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Australia Lacks Stem Succulents but Is It Depauperate in Plants With
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Australia lacks stem succulents but is it depauperate in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)? 1,2 3 3 Joseph AM Holtum , Lillian P Hancock , Erika J Edwards , 4 5 6 Michael D Crisp , Darren M Crayn , Rowan Sage and 2 Klaus Winter In the flora of Australia, the driest vegetated continent, [1,2,3]. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a water- crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), the most water-use use efficient form of photosynthesis typically associated efficient form of photosynthesis, is documented in only 0.6% of with leaf and stem succulence, also appears poorly repre- native species. Most are epiphytes and only seven terrestrial. sented in Australia. If 6% of vascular plants worldwide However, much of Australia is unsurveyed, and carbon isotope exhibit CAM [4], Australia should host 1300 CAM signature, commonly used to assess photosynthetic pathway species [5]. At present CAM has been documented in diversity, does not distinguish between plants with low-levels of only 120 named species (Table 1). Most are epiphytes, a CAM and C3 plants. We provide the first census of CAM for the mere seven are terrestrial. Australian flora and suggest that the real frequency of CAM in the flora is double that currently known, with the number of Ellenberg [2] suggested that rainfall in arid Australia is too terrestrial CAM species probably 10-fold greater. Still unpredictable to support the massive water-storing suc- unresolved is the question why the large stem-succulent life — culent life-form found amongst cacti, agaves and form is absent from the native Australian flora even though euphorbs. -
The Potential of Secondary Metabolites of Myrmecodia Tuberosa from Different Host Trees
NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 2087-3948 Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 170-174 E-ISSN: 2087-3956 May 2017 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n090211 Short Communication: The potential of secondary metabolites of Myrmecodia tuberosa from different host trees YANTI PUSPITA SARI1,♥, WAWAN KUSTIAWAN2, SUKARTININGSIH2, AFIF RUCHAEMI2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Barong Tongkok No. 4 Kampus Gn. Kelua, Samarinda, 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-541 747974, Fax.: +62-541 747974 ♥email: [email protected] 2Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Mulawarman. Samarinda 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Manuscript received: 19 November 2016. Revision accepted: 2 April 2017. Abstract. Sari YP, Kustiawan W, Sukartiningsih, Ruchaemi A. 2017. Short Communication: The potential of secondary metabolites of Myrmecodia tuberosa from different host trees. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 170-174. Ant-plants (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack.) is a medicinal plant that could potentially inhibit cancer cell growth. Ant-plants is epiphytic plants whose commonly life was attached to the host tree. Several information from local people stated that ant-plants attaching to different host trees possesses different active compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolites of each parts of ant-plants including leaves, stems and tubers from different tree hosts i.e mango and durian. Result from phytochemical analysis showed that ant-plants living in mango and durian trees positively contained the metabolic compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroid/triterpenoid. The Total of Phenolic Content (TPC) and the Total of Flavonoids Content (TFC) on the leaves of ant-plants was higher than that in tubers or stems of ant-plants derived from both host trees i.e mango and durian. -
Etn of Armakologi Plants Ants Nest Papua (Hydnophytum Formicarum) on Skouw Tribe of Papua
Sept. 2016. Vol. 9, No.1 ISSN 2307-2083 International Journal of Research In Medical and Health Sciences © 2013-2016 IJRMHS & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrmhs.html ETN OF ARMAKOLOGI PLANTS ANTS NEST PAPUA (HYDNOPHYTUM FORMICARUM) ON SKOUW TRIBE OF PAPUA VENI HADJU, GEMINI NATURE, MASNI, SARCE MAKABA Lecturer Public Health in Hasanuddin University Makassar, Lecturer Public Health in Cenderawasih university Papua; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Papua has abundant medicinal plant diversity that is utilized by every tribe in Papua to treat the disease. One of the plants used by tribal Skouw Papua ant nest is a plant that is believed to cure various diseases. This study aimed to use the ant nest Papua as a medicine by traditional healers community Skouw tribe in Jayapura Papua. This type of research is qualitative research by conducting depth interviews with traditional healers in the village of Jayapura city Skouw with data analysis using content analysis. Research results indicate the type anthill etnofarmakologi used was anthill mangrove or attached to another tree, his usefulness for treating various diseases like cancer, diabetes, hypertension, gout, asthma, tuberculosis, HIV, Kidney, cyst. , Parts used are kaudeks, processing method that is a piece or a handful of ant nest is approximately 10 g of boiled, alone or mixed with other ingredients such as, white strap, strap red, yellow rope, lemongrass red, ceplukan, tread blood, turmeric, leaf bowl , leaves of the gods, the gods crown, ginger, soursop leaves, white turmeric, curcuma, black meeting, katuk leaf forest, moss, leaves binahong boiled in earthen vessels. -
Ant Gardens of Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) Irritabilis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) and Hoya Elliptica (Apocynaceae) in Southeast Asia
ASIAN MYRMECOLOGY Volume 9, e009001, 2017 ISSN 1985-1944 | eISSN: 2462-2362 © Andreas Weissflog, Eva Kaufmann and DOI: 10.20362/am.009001 Ulrich Maschwitz Ant gardens of Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) irritabilis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) and Hoya elliptica (Apocynaceae) in Southeast Asia Andreas Weissflog*, Eva Kaufmann and Ulrich Maschwitz Department of Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Camponotus irritabilis (Formicidae: Formicinae) and Hoya elliptica (Apocynaceae) are very closely associated in ant gardens in Malaya and Sumatra. Ants and epiphyte partners have some characteristics that make them especially suitable for this association: The ants selectively retrieve the seeds of their epiphyte partners, and they fertilize their carton nests on which the plants are growing. In comparison to non-myrmecophytic Hoya coriacea, Hoya elliptica performs an extensive root growth as long as growing on moist substrate. The roots stabilize the ants’ nests and anchor them to the host tree. Camponotus irritabilis initiate ant gardens by constructing carton buildings on branches, which serve as substrate for incorporated seeds and climbing parts of already established Hoya elliptica. Camponotus irritabilis influence actively the available chamber size within their nests, by biting off roots, fertilizing only certain parts of the nests and retrieving seeds into the ‘growing zone’ of the nest building. Ants thereby prevent uninhibited, space-consuming root growth but influence stability and architecture of the ant garden by guiding the spread out of the roots. As additional partners of the ant garden system, trophobionts, un- determined fungi on the inner nest substrate, several parabiotic Crematogaster spp. and a probably lestobiotic Solenopsis sp. -
Further Records of Reptiles and Amphibians Utilising Ant Plant (Rubiaceae) Domatia in New Guinea
Herpetology Notes, volume 8: 239-241 (2015) (published online on 2 May 2015) Further records of reptiles and amphibians utilising ant plant (Rubiaceae) domatia in New Guinea Paul M. Oliver1,*, Fred Parker2 and Oliver Tallowin3 Introduction Daru Island, Western Province, Papua New Guinea In addition to flowers and fruits, many plants have Daru Island has long been inhabited, and at the time other specialised structures that facilitate mutualistic of fieldwork in October 1972 most trees had long since relationships with animals (Heil, 2010), and many been harvested for building materials and firewood, animals show evidence of facultative or obligatory leaving a terrestrial vegetation dominated by grassland associations with vegetative structures that provide key with scattered trees to 10 m in height. Many of the resources such as retreats or breeding sites (e.g. Lehtinen remaining trees, especially paperbarks in the genus et al., 2004; Cornu and Raxworthy, 2010). However with Melaleuca tended to host at least one ant plant, and the prominent exception of bromeliad breeding frogs in many cases three or more, with two different ant (Romero et al., 2010), plant-herpetofauna mutualisms plant species (Hydnophytum sp. and Myremecodia sp.) based around provision and utilisation of specialised present. The latter (identified by the their spiny caudex vegetative structures have been rarely reported. with no apparent openings and one or two stout stems), In the Asia-Pacific region several plant genera in the when opened were found to contain no reptiles or family Rubiaceae are characterised by swollen tuberous amphibians. In contrast when the former (smooth caudex bases with hollow chambers and passages (domatia) with many obvious openings and thin twiggy stems) (Huxley, 1978). -
