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Effects of a Dry Pelleted Diet on Growth and Survival of the Yucatan Octopus

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Effects of a Dry Pelleted Diet on Growth and Survival of the Yucatan Octopus Aquaculture Nutrition 2007 13; 273–280 .......................................................................................... Effects of a dry pelleted diet on growth and survival of the Yucatan octopus, Octopus maya P.M. DOMINGUES1,5,N.LO´PEZ2, J.A. MUN˜ OZ3, T. MALDONADO4, G. GAXIOLA2 & C. ROSAS2 1 CIFAP – ÔAguas del PinoÕ (IFAPA), Junta de Andalucı´a, Huelva, Espan˜a; 2 Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigacio´n, Facultad de Ciencias – UNAM, Puerto de abrigo s/n Sisal, Opio, Hunucma, Yucata´n, Me´xico; 3 Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Extensio´n Rios, Villahermosa, Me´xico; 4 Universidad Autonoma de Campeche- Facultad de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Av. Agustyn Melgar, Campeche, Me´xico; 5 CCMar – Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal Abstract Received 29 November 2005, accepted 19 December 2006 Correspondence: Pedro Domingues. CIFPA – ÔAguas del PinoÕ, Apartado The effect of a dry pelleted diet on growth of the Yucatan 104, 21071 Huelva, Espan˜a. E-mail: [email protected] octopus (Octopus maya) was determined and compared with crab diet (Callinectes spp). Two groups of 15 wild collected animals were used. Octopuses were placed in isolation, in a Introduction flow-through system composed of 30 circular tanks (80 L), Cephalopods are characterized by life cycles as short as with a bottom of 40 cm in diameter and a water depth of 6–9 months (Okutani 1990; Domingues et al. 2001a,b,2002), 80 cm. Experiment lasted 40 days, and octopuses were but the majority of the species can live between 1 and 2 years weighed every 10 days to determine growth rates. Octopuses (Mangold 1983). All cephalopods are carnivorous (Boucher- were fed between 7% and 10% body weight (BW) per day, Rodoni et al. 1987; Okutani 1990; Lee 1994), active preda- twice a day at 9:00 h and 17:00 h. Uneaten food was re- tors (Boletzky & Hanlon 1983) and an important fishery, moved after 4 h in the tanks and weighed, to determine being consumed by humans in many regions around the food ingestion and conversion. No mortality as a result of world (Lee et al. 1998). They present high metabolism, which natural causes was observed. The 15 octopuses fed on fro- contributes to the fast growth rates that vary between 3% zen crabs and the 15 fed on the artificial diet had similar and 10% body weight per day (BW) in adults (Amaratunga weights (P > 0.05) at the start of the experiment, of 1983; Lee 1994; Lee et al. 1991,1998; Domingues et al. 2002; 486.2 ± 214.8 and 472.5 ± 228.3 g, respectively. At the Sykes et al. 2003), and higher than 10% BW per day in the end of the experiment, octopuses fed on frozen crabs early stages of the life cycle (Domingues et al. 2001a,b, weighed 1466.5 ± 484.0 g, and were significantly larger 2002,2003,2004). Feeding rates (FR) depend on water tem- (P < 0.05), than octopuses fed on artificial diets perature and can be as high as 50% BW per day (Mangold (438.9 ± 202.6 g). Growth rates for the experiment were of 1983; Boucher-Rodoni et al. 1987; Domingues et al. 3.3 ± 0.2 and –0.0 ± 0.3% BW per day, for octopuses fed 2001a,2003,2004) and food conversions (FC) (>50%) are frozen crabs and the artificial diet, respectively. The artificial among the highest in animals (Richard 1975; Amaratunga diet did not promote growth, but animals did not loose 1983; Van Heukelem 1976,1977; Mangold 1983; Forsythe & weight and more important, ate regularly all the food sup- Van Heukelem 1987). Choe (1966) reports conversion rates plied, with feeding rates higher than reported in the litera- that vary between 9% and 71% BW per day, averaging ture for prepared diets. This makes O. maya a good research 38.7%, while Domingues et al. (2001a,2004) reports FC be- animal for the development of artificial diets for cephalo- tween 35% and 50%. Because of their protein metabolism, pods. their requirement in proteins and amino acids is high (Lee 1994), and they are unique among the poikilotherms KEY WORDS: artificial diets, growth, nutrition, octopus, (Forsythe & Van Heukelem 1987; Lee et al. 1998). Octopus maya . ............................................................................................. Ó 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 273 274 P. M. Domingues et al. Appropriate and inexpensive diets are basic requirements The objective of this study was to determine the effects of for the success in commercial aquaculture (Chen & Long an artificial diet on growth and survival. For this propose, an 1991). The use of prepared diets replacing natural diets can improved commercial shrimp diet was compared with fresh reduce production costs by 40% initially; afterwards, further crab (Callinectes sp.), as octopuses prefer crabs to any other reductions can be obtained (Lee 1994). The