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Redalyc.Advances in the Octopus Maya Digestive Physiology Acta Universitaria ISSN: 0188-6266 [email protected] Universidad de Guanajuato México Martínez-Yáñez, Rosario; Rosas, Carlos Advances in the Octopus maya digestive physiology Acta Universitaria, vol. 25, núm. 3, octubre, 2015, pp. 3-12 Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=41648311001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative ISSN 0188-6266 doi:10.15174/au.2015.960 Advances in the Octopus maya digestive physiology Avances en la fisiología digestiva de Octopus maya Rosario Martínez-Yáñez*, Carlos Rosas** ABSTRACT Red octopus (Octopus maya) is an important fishery resource in Mexico, due to its high commercial value and domestic and foreign demand. An alternative to fishing is the mari- culture. Cephalopods digestion is a two-part process: extracellular and intracellular. This paper describes the progress made in Octopus maya digestive physiology study, particular- ly, in the digestion temporality, absorption and assimilation of crab in an attempt to assess the nutrients dynamic and usage along the digestive tract and, how these are transported, stored and used as an energy source for growth. RESUMEN El pulpo rojo (Octopus maya) es un importante recurso pesquero en México, debido a su alto valor comercial y demanda interna y externa. Una alternativa a la pesca es la mari- cultura. La digestión de los cefalópodos es un proceso de dos partes: extracelular e intra- celular. El presente trabajo describe los progresos realizados en el estudio de la fisiología digestiva de Octopus maya, en particular la temporalidad de la digestión, la absorción y asimilación de carne de cangrejo, en un intento por evaluar la dinámica de nutrientes y el paso a lo largo del tracto digestivo y, cómo éstos son transportados, almacenados y utiliza- dos como fuente de energía para el crecimiento. INTRODUCTION Red octopus (Octopus maya) is an important fishery resource in Mexico. Therefore, it confronts a great catch strain and in recent years has showed an inconsistent production. An alternative to fishing is the mariculture. This species has great advantages for cultivation. However, reliance on nat- ural diets and the lack of a specific and economical feed have slowed the pro- duction development of this and other cephalopods at commercial scale round the world. There is a consensus that several crustaceans are the Recibido: 19 de septiembre de 2014 most common diet for octopus species, in both juveniles (Aguado-Giménez Aceptado: 23 de abril de 2015 & García-García, 2002; Boucaud-Camou & Boucher-Rodoni, 1983; Pérez, López, Águila & González, 2006; Prato, Portacci & Biandolino, 2010; Rosas Keywords: et al., 2013; Zuñiga, Olivares & Ossandón, 1995) and paralarvae (Roura, Octopus maya; digestive physiology; growth. González, Redd & Guerra, 2012; Uriarte et al., 2010). Cerezo-Valverde et Palabras clave: al. (2013) studied 33 marine species and their nutrition, and concluded that Octopus maya; fisiología digestiva; arginine and leucine were the limiting amino acids in most of the samples crecimiento. analysed, suggesting that the inclusion of those amino acids in diets comprised of crustacean meals could improve fish or animal meal in diets for Octopus Cómo citar: maya. It is interesting to note that arginine (Arg), along with other amino ac- Martínez-Yáñez, R., & Rosas, C. (2015). Advan- ids (aa), is one of the most abundant in the free amino acid pool in the crab ces in the Octopus maya digestive physiology. Callinectes sapidus; these are widely distributed in the muscle and haemo- Acta Universitaria, 25(NE-3), 3-12. doi: 10.15174/ au.2015.960 lymph because of their role as osmotic effectors in this and other euryhaline crustacean species (Lynch & Webb, 1973). As Arg and other amino acids * Departamento de Agronomía, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato. Ex-Hacienda El Copal, carretera Irapuato-Silao km 9, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, C.P. 36500. Tel.: (462) 6241889. E-mail: [email protected] ** Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Sisal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma,Yucatán, México, C.P. 97356. Tel.: (988) 931-1000. E-mail: [email protected] Vol. 25 (NE-3) Biología Octubre 2015 3 ISSN 0188-6266 play an important role in octopus nutrition, its inges- In Octopus maya, digestive cells work asynchro- tion may act to accelerate the uptake of other nutrients nous responding to the food presence in the digestive in the octopus digestive gland, as has been described in tract. During this process, the digestive cell varies ac- terrestrial