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_____________________________________________________________ Volume 32 March 2018 Number 1 _____________________________________________________________ Founding Editor John Miles Foley () Editor Managing Editor John Zemke Katy Chenoweth Editorial Assistants Elise Broaddus Evelyn Yamoah Please direct inquiries to: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition University of Missouri 21 Parker Hall Columbia, MO 65211 USA +573.882.9720 (ph) [email protected] E-ISSN: 1542-4308 Each contribution copyright © 2018 by its author. All rights reserved. The editors and the publisher assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion by the authors. Oral Tradition (http://journal.oraltradition.org) seeks to provide a comparative and interdisciplinary focus for studies in oral tradition and related fields by publishing research and scholarship on the creation, transmission, and interpretation of all forms of oral traditional expression. In addition to essays treating certifiably oral traditions, OT presents investigations of the relationships between oral and written traditions, as well as brief accounts of important fieldwork, and occasional transcriptions and translations of oral texts. In addition, issues will include the annual Albert Lord and Milman Parry Lecture on Oral Tradition. Submissions should follow the list-of-reference format (http:// journal.oraltradition.org/files/misc/oral_tradition_formatting_guide.pdf) and may be sent via e-mail ([email protected]); all quotations of primary materials must be made in the original language(s) with following English translations. If appropriate, please describe any supporting materials that could be used to illustrate the article, such as photographs, audio recordings, or video recordings. Oral Tradition publishes such materials online in an eCompanion designed to supplement the texts of articles. Most contributions will be reviewed by at least one specialist reader and one generalist reader before a final decision is reached. Oral Tradition appears twice per year, in March and October. The current issue and all back issues from 1986 onward are available open-access and free-of-charge at http:// journal.oraltradition.org. EDITORIAL BOARD Mark C. Amodio Robert Culley () Vassar College McGill University Old and Middle English Biblical Studies Patricia Arant Thomas DuBois Brown University University of Wisconsin Russian Scandinavian Samuel Armistead () Casey Dué University of California/Davis University of Houston Hispanic, Comparative Ancient Greek Richard Bauman Joseph J. Duggan Indiana University Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Folklore, Theory French, Spanish, Comparative Dan Ben-Amos Alan Dundes () University of Pennsylvania Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Folklore Folklore Mark Bender Mark W. Edwards () Ohio State University Stanford University Chinese Ancient Greek Mary Ellen Brown David Elmer Indiana University Harvard University Folklore, Balladry South Slavic, Ancient Greek Jonathan Burgess Larry Evers University of Toronto University of Arizona Ancient Greek American Indian Literature Chogjin Ruth Finnegan Chinese Academy Open University of Social Sciences African, South Pacific Mongolian, Chinese Joxerra Garzía Bridget Connelly University of the Basque Country University of Cal./Berkeley Basque Arabic Andrew Gerstle Robert P. Creed University of London Univ. of Mass./Amherst Japanese Theater, Old English, Comparative Performance Literature Terry Gunnell Françoise Létoublon University of Iceland Université Stendahl Old Norse, Drama Ancient Greek Thomas Hale Victor Mair Penn. State University University of Pennsylvania African Chinese Lee Haring Peter Middleton Brooklyn College, CUNY University of Southampton African Contemporary Poetry Performance Joseph Harris Harvard University Nada Milošević-Djordjević Old Norse University of Belgrade South Slavic Lauri Harvilahti Finnish Literature Society Stephen Mitchell Russian, Finnish, Altai Harvard University Scandinavian Holly Hearon Christian Theological Seminary Gregory Nagy New Testament Harvard University Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Lauri Honko () Comparative Turku University Comparative Epic Joseph Falaky Nagy Univ. of Cal./Los Angeles Dell Hymes () Old Irish University of Virginia Native American, Linguistics Susan Niditch Amherst College Bonnie Irwin Hebrew Bible Eastern Illinois University Comparative Medieval Arabic Walter J. Ong () St. Louis University Martin Jaffee Hermeneutics of orality and Hebrew Bible literacy Univ. of Washington Tom Pettitt Minna Skafte Jensen University of Southern Denmark Odense University Folklore, early Literature Ancient Greek, Latin Shelly Fenno Quinn Werner Kelber Ohio State University Rice University Japanese Biblical