Methods of Illicit Manufacture
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Ergot Alkaloids Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Characteristics, Toxicity, Prevalence, and Control Strategies
agronomy Review Ergot Alkaloids Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Characteristics, Toxicity, Prevalence, and Control Strategies Sofia Agriopoulou Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; [email protected]; Tel.: +30-27210-45271 Abstract: Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are a group of mycotoxins that are mainly produced from the plant pathogen Claviceps. Claviceps purpurea is one of the most important species, being a major producer of EAs that infect more than 400 species of monocotyledonous plants. Rye, barley, wheat, millet, oats, and triticale are the main crops affected by EAs, with rye having the highest rates of fungal infection. The 12 major EAs are ergometrine (Em), ergotamine (Et), ergocristine (Ecr), ergokryptine (Ekr), ergosine (Es), and ergocornine (Eco) and their epimers ergotaminine (Etn), egometrinine (Emn), egocristinine (Ecrn), ergokryptinine (Ekrn), ergocroninine (Econ), and ergosinine (Esn). Given that many food products are based on cereals (such as bread, pasta, cookies, baby food, and confectionery), the surveillance of these toxic substances is imperative. Although acute mycotoxicosis by EAs is rare, EAs remain a source of concern for human and animal health as food contamination by EAs has recently increased. Environmental conditions, such as low temperatures and humid weather before and during flowering, influence contamination agricultural products by EAs, contributing to the Citation: Agriopoulou, S. Ergot Alkaloids Mycotoxins in Cereals and appearance of outbreak after the consumption of contaminated products. The present work aims to Cereal-Derived Food Products: present the recent advances in the occurrence of EAs in some food products with emphasis mainly Characteristics, Toxicity, Prevalence, on grains and grain-based products, as well as their toxicity and control strategies. -
Anti-Migraine Agents Reference Number: OH.PHAR.PPA.34 Effective Date: 01.01.21 Last Review Date: 11.20 Line of Business: Medicaid
Clinical Policy: Anti-Migraine Agents Reference Number: OH.PHAR.PPA.34 Effective Date: 01.01.21 Last Review Date: 11.20 Line of Business: Medicaid See Important Reminder at the end of this policy for important regulatory and legal information. Description • When using a preferred agent where applicable, the number of tablets/doses allowed per month will be restricted based on the manufacturer’s package insert and/or Buckeye Health plans quantity limits. CNS AGENTS: ANTI-MIGRAINE AGENTS – ACUTE MIGRANE TREATMENT NO PA REQUIRED “PREFERRED” STEP THERAPY REQUIRED PA REQUIRED “NON-PREFERRED” “PREFERRED” NARATRIPTAN (GENERIC OF AMERGE®) NURTEC™ ODT (rimegepant) ALMOTRIPTAN (generic of Axert®) RIZATRIPTAN TABLETS (GENERIC OF CAFERGOT® (ergotamine w/caffeine) MAXALT®) ELETRIPTAN (generic of Relpax®) RIZATRIPTAN ODT (GENERIC OF ERGOMAR® (ergotamine) MAXALT-MLT®) FROVA® (frovatriptan) SUMATRIPTAN TABLETS, NASAL SPRAY, MIGERGOT® (ergotamine w/caffeine) INJECTION (GENERIC OF MIGRANAL® (dihydroergotamine) IMITREX®) ONZETRA™ XSAIL™ (sumatriptan) REYVOW™ (lasmiditan) SUMAVEL DOSEPRO® (sumatriptan) TOSYMRA® (sumatriptan) TREXIMET® (sumatriptan/naproxen) UBRELVY™ (ubrogepant)* ZOLMITRIPTAN (generic of Zomig®) ZOLMITRIPTAN ODT (generic of Zomig ZMT®) ZOMIG® NASAL SPRAY (zolmitriptan) CNS AGENTS: ANTI-MIGRAINE AGENTS – CLUSTER HEADACHE TREATMENT NO PA REQUIRED “PREFERRED” PA REQUIRED “NON-PREFERRED” VERAPAMIL (Generic of Calan®) EMGALITY™ (galcanezumab) VERAPAMIL SR/ER (Generic of Calan SR®, Isoptin SR®, Verelan®) CNS AGENTS: ANTI-MIGRAINE AGENTS – PROPHYLAXIS TREATMENT NO PA REQUIRED “PREFERRED” STEP THERAPY REQUIRED PA REQUIRED “NON-PREFERRED” (Trials of at least 3 controller “PREFERRED” medications) Cardiovascular Agents: Beta-blockers AIMOVIG™ (erenumab-aooe) † EMGALITY™ (galcanezumab) CNS Agents: Anticonvulsants AJOVY™ (fremanezumab-vfrm) * CNS Agents: Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors CNS Agents: Tricyclic antidepressants †Initial Dose is limited to 70mg once monthly; may request dose increase if 70mg fails to provide adequate relief over two consecutive months. -
Determination of Sex 43, Elm Park Gardens, THOSE Who Are Interested in the Heredity of Sex Chelsea, S.W.Lo
