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Die Tierökologische Bedeutung Und Bewertung Von Hecken Beiheft 3, Teil 2 I Zu Den Berichten Der Akademie Für Naturschutz Und Landschaftspflege

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Die Tierökologische Bedeutung Und Bewertung Von Hecken Beiheft 3, Teil 2 I Zu Den Berichten Der Akademie Für Naturschutz Und Landschaftspflege Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Laufen/Salzach Beiheft 3, Teil 2 zu den Berichten Die tierökologische Bedeutung und Bewertung von Hecken Beiheft 3, Teil 2 I zu den Berichten der Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Die tierökologische Bedeutung und Bewertung von Hecken von Helmut Zwölfer Gerhard Bauer Gerd Heusinger Dirk Stechmann Lehrstuhl Tierökologie der Universität Bayreuth Leiter: Prof. Dr. Helmut Zwölfer Mit Beiträgen von Anne Stahl, Peter Hartmann, Monika Paintner, Peter Fischer, Roland Fischer, Horst Möller und Nikolaus Lange Herausgeber: Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Postfach 1261 8229 Laufen/Salzach Telefon 08682/7097-7098 1984 ISSN 0720-9436 ISBN 3-924374-10-4 Seite 1 Ziele und Grundlagen der Arbeit. 7 1.1 Hecken in tierökologischer Sicht: Stand der Forschung 7 1.2 Fragestellungen unseres Forschungsprojekts 7 1.2.1 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Leistungsumfang 7 1.2.2 Schwerpunkte des Forschungsprojekts. 8 1.3 Beobachtungsareale und Arbeitsmethoden 8 1.3.1 Beobachtungsgebiete und Heckentypen 8 1.3.2 Untersuchungsmethoden 10 2 Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse 12 2.1 Einführung: Hecken als ökologische Systeme 12 2.1.1 Kurze Charakterisierung des Systems »Hecke« 12 2.1.2 U ntersuchungssch werpunkte 13 2.2 Übersicht über die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse 13 2.2.1 ükologisch-faunistische Bestandsaufnahme 13 2.2.2 Untersuchungen an einzelnen Gliedertiergruppen der Heckenfauna . 14 2.2.3 Untersuchungen an Vogel-und Säugerarten . 15 2.2.4 Untersuchungen an biozönotischen Komplexen . 16 2.2.5 Konsum von Blattbiomasse und Sekundärproduktion . 17 3 Schlußfolgerung für die Praxis der Landschaftspflege und für den Integrierten Pflanzenschutz. 17 3.1 Die tierökologische Bewertung von Hecken im Rahmen der Landschaftspflege und des Naturschutzes 17 3.1.1 Die ausgewählten Bewertungskriterien 18 3.1.2 Die untersuchten Parameter 19 3.1.2.1 Isolationsgrad der Gehölzarten 19 3.1.2.2 Alter der Gehölze. 19 3.1.2.3 Altersklassenmischung der Gehölze. 2 0 3.1.2.4 Umfang der Einzelhecken . 20 3.1.2.5 Flächendichte der Hecken . 21 3.1.2.6 Gehölzartenzahl: Hauptarten . 22 3.1.2.7 Gesamtgehölzartenzahl. 22 3.1.2.8 Heckenumland 23 3.1.2.9 Pflegezustand 24 3.1.3 Vergleichende Bewertung von Hecken und ähnlichen Vegetationsformen . 24 3.1.4 Entwurf eines Punktesystems zur »Schnellbewertung« von Hecken 24 3.1.4.1 Der Gehölzartenfaktor 25 3.1.4.2 Der Altersklassenfaktor. 26 3.1.4.3 Der Flächendichtefaktor 26 3.1.4.4 Anwendungsbeispiele 27 3.1.5 Ein tierökologisches Minimalprogramm zur Erfassung von Heckenökosystemen . 27 3.2 Die Bewertung von Hecken im Rahmen des Integrierten Pflanzenschutzes . 28 3.2.1 Vorbemerkungen. 28 3.2.2 Grundsätzliches zur Rolle der Hecken im Rahmen des Integrierten Pflanzenschutzes . 28 3.2.3 Hecken als Lebensraum von Nutzarthropoden 29 3.2.3.1 Parasitische Hymenopteren und Dipteren. 29 3.2.3.2 Marienkäfer (Coleóptera: Coccinellidae) 31 3.2.3.3 Schwebfliegen (Diptera: Syrphidae). 32 3.2.3.4 Netzflügler (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae) 33 3.2.3.5 Wanzen (Heteroptera) 33 3.2.4 Hecken und Schadorganismen 34 3.2.5 Schlußfolgerungen 35 3.3 Zusammenfassung 36 4 Kontakte zu anderen Institutionen - Danksagungen - . 37 ANHANG 1 1 Methodik, Ergebnisse des Klopfproben-Programms (D. Stechmann) 38 1.1 Versuchsdurchführung 38 1.2 Aufschlüsselung der Fangergebnisse nach Arthropodengruppen 38 1.3 Entwicklung von Individuenzahl und Biomasse im Jahreslauf 39 2 Zur Phänologie ausgewählter Arthropodengruppen der Hecke . 41 2.1 Lepidopteren 41 2.2 Homoptera 42 2.3 Coleóptera: Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae 43 2.4 Tenthredinidae 44 2.5 Heteroptera: Anthocoridae, Miridae 44 2.6 Coleóptera: Coccinellidae, Cantharidae 44 2.7 Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidea und Chalcidoidea 45 2.8 Hymenoptera: Formicidae. 45 2.9 Dermaptera: Forficulidae 46 2.10 Arachnida 46 2.11 Dipteren 47 3 Die Erfassung von Lepidopteren - Larven an Schlehe und Weißdorn (W. Wolf). 49 ANHANG 2 Einfluß des Alters und der räumlichen Verteilung von Weißdornbüschen auf Phytophage und ihre Parasiten (G. Bauer) 52 1 Fragestellung und Methode . 52 2 Ergebnisse 54 ANHANG3 Einfluß von Alter und räumlicher Verteilung von Wildrosen auf den Wickler Notocelia roborana D. & S. und seine Parasiten (G. Bauer) 55 1 Fragestellung 55 2 Ergebnisse 55 ANHANG4 Zur Populationsökologie einiger Insekten auf Wildrosen (G. Bauer) 58 1 Pardia tripunctana Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 58 1.1 Biologie 58 1.2 Parasitenkomplex 58 1.3 Populationsdichte 58 2 Notocelia roborana Den. u. Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) . 59 2.1 Biologie 59 2.2 Parasitenkomplex 59 2.3 Populationsdichte 60 2.4 Dichte der Parasiten. 60 2.5 Untersuchungen zur Dichteregulation von Notocelia 60 2.5.1 Mortalitätsfaktoren im Eistadium 60 2.5.2 Mortalitätsfaktoren im Larvenstadium. 60 2.5.3 Mortaiitätsfaktoren im Puppen- und Imaginalstadium . 60 3 Platyptilia rhododactyla F. (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) . 62 3.1 Biologie 62 3.2 Parasitenkomplex 62 3.3 Parasitierungsgrad 63 3.4 Populationsdichte 63 3.5 Ausschlußversuche 63 4 Rhagoletis alternata Fall. (Díptera, Tephritidae) 64 4.1 Biologie 64 4.2 Parasitenkomplex 64 4.3 Populationsdichte 64 4.4 Intraspezifische Nahrungs- und Raumkonkurrenz 64 ANHANGS Untersuchungen zum Verhalten, zur Biologie und zur Populationsdynamik von Yponomeuta padellus (L.) auf der Schlehe (G. Heusinger, mit Beiträgen von R. Fischer) 1 Die Schlehe als Wirtspflanze von Y. padellus 67 1.1 Bedeutung der Schlehe für Hecken und Flurgehölze Nordbayems . 67 1.2 Wirtspflanzenspezifität von Y. padellus (L.) 67 2 Besondere Verhaltensweisen, Bionomie und Phänologie von Y . padellus 67 3 Untersuchungen zur Populationsdynamik der Gespinstmotte auf verschiedenen Standorten 69 3.1 Untersuchungsmethoden und Vergleichsstandorte. 69 3.2 Wirkung von Klimafaktoren auf Y. padellus 69 3.3 Bedeutung biotischer Faktoren 70 3.3.1 Prädatoren 70 3.3.2 Vögel. 71 3.3.3 Heteroptera 71 3.3.4 Formicidae 72 3.3.5 Weitere Prädatoren aus verschiedenen systematischen Gruppen 73 3.3.6 Parasiten und Krankheiten. 73 4 Der Parasitoidenkompiex von Y. padeilus-Aufbau und Bedeutung des Gesamtkomplexes . 73 5 Untersuchungen an einzelnen Parasitoidenarten . 