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JETS before, during, and after explosions and in powering intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs) Noam Soker Technion, Israel Abstract I will describe recent results on the role of JETS in exploding core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and in powering Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transients (ILOTs), and will compare the results with the most recent observations and with other theoretical studies. I will discuss new ideas of processes that become possible by jets, such as the jittering jets explosion mechanism of massive stars aided by neutrino heating, the formation of Type IIb CCSNe by the Grazing Envelope Evolution (GEE), and common envelope jets supernovae (CEJSNe). 1. Introduction JETS 2. Jets Before 2.1 Jets shape pre-explosion circumstellar matter Similar outer rings in SN 1987A and in the planetary nebula jet jet SN 1987A 19987A Broken inner ring in SN 1987A and in the Necklace planetary nebulae jet Necklace planetary nebula In both planetary nebulae there is a binary system at jet (Corradi et al. 2011) the center. The compact companion launches the SN 1987A jets as it accretes mass from the giant progenitor. 2.2 Jets launched by a companion power pre-explosion outbursts Can be a main sequence companion as in the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae (Kashi, A. & Soker, N. in several papers). Can be a neutron star that enters the envelope (Gilkis, A., Kashi, A., Soker, N. 2019), or that accretes from the inflated envelope (Danieli, B. & Soker, N. 2019) 2.3 Type IIb supernovae by the grazing envelope evolution Jet-driven mass loss prevents common envelope and leads to the formation of a Type IIb supernova. (Naiman, Sabach, Gilkis, Soker 2019, accepted for publication by astro-ph [arXiv:1909:04583]) 3 Jets During 3.1 Common envelope jets supernovae (CEJSNe) A neutron star that spirals-in inside the envelope of a giant star can launch jets and power a `supernova’ as in the CEJSN model that we suggested for iPTF14hls (Soker & Gilkis 2018; Gofman & Soker 2019) (see poster by Aldana Grichener on r-process in CEJSNe ). 3.2 Magnetars and jets Magnetar-powered super-luminous supernovae must first be exploded by jets. This is because magnetars can add energy only to a successful CCSN, and neutrinos cannot give the required energy (Soker & Gilkis 2017). Such jets might ensure a long time accretion for a prolonged powering (Gilkis, Soker, Papish 2016). Take home: Jets launched at magnetar birth cannot be ignored (Soker 2016). 3.3 Jets shape ears in supernova remnants (From Grichener, A. & Soker, N. 2017) G309.2-00.6 Proposed direction of dead jets Eastern ear Western ear The energy in the last jet-launching episode is 5%-15% of the supernova. Compatible with the jittering jets explosion mechanism. A comparison of similar morphological features between the core collapse supernova remnant RCW 103 and three planetary nebulae. (see Bear, E., Grichener, A., & Soker, N. 2017) 3.4 The jittering jets explosion mechanism Fluctuations in the pre-collapse core (due to convection; Gilkis & Soker in several papers) and instabilities after collapse lead to accretion of stochastic angular momentum on to the newly born neutron star intermittent accretion disks/belts jittering jets explosion. Possible indications for jittering jets in core collapse supernova explosion simulations Noam Soker Explosion energy accepted for publication by astro-ph [arXiv:1907:13312] I analyze recent three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations by Bernhard Accreted angular momentum Muller. I find that a rapid increase in the diagnostic explosion energy occurs parallel to, or very shortly after, the accretion of gas with relatively large amount of angular momentum and/or Accreted specific angular momentum. specific angular A bipolar outflow (two opposite jets) momentum might appear. 4 Jets After An inefficient jet feedback mechanism does not eject all mass. This might lead to the most energetic core collapse supernovae, because the central neutron star (or black hole) can accrete fallback mass at late times (minutes - months) after explosion, and launch jets to power an energetic supernova (Gilkis, Soker, Papish 2016). Late jets can also explain late peaks in the light curve (Poster by Noa Kaplan; Kaplan & Soker 2019, arXiv:1907.05051). 5 Conclusion Jets 6 Summary (a) I repeat again my repeated call for a paradigm shift from a neutrino-driven to a jet-driven explosion mechanism of core collapse supernovae at all energies. (b) Energetic magnetars must come with jets that are more energetic. (c) Main sequence or neutron star companions can launch jets that power energetic outbursts and explosions that mimic supernovae. (d) Jets shape the outflow before, during, and after explosions. .
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