dependence on type of prey (Castro & Guerra 1990). natural prey has prevented large-scale culture of cephalopods (O’Dor & Wells 1987; Lee et al. 1991; Domingues 1999). Materials and methods Another limitation that has prevented large-scale culture until the present days is the existence of very few alternative Animals, diets and growth diets that can be successfully used to culture cephalopods (DeRusha et al. 1989; DiMarco et al. 1993; Lee 1994; A total of 30 animals were used: 15 were fed the artificial diet Domingues et al. 2005). Some cephalopod species, with di- and 15 were fed frozen crabs. Both groups had similar weights rect egg development, such as Sepia officinalis or Octopus at the start of the experiment: 486.2 ± 214.8 and maya have been maintained with artificial diets (Castro 1991; 472.5 ± 228.3 g, diet and crab, respectively. The diet was Lee et al. 1991; Domingues 1999; Domingues et al. 2005). prepared in the laboratory, using as a base a shrimp com- Nevertheless, growth obtained was moderate compared with mercial feed with high protein content and squid paste (Puri- natural diets. na@ 51%; Table 1). The CPSP 90% (hydrolysed protein Octopus maya is an endemic species from the Yucatan concentrate with 86.3% protein content) with lot no. 050201 peninsula (Voss & Solis 1966); according to Solis (1967), its was bought from ÔCooperative de Tratment des Produits de la distribution ranges from the Campeche Bay, in the North of PecheÕ (CTPP), France. The ROVIMIXÒ STAY-CÒ 35 – code the Yucatan peninsula, to Isla Mujeres. Nevertheless, the D4 8304 4 lot PD9 0769, came from ROCHEÒ, France. The distribution range has recently been widened in the north vitamin mix (0302) and the mineral mix (C-22/94-2) were limit, to Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche (Solis-Ramirez bought from DIBAQÒ. The squid used was a Loliguncula 1994,1997). This species easily adapts to laboratory condi- brevis, captured in the Gulf of Me´xico, and bought fresh in a tions, and accepts dead prey or prepared diets immediately local market. The components of the diet were mixed with after being born (Domingues, personal observations). Octo- squid meat (previously defrosted) blended separately. This pus maya has been cultured in the laboratory (Solis 1967; Van delivered a semi-humid diet with high cephalopod scent and Heukelem 1976,1977; Hanlon & Forsythe 1985; DeRusha flavour, which was stored at 6 °C. The diet was elaborated on a et al. 1989), up to four (Hanlon & Forsythe 1985) or five (Van daily basis. Octopuses were maintained in individual tanks, in Heukelem 1983) generations. This species has fast growth a flow-through culture system, which was composed of 30 rates up to 8% BW per day, because of high FR and FC, circular tanks (80 L), with bottom of 40 cm in diameter and which vary between 30% and 60% (Hanlon & Forsythe water depth of 80 cm, approximately. Each tank was covered 1985); Van Heukelem (1976,1983) obtained FC of 40% for with a green solid net, sowed around the top of the tank, to this species. Octopus maya can grow up to 1 kg in 4 months prevent octopuses escaping. Natural filtered sea water (5 lm) and upto 3 kg in 9 months, at 25 °C. This species reaches Table 1 Composition (g kg)1) of the artificial diet used to feed maximum weight at 9 months (Van Heukelem 1983). Among Octopus maya during the experiment. (i) fish-soluble protein con- the species of octopuses with large eggs and direct embryonic centrate, (ii) fresh squid, (iii) Rovimix Stay C is L-ascorbyl-2- development, O. maya is the one that presents highest growth monophosphate, from DSM (Dutch State Mines, earlier Roche rates, reaching 5.7 kgs with average growth rates of 4.1% BW Vitamins) and (iv) from DSM, for shrimp ) per day, and is one of the better candidates for commercial Ingredients g kg 1 aquaculture in high culture densities, after O. bimaculoidis Shrimp diet (Purina@ 51%) 550 and O. digueti (Hanlon & Forsythe 1985). O. maya was CPSP@, 90% (CTPP)1 50 chosen for these experiments because: (i) octopuses are highly Fresh Squid (Loliguncula brevis)2 200 adaptable for laboratory conditions (Boletzky & Hanlon Soybean lecitin 150 Rovimix stay C (Roche@)3 20 1983); (ii) they accept dead or artificial feeds early in the life Mineral and vitamins mix (Dibaq@)4 30 cycle, compared with other cephalopods; and (iii) O. maya has eggs with direct development, contrary to the majority of the Abbreviations: CPSP, hydrolysed protein concentrate with 86.3% protein content; CTPP, Cooperative de Tratment des Produits de la octopuses species that has planctonic larvae (Boletzky 1974), Peche. CPSP (registered name of a product of CTTP) comes with two making them easier to culture in the laboratory. concentrations of protein. CPSP90 has about 85% proteins. .............................................................................................. Ó 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Aquaculture Nutrition 13; 273–280 Effects of artificial diet on growth and survival of O.
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