Studies Burton Raffel Dennis Tedlock Univ. of Southwestern SUNY/Buffalo Louisiana Native American Translation J. Barre Toelken Karl Reichl Utah State University Universität Bonn Folklore, Native American Turkic, Old and Middle English Ronald J. Turner John Roberts Univ. of Missouri/Columbia Ohio State University Storytelling African-American Andrew Wiget Joel Sherzer University of New Mexico University of Texas/Austin Native American Native American, Anthropology Paulu Zedda Joseph Sobol Università di Cagliari East Tennessee State University Sardinian Storytelling Timothy Tangherlini University of California-Los Angeles Scandinavian Studies This page is intentionally left blank. Contents Editor’s Column ..............................................................................................1 Paul Battles and Charles D. Wright Eall-feala Ealde Sæge: Poetic Performance and “The Scop's Repertoire” in Old English Verse ...............................................3 Duncan Poupard Between the Oral and the Literary: The Case of the Naxi Dongba Texts ..............................................................27 Maria Vivod The Fairy-Seers of eastern Serbia: Seeing Fairies—Speaking through Trance.................................................... 53 Virginia Blankenhorn A New Approach to the Classification of Gaelic Song.................................. 71 Mary Knight Oral Features of the Qur’ān Detected in Public Recitation .......................141 Michael D. C. Drout and Leah Smith A Pebble Smoothed by Tradition: Lines 607-61 of Beowulf as a Formulaic Set-piece ....................................191 About the Authors ........................................................................................229 This page is intentionally left blank. Editor’s Column With this issue Oral Tradition returns to its customary miscellany format, offering half a dozen essays that examine as many strands in humanity’s complex of verbal traditions: a previously overlooked theme in Old Germanic poetry; a pictorial system for representing narratives devised by the Naxi dongba in southwestern China that conjugates the oral and the literary in the same vehicle; an illustration of contemporary shamanistic augury and communication with the dead practiced by women from the Vlach minority community in eastern Serbia; an account of genre classification schemes for Trans-Atlantic Gaelic song traditions; and, finally, the debut in the pages of Oral Tradition of “lexomics,” an analytic tool that is brought to bear on a passage of Beowulf to suggest that its antecedents belong to a highly-formulaic unwritten source. First up, we feature an essay from Paul Battles and Charles D. Wright that identifies “The Scop’s Repertoire” as an Old English traditional theme, one that associates verse-making with three motifs: copiousness, orality, and antiquity. Close analogues in Old Saxon, Old and Middle High German, and Old Norse poetry suggest that “The Scop’s Repertoire” theme originates in an oral Germanic tradition of versification. Thus, the theme sheds light on the myth of the oral poet, depicted either as divinely inspired or bearer of tradition. Douglas Poupard’s essay examines the orality of ritual texts written in the Naxi dongba script in southwest China. Historically, the inherent orality of these texts was largely overlooked by scholars who instead conceived of them as visual “hieroglyphics.” Here, the author makes the case that the Naxi texts represent an intermediary stage between the “oral” and the “written,” and calls into question the reality of any sort of stark divide between orality and literacy, that is, the so-called Great Divide theory. Maria Vivod reports on her fieldwork among the fairy-seers of southeastern Europe, usually women, who are able to communicate with the invisible realm of the fairies. The fairy-seers sometimes fall into trance-like states to establish communication with the fairies. During the trance, the fairy-seers can prophesy future events and bear messages to the living from their deceased relatives. The author’s essay relates case studies of two such women belonging to the Vlach community of eastern Serbia. The essay by Virginia Blankenhorn illustrates the importance of songs and singing in traditional Gaelic society. Revisiting earlier attempts to classify Gaelic song genres, she examines whether or not constructing such typologies remains a worthwhile scientific objective. Finally, the author characterizes the place and role that singing occupies in contemporary Gaelic, particularly in the light of the contextual and aesthetic changes shaping Gaelic song performances in the current commercially-driven “world music” environment. Mary Knight offers a thorough examination of textual features of the Qur’ān that appear to emerge more prominently as a result of hearing