Obligate Plant Farming by a Specialized Ant Guillaume Chomicki* and Susanne S
BRIEF COMMUNICATION PUBLISHED: 21 NOVEMBER 2016 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16181 | DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.181 Obligate plant farming by a specialized ant Guillaume Chomicki* and Susanne S. Renner Many epiphytic plants have associated with ants to gain nutri- Supplementary Information). The trail system sometimes spans ents. Here, we report a novel type of ant–plant symbiosis in Fiji across several trees with touching branches. In contrast, all where one ant species actively and exclusively plants the seeds 14 generalist ant species nesting in S. jebbiana, S. tenuiflora and and fertilizes the seedlings of six species of Squamellaria S. wilkinsonii examined so far are monodomous (the queen and (Rubiaceae). Comparison with related facultative ant plants all her offspring live in a single nest). In the specialists, the suggests that such farming plays a key role in mutualism pattern of trails linking was centralized towards the queen-bearing stability by mitigating the critical re-establishment step. domatium and distance appeared important in determining Farming mutualisms, wherein an organism promotes the growth network structure (Supplementary Fig. 2; Methods). of another on which it depends for food, have evolved in many To assess whether P. nagasau ants disperse their hosts, we moni- lineages in the tree of life, including amoeba1, crabs2 and sloths3. tored several ant colonies. We observed that P. nagasau inserted the The most complex forms of farming evolved in several insect seeds of its plant hosts in cracks in tree bark (Fig. 1b) and that groups—most notably ants—that convergently cultivate fungi4. workers constantly patrol these planting sites. To test whether Despite the diversity of ant–plant mutualisms and even though P. -
Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of the Ant-Epiphytic Genus Squamellaria (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae) and Their Taxonomic Implications
RESEARCH ARTICLE Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of the Ant-Epiphytic Genus Squamellaria (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae) and Their Taxonomic Implications Guillaume Chomicki*, Susanne S. Renner Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany * [email protected] Abstract Ecological research on ant/plant symbioses in Fiji, combined with molecular phylogenetics, has brought to light four new species of Squamellaria in the subtribe Hydnophytinae of the Rubiaceae tribe Psychotrieae and revealed that four other species, previously in Hydno- OPEN ACCESS phytum, need to be transferred to Squamellaria. The diagnoses of the new species are Citation: Chomicki G, Renner SS (2016) based on morphological and DNA traits, with further insights from microCT scanning of flow- Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of the ers and leaf δ13C ratios (associated with Crassulacean acid metabolism). Our field and phy- Ant-Epiphytic Genus Squamellaria (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae) and Their Taxonomic Implications. logenetic work results in a new circumscription of the genus Squamellaria, which now PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151317. doi:10.1371/journal. contains 12 species (to which we also provide a taxonomic key), not 3 as in the last revision. pone.0151317 A clock-dated phylogeny and a model-testing biogeographic framework were used to infer Editor: William Oki Wong, Institute of Botany, CHINA the broader geographic history of rubiaceous ant plants in the Pacific, specifically the suc- Received: December 2, 2015 cessive expansion of Squamellaria to Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Fiji. The coloniza- tion of Vanuatu may have occurred from Fiji, when these islands were still in the same Accepted: February 25, 2016 insular arc, while the colonization of the Solomon islands may have occurred after the sepa- Published: March 30, 2016 ration of this island from the Fiji/Vanuatu arc. -