animals (Herzberg & Lerner, 1973). cording to the role played depending on the time in the postprandial period, either as an enzymes synthesiz- Cephalopods digestion is a two-part process: ex- ing cell or receiving the produced chyme for absorp- tracellular and intracellular. Extracellular takes place tion and assimilation (Martínez et al., 2011a). Similar along the digestive tract, which begins in the mouth, to other cephalopods species, Octopus maya DG per- follows the anterior stomach (crop), the posterior stom- ach, cecum and ending with the digestive gland (DG) forms intracellular digestion and release enzymes to where the chyme is absorbed. Intracellular develops in- carry out extracellular digestion (Boucaud-Camou & side the DG where nutrients hydrolyzed to make them Boucher-Rodoni, 1983; Martínez et al., 2011a; Mar- bioavailable. Therefore, this organ plays an important tínez et al., 2011b). Consumed food affects the digestive role in this process (Boucher-Rodoni, 1976; Boucher- cells kinetics that forms the Octopus maya DG. Which Rodoni, Boucaud-Camou & Mangold, 1987; Budelmann, are, at the same time, affected by the food presence and Schipp & Boletzky, 1997). To date, studies on Octopus change during the digestive process. Digestive cells work maya digestive physiology were not been carried out asynchronous responding to the food presence in the in depth. Develop a diet is a fundamental requirement digestive tract. During this process, the digestive cell to understand cephalopods digestive physiology, espe- varies according to the role played depending on the cially octopuses. This will allow designing experimen- time in the postprandial period, either as an enzymes tal diets according to the species in order to achieve a synthesizing cell or receiving the produced chyme highly digestible diet and suitable for cultivation that for absorption and assimilation. Many studies have promotes growth. Using Octopus maya as a model, the discussed the utility of the digestive gland of Octopus obtained results allow general schedules of digestive maya and other cephalopods as a tool for monitor- physiology. These could become a proposal to apply ing the nutritional condition of animals fed different for other tropical species, being an important contri- types of food (Águila y Elvira, 2007; Cerezo-Valverde bution towards the development and management of et al., 2013; Estefanell et al., 2013). To date, we found a balanced feed. that the type of diet strongly influenced biochemical characteristics in the DG of Octopus maya. Águila y Digestive Gland Elvira (2007), fed octopuses with a diet made out of fishmeal and fish hydrolysed protein, and found that Digestive Gland (DG) has a fundamental role in the the energy content and total lipid values were lower cephalopods digestive process, provides digestive en- than in crabmeat fed animals. In that study, they also zymes and stores nutrients (Bustamante, 1998). Es- found that there was an inverse relationship between pecially, those that are used as a metabolic energy soluble protein and DG glycogen in animals fed crab, source (Hatfield, Rodhouse & Barber, 1992). Glucose suggesting that DG glycogen is the result of a gluco- is the main cells energy source and it is stored as neogenic pathway. As consequence, crab fed octo- glycogen (Murray et al., 2013) in the digestive gland. puses observed higher levels of hemolymph glucose in O. maya DG is represented by a single cell type, or- comparison with octopuses fed elaborate diets. Those ganized as acini: the digestive cell. The maturation results and other experiments performed using Octo- process of this organ is characterized by the gradual pus maya (Baesa-Rojano et al., 2012; Martínez et al., disappearance of yolk platelets in contrast to the grad- 2011b; Rosas et al., 2011) confirmed that fed crab an- ual appearance of heterophagosomes, heterolysosomes imals used ingested protein as a source of energy via a and residual bodies within the cells; at the same time, complete and mature digestive cells develop gradually gluconeogenic pathway, facilitating the accumulation evolving the same columnar structure and function of of glycogen and its posterior release as glucose. DG a acinar- tubule organ (Martínez et al., 2011a). Similar protein and glycogen of O. maya followed an inverse to what was observed in S. officinalis, the consumed relationship along the digestive process, confirming food affects the digestive cells kinetics that forms the the role of protein as a source of energy during that O. maya DG, which are affected by the presence of process. These results suggest
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