77 5.1 Ageniaspis fuscicollis Dahn. (Encyrtidae, Chalcidoidea) 77 5.2 Diadegma armillatum (Ichneumonidae) 77 5.3 Eurysthaea scutellaris (Diptera, Tachinidae) 80 5.4 Tetrastichus evonymellae (Chalcidoidea) 80 5.5 Itoplectis maculator 80 5.6 Pimpla (Coccygomimus) turionellae 80 5.7 Herpestomus brunneicornis 80 5.8 Die Hyperparasiten und ihr Einfluß auf die Puppenparasiten 81 6 Verbreitung und Wirksamkeit des Parasitoidkomplexes von Y. padellus im Untersuchungsgebiet. 82 7 Wechselwirkungen zwischen Y. padellus und ihrer Wirtspflanze . 83 ANHANG6 Faunistisch-ökologische Analyse ausgewählter Arthropoden-Gruppen 85 1 Zur Ökologie der in den Hecken auftretenden Vertreter der Rüsselkäfergattungen Phyllobius und Polydrosus (A. Stahl) 85 1.1 Auswertung der Klopfproben. 85 1.2 Eklektorfänge am Weinberg 85 1.3 Fraßversuche 87 2 ökologische Übersicht über die Wanzenfauna der Hecken (H. Zwölfer) 88 2.1 Die Artenliste (Gesamtfauna) 88 2.2 Wanzenarten an Schlehe, Weißdom und Wildrose. 88 2.3 Schlußfolgerungen und Zusammenfassung 91 3 ökologische Übersicht über die Spinnen und Weberknechte der Hecke (P. Hartmann) 92 3.1 Das Artenspektrum 92 3.2 Dominanzgefüge 93 3.3 Zur Phänologie und Populationsdynamik der Spinnen. 94 3.4 Besiedlungspräferenzen der Spinnen auf verschiedenen Heckengehölzen 95 4 Untersuchungen an in Hecken und Obstgärten an Rosaceen lebenden Blattminierem (M. Paintner) 95 4.1 Artenspektrum 96 4.2 Phaenologie 97 4.3 Wirtsspezifität . 97 4.4 Habitatwahl 97 4.5 Ressourcennutzung und Populationsregelung 97 5 Untersuchungen an in Hecken und ihrem Umland lebenden Panorpa-Arten (Mecoptera) (P. Fischer) . 97 5.1 Artenspektrum 97 5.2 Habitatbindung und Nischen breite 97 5.3 Nahrungsspektrum 98 6 Untersuchungen über die Ökologie von Forficuliden (Dermalem) in Feldhecken (H. Möller) 98 6.1 Arten, Habitatwahl und Phaenologie 98 6.2 Nahrungsspektrum 98 6.3 Bedeutung von F. auricularia für den Integrierten Pflanzenschutz . 98 ANHANG7 Untersuchungen zum Brutvogelbestand verschiedener Heckengebiete (G. Heusinger) 99 1 Vorbemerkungen 99 1.1 Vogelbestände als ökologische Kenngrößen 99 1.2 Bestandsaufnahmen 1977 - 1980 im Gebiet um Bayreuth 99 2 Zur Methodik 100 2.1 Untersuchungsareale (Kurzcharakterisierung) 102 3 Die Buschbriiterarten und ihre Beziehungen zu den Hecken . 102 3.1 Nistplatzpräferenzen 102 3.2 Einfluß des Nahrungsangebotes 108 4 Der Vogelbestand in Abhängigkeit von Heckentyp und Areal 108 4.1 Datenvergleich 1977 -1980 für ein Untersuchungsareal. 108 4.2 Diversität und Evenness 109 4.3 Nestdichte und Biotopcharakter 112 5 Beobachtungen von weiteren Vogelarten in Heckengebieten. 114 6 Einfluß von Umland und Heckennutzung 116 6.1 Die Rolle des Umlandes 116 6.2 Heckennutzung und Brutvogelbestand. 116 7 Diskussion 118 7.1 Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Literaturdaten. 118 7.2 Heckenmanagement und Vogelschutz 120 Zusammenfassung 121 ANHANG8 Wildspurendichte und Wildverbiß im Heckenbereich (G. Heusinger und H. Zwölfer). 123 1 Beobachtungsgebiete und beobachtete Arten . 123 2 Quantitative Auswertung: Spuren-Strecken-Kartierung 124 3 Quantitative Auswertung: Spurendichte . 124 3.1 Methodik 124 3.2 Ergebnisse 124 4 Quantitative Auswertung: Wildverbiß 125 4.1 Fragestellung und Methodik 125 4.2 Ergebnisse 125 5 Schlußfolgerungen und Zusammenfassung . 126 ANHANG9 Analyse des Blatt-Biomasse-Konsums an Schlehe, Weißdorn und Wildrosen durch phytophage Insekten (N.Lange). 127 1 Einführung
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