The Effects of Hydnophytum Formicarum Ethanolic Extract Towards Lymphocyte, Vero and T47d Cells Proliferation in Vitro
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4 (06), pp. 103-109, June, 2014 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40616 ISSN 2231-3354 The effects of Hydnophytum formicarum ethanolic extract towards lymphocyte, vero and T47d cells proliferation in vitro David Darwis1, Triana Hertiani1,2*, Ediati Samito1,3 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences Master Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia, 2 Phytochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia, 3 Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This research aims were to explore the effects of Hydnophytum formicarum Jack (Rubiaceae) known as the Ant Received on: 27/11/2013 plant on proliferations of mouse lymphocyte, Vero and T47D's cell lines. Plant hypocotyls were collected from Revised on: 10/12/2013 West Papua. Some parts were dried to gain plant with ant residue (A), while other parts were separated from the Accepted on: 20/01/2014 ant residue to gain plant without ant residue (B) and ant residue (C). After being macerated in ethanol and Available online: 28/06/2014 evaporated to dryness, each extract was tested on Balb/c mice lymphocytes and Vero cell lines by MTT assay in the presence and absence of Doxorubicin (Dox). Effect on T47D was observed by using Dox 25 g/mL as Key words: control. Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and paired sample T-test. Thin layer chromatography profiles Hydnophytum formicarum, were evaluated to identify the difference in chemical contents. -
The Tuberous Epiphytes of the Rubiaceae 7: a Revision of the Genus Hydnophytum
Blumea 64, 2019: 23–91 ISSN (Online) 2212-1676 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.01.02 The tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae 7: a revision of the genus Hydnophytum M.H.P. Jebb1, C.R. Huxley2 Key words Abstract Hydnophytum (Psychotrieae Hydnophytinae) is revised. A key is provided, and an informal infrageneric grouping is proposed. Variation in tuber structure is discussed. Fifty-five species are recognised, of which 19 are Fiji described as new. For one species a number of varieties are also described. Forty-four species are found in New Hydnophytum Guinea, of which 41 are endemic. The recent transfer of a number of taxa into an expanded concept of Squamellaria Malesia based on a molecular phylogeny is addressed. Three taxa of Squamellaria are included in this revision to complete Psychotrieae the series of papers on the tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae. revision Rubiaceae Published on 15 March 2019 Squamellaria INTRODUCTION on Hydnophytum from Leiden, which contains many unpub- lished drawings and descriptions of species he had intended Hydnophytum Jack is the largest of the five genera of tuberous publishing. ant-plants in the subtribe Hydnophytinae (Rubiaceae) (Huxley & Jebb 1991a). The other four genera have been revised (Huxley PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS & Jebb 1991b, c, 1993, Jebb 1991b, 1993, Chomicki & Renner 2016). During the revision work, substantial new collections Huxley & Jebb (1991a) formed the subtribe Hydnophytinae to were made in Papua New Guinea; however, major problems still include the five epiphytic myrmecophilous genera of the Psy remain with the understanding of the genus in the Indonesian chotrieae. -
<I>Hydnophytum Puffii</I>
Plant Ecology and Evolution 149 (1): 123–130, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2016.1102 REGULAR PAPER Hydnophytum puffii (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae), a new ant-plant from Sabah, Malaysian Borneo Yee Wen Low1,*, John B. Sugau2 & Khoon Meng Wong1 1Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569 Singapore 2Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia *Author for correspondence: [email protected] Background – Hydnophytum puffii Y.W.Low, Sugau & K.M.Wong, a linear-leaved epiphytic ant-plant is described as new from Borneo using morphological characters based on specimens preserved in the Sandakan and Singapore Herbaria. This new species is so far known only from Sabah, Malaysia. Methods – This study is based on herbarium materials and field observations in