbacks books and movies as they after the incident. Fortunately, the occurrence, which should of Mexico’s policies about saw the ring of fire engulfing there are no victims till now. have been taken into consid- promoting fossil fuels. the water body. The Ku MaloobZaap is locat- eration in the first place. President Andres Manuel Lo- It is still unclear about the ex- ed just up from the southern pez Obrador has encouraged tent of environmental damage rim of the Gulf of Mexico and heavily on drilling more wells the gas leak and oceanic fire- is Pemex’s biggest crude oil and buying or building oil re- ball has caused. producer, accounting for more fineries. He touts oil as "the than 40 per cent of its nearly best business in the world." PREVIOUS INCIDENTS 1.7 million barrels of daily out- Greenpeace wrote in a state- Pemex is no stranger to put. Mexico's oil safety regu- ment that the fire, which such accidents. It has an un- lator Angel Carrizales' tweet took five hours to extinguish, fortunate long record of in- wasn't even logical which says "demonstrates the potential dustrial mis-happenings like that there wasn't an oil spill and serious risks that Mexi- these in its premises. They are due to the event and there is ENVIRONMENTALISTS co's fossil fuel model poses yet to investigate the cause no proper explanation to the SLAM MEXICO for the environment and peo- behind it. ‘eye of fire’ till now. Many vid- Environmentalists ple's safety." eos of this accident surfaced criticized Mexico's state- Netizens were not only terri- 1. On January 31, online within minutes of its owned oil company the next fied but were angry as well. 2013, an explosion occurred commencement. The name day after the gas leak at an They pointed out the environ- at the administrative offices of ‘eye of fire’ was given because underwater pipeline which mental damage the leak is Pemex in Mexico City. At least the scene looked like a ball of unleashed a sub aquatic fire- capable of causing. "All I can 37 people were killed and fire emerging from nowhere ball that appeared to boil the think about is the poor marine 126 were injured. The cause in the middle of the ocean. waters of the Gulf of Mexico. creatures affected by this.. has not been confirmed yet.. 65 66 INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Local media reported that to stop the people from steal- release of gas in the machinery exploded in the ing fuel. The pipeline was not event of a pipeline break. basement of an administra- closed on time even after the These systems are criti- tive center next door to the fuel drain was reported. cal to safe, economic op- 52-story Pemex tower. REMEDIAL MEASURES eration of the pipelines. A 2. On April 1, 2015, a High pressure natural proven reliable method to fire occurred on platform Ab- Gas pipelines criss-cross ev- identify a pipeline break katun A in the southern Gulf ery continent, and many coun- of Mexico which killed 4 work- is to detect the “abnor- tries. The United States alone ers. mal” value of the rate of has more than 200 existing 3. On April 20, 2016, pressure drop (DP/DT) natural gas pipeline systems, a large explosion and fire at which together form a network relative to values established during the normal operation of the company's Chlorinate 3 of nearly 500,000 km of gas the pipeline. An alarm trip is used to monitor these conditions plant in Coatzacoalcos killed transmission. These pipe- and alert the control system when set parameters have been at least 28 people. lines need to mitigate the risk 4. On January 18, exceeded. of explosion due to pipeline The Moore Industries SPA2 Alarm Trip 2019, an explosion occurred ruptures. There are several continuously monitors pipeline pressure dynamics to provide on a pipeline passing through possible causes of failure. Ex- early detection of pipeline pressure changes. The alarm trip the village of Tlahuelilpan, Hi- ternal interference is histor- can be used to provide operator warnings or initiate valve dalgo killing at least 137 peo- ically the main cause of loss execution. Closure of the Main Line Valve on either side of ple. Several hundred people of gas and accounts for about the leak can be triggered automatically by an excessive sus- were gathered around an il- 40% of all incidents leading tained sudden drop in line pressure. These systems, used legal pipe drain in order to to a release of gas. Corro- in conjunction with other devices and systems, can mitigate get fuel. Images of the event sion accounts for up to 15% a rupture. The SCADA system, which includes telemetered show people collecting fuel of all historical incidents, and data from the valve stations, keeps the operator informed of with buckets and small con- material failure / construction abnormal events giving him the option to take further action. tainers from a waterfall of gas- defect is known to account for KEY ATTRIBUTES oline. Military and police forc- up to 15% of all incidents. 1. Rate-of-Change alarming and absolute pressure es were present during the Automatic protec- alarming can be combined in a single unit event for several hours before tion systems are employed to 2. Up to four SPDT relays rated at 5A 250VAC/24VDC the explosion but were unable close valves and prevent the 3. Suited for installation in Class I Div 2/Zone 2 locations Reference-www.independent.co.uk 67 68 EDITORIAL AND DESIGN TEAM SOCIAL NETWORKS EDITORIAL AND DESIGN TEAM SPE AUACT STUDENT CHAPTER Alagappa college of Technology,Anna University,Chennai-600025. Editors-in-chief Designer-in-chief K.S.Aswin S.L.Sabari Giresan V.Gokulakrishnan G.Dayanithi

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