APRIL 14, 1934 NATURE 579 sa was correctly computed in five minutes, 510 in genes outweigh the female and the result is the twenty seconds and 610 in seventy seconds. normal haplo-X male." Division was a slower process and 9 digits divided Thus, as my italics show, the experimental by 3 took times varying from two and a half to geneticist seems to agree with what Prof. MacBride seven and three quarters minutes. has expressed in more generally intelligible language ; Square roots of 6 digit numbers were extracted in not only in admitting the essential sameness of sex less than a minute while cube roots took longer. in all organisms but also in understanding the Curiously enough, the memorising of a number of function of proportion in its determination in some 27 digits was not done successfully, although he of them. Unanimity among the different branches of could repeat questions which had been put to him biology has therefore been reached after a long period and their answers after some days had elapsed, and of divergence, from entirely different data and, what would break off calculations in the middle to ask for is more, apparently unawares. Such an event, surely, milk or cigarettes, taking up the calculations again should not be allowed to pass without notice and where he had broken off. His methods of working without applause. The usual view that the chromo were not discovered, but he had obviously memorised some theory of sex determination criticised by the squares of two digit numbers, and less completely MacBride was a special hypothesis put forward by the products of two digit numbers. -
Inventory of Toxic Plants in Morocco: an Overview of the Botanical, Biogeography, and Phytochemistry Studies
Hindawi Journal of Toxicology Volume 2018, Article ID 4563735, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4563735 Review Article Inventory of Toxic Plants in Morocco: An Overview of the Botanical, Biogeography, and Phytochemistry Studies Hanane Benzeid , Fadma Gouaz, Abba Hamadoun Touré, Mustapha Bouatia , Mohamed Oulad Bouyahya Idrissi, and Mustapha Draoui LaboratoiredeChimieAnalytiqueetdeBromatologie,FacultedeM´ edecine´ et de Pharmacie, Universite´ Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco Correspondence should be addressed to Hanane Benzeid; [email protected] Received 10 December 2017; Revised 22 February 2018; Accepted 25 March 2018; Published 3 May 2018 Academic Editor: Orish Ebere Orisakwe Copyright © 2018 Hanane Benzeid et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Since they are natural, plants are wrongly considered nondangerous; therefore people used them in various contexts. Each plant is used alone or in mixture with others, where knowledge and the requirements of preparation and consumption are not mastered. Tus, intoxications due to the use of plants have become more and more frequent. Te reports of intoxications made at the Antipoison Center and Pharmacovigilance of Morocco (ACPM) support this fnding, since the interrogations sufered by the victimsshowthattheuseofplantsispracticedirrationally,anarchically, and uncontrollably. Faced by the increase of these cases of poisoning in Morocco, it seemed necessary to investigate the nature of poisonous plants, their monographs, and the chemicals responsible for this toxicity. 1. Introduction Tus, we thought it is necessary to study the nature of these poisonous plants and their monographs. Sinceimmemorialtime,thehumanhasusedplants,frstto feed himself and then to heal himself. -
Near the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim, at Altitudes the Catholic Inquisition, and the Traditional Use of These of up to 2700 Meters
Year of edition: 2018 Authors of the text: Marc Aixalà & José Carlos Bouso Edition: Alex Verdaguer | Genís Oña | Kiko Castellanos Illustrations: Alba Teixidor EU Project: New Approaches in Harm Reduction Policies and Practices (NAHRPP) Special thanks to collaborators Alejandro Ponce (in Peyote report) and Eduardo Carchedi (in Kambó report). TECHNICAL REPORT ON PSYCHOACTIVE ETHNOBOTANICALS Volumes I - II - III ICEERS International Center for Ethnobotanical Education Research and Service INDEX SALVIA DIVINORUM 7 AMANITA MUSCARIA 13 DATURA STRAMONIUM 19 KRATOM 23 PEYOTE 29 BUFO ALVARIUS 37 PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS 43 IPOMOEA VIOLACEA 51 AYAHUASCA 57 IBOGA 67 KAMBÓ 73 SAN PEDRO 79 6 SALVIA DIVINORUM SALVIA DIVINORUM The effects of the Hierba Pastora have been used by Mazatec Indians since ancient times to treat diseases and for divinatory purposes. The psychoactive compound Salvia divinorum contains, Salvinorin A, is the most potent naturally occurring psychoactive substance known. BASIC INFO Ska Pastora has been used in divination and healing Salvia divinorum is a perennial plant native to the Maza- rituals, similar to psilocybin mushrooms. Maria Sabina tec areas of the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains of Mexi- told Wasson and Hofmann (the discoverers of its Mazatec co. Its habitat is tropical forests, where it grows between usage) that Salvia divinorum was used in times when the- 300 and 800 meters above sea level. It belongs to the re was a shortage of mushrooms. Some sources that have Lamiaceae family, and is mainly reproduced by cuttings done later feldwork point out that the use of S. divinorum since it rarely produces seeds. may be more widespread than originally believed, even in times when mushrooms were abundant. -