Sabah. Conventional herbarium techniques were applied for taxonomy, while the IUCN conservation status was assessed using GeoCAT. Results – Hydnophytum puffii is closely related to H. angustifolium Merr. but differs in having glabrous young twigs, 4–5 pairs of leaf secondary veins on the lower leaf surface, a corolla tube that is densely covered with translucent hairs inside the throat around the anthers, and prolate mature fruits. This new taxon is the only species in Borneo to have linear leaves as the other two taxa, namely H. coriaceum Becc. and H. formicarum Jack have broad elliptic leaves. Key words – Borneo, conservation status, Hydnophytum, Malaysia, new species, Psychotrieae, Rubiaceae, Sabah. -
Network Scan Data
Selbyana 9: 23-43 THE VEGETATIVE BASIS OF VASCULAR EPIPHYTISM DAVID H. BENZING Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 ABSTRACT. Vascular epiphytes do not share distinguishing systematic or biological profiles. Taxonomic participation is broad although the group is dominated by higher ferns, members of a few dicot families and monocotyledons, particularly orchids. Except for some general features that promote anchorage in tree crowns and aerial dispersal of diaspores, forms and life processes associated with epiphytism also occur in soil-rooted flora. Among the more pervasive characteristics of canopy-dependent vegetation are drought tolerance and mechanisms promoting access to unusual sources of nutrient ions. Trophic mutualisms are especially common and diverse with ants playing a dominant role. Specific types of epiphytes are described along with associated water ion balance mechanisms. Research topics that seem most likely to reveal significant information on the vegetative basis of epiphytism are identified. Papers on the vegetative and related aspects ers) accounts for most of the approximately of vascular epiphytism appeared only sporadi 30,000 species. The second reason for great va cally over much of the period following publi riety among vascular epiphytes is the heteroge cation ofSchimper's remarkably comprehensive neity of their habitats, particularly humid forests and insightful "Die Epiphytische Vegetation where moisture, irradiance and available nu Amerikas" in 1888. Mez (1904) demonstrated trients occur in numerous combinations. Agen that some bromeliad leaf trichomes are absorp cies operating against diversity are climatic rigor tive; Harris (1918) tested the osmotic qualities and the dispersed distribution and imperma of epiphyte foliage versus that of hosts; Pessin nence of the epiphytes' substrata. -
Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Studies of Hydnophytum Formicarum L
inal chem ic is d t Babili et al., Med Chem (Los Angeles) 2017, 7:10 e r M y Medicinal chemistry DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000468 ISSN: 2161-0444 t Research Article Open Access Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Studies of Hydnophytum formicarum L. Fatiha EL Babili1*, Amandine Guillouty2, Halova-Lajoie Barbora3, Caroline Vincent4 and Nathalie Sejalon-Delmas1,5,6 1Jardin Botanique Henri Gaussen, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III – 2 rue Lamarck 31400 Toulouse, France 2Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques – UPS Toulouse III – 35 Chemin des Maraîchers 31062 Toulouse, France 3Laboratoire de Chimie Bioinorganique Medicale LU 07, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne Bat. 3SC, 31062 Toulouse, France 4Ecole Prératoire de Chimie, Lycée d'Enseignement Général 26, bd Déodat de Séverac - 31076 Toulouse, France 5Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France 6ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France Abstract The leaves of Hydnophytum formicarum Jack belonging to the family Rubiaceae, a tropical tree commonly found in eastern and southern Thailand, South Asia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands, were studied for these antioxidant compounds. Sterols, flavonoids and phenolic compounds appear to be good markers for this species. Chromatographic and histochemical techniques were used to analyze its secondary metabolites and to localize these molecules in the leaves of H. formicarum and its petiole. With histochemistry, we can locate the phenols in situ by an iron chloride reagent, which gives a black color, especially in fibers, hypodermis and xylem. Flavonoids are detected histochemically using a potassium hydroxide reagent to obtain a yellow coloration under visible light.