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (P.L) 1. Terminology “Hallucinogens
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.l) 1. Terminology “hallucinogens” – induce hallucinations, although sensory distortions are more common “psychotomimetics” – to minic psychotic states, although truly most drugs in this class do not do so “phantasticums”or “psychedelics” – alter sensory perception (Julien uses “psychedelics”) alterations in perception, cognition, and mood, in presence of otherwise clear ability to sense” may increase sensory awareness, increase clarity, decrease control over what is sensed/experienced “self-A” may feel a passive observer of what “self-B” is experiencing often accompanied by a sense of profound meaningfulness, of divine or cosmic importance (limbic system?) these drugs can be classified by what NT they mimic: anti-ACh, agonists for NE, 5HT, or glutamate (See p. 332, Table 12.l in Julien, 9th Ed.) 2. The Anti-ACh Psychedelics e.g. scopolamine (classified as an ACh blocker) high affinity, no efficacy plant product: Belladonna or “deadly nightshade” (Atropa belladonna) Datura stramonium (jimson weed, stinkweed) Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant) pupillary dilation (2nd to atropine) PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.2) 2. Anti-ACh Psychedelics (cont.) pharmacological effects: e.g. scopolamine (Donnatal) clinically used to tx motion sickness, relax smooth muscles (gastric cramping), mild sedation/anesthetic effect PNS effects --- dry mouth relaxation of smooth muscles decreased sweating increased body temperature blurred vision dry skin pupillary dilation tachycardia, increased BP CNS effects --- drowsiness, mild euphoria profound amnesia fatigue decreased attention, focus delirium, mental confusion decreased REM sleep no increase in sensory awareness as dose increases --- restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, euphoria, disorientation at toxic dose levels --- “psychotic delirium”, confusion, stupor, coma, respiratory depression so drug is really an intoxicant, amnestic, and deliriant 3. -
Title 16. Crimes and Offenses Chapter 13. Controlled Substances Article 1
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 16-13-1. Drug related objects (a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) "Controlled substance" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 2 of this chapter, relating to controlled substances. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "controlled substance" shall include marijuana as defined by paragraph (16) of Code Section 16-13-21. (2) "Dangerous drug" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 3 of this chapter, relating to dangerous drugs. (3) "Drug related object" means any machine, instrument, tool, equipment, contrivance, or device which an average person would reasonably conclude is intended to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (A) To introduce into the human body any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (B) To enhance the effect on the human body of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (C) To conceal any quantity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; or (D) To test the strength, effectiveness, or purity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state. (4) "Knowingly" means having general knowledge that a machine, instrument, tool, item of equipment, contrivance, or device is a drug related object or having reasonable grounds to believe that any such object is or may, to an average person, appear to be a drug related object. -
Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses
Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 6-1976 Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses Sylvia Dahl Winters Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Psychiatry Commons Recommended Citation Winters, Sylvia Dahl, "Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses" (1976). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 976. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/976 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT HALLUCINOGENS: A CAUSE OF CONVULSIVE ERGOT PSYCHOSES By Sylvia Dahl Winters Ergotism with vasoconstriction and gangrene has been reported through the centuries. Less well publicized are the cases of psychoses associated with convulsive ergotism. Lysergic acid amide a powerful hallucinogen having one.-tenth the hallucinogenic activity of LSD-25 is produced by natural sources. This article attempts to show that convulsive ergot psychoses are mixed psychoses caused by lysergic acid amide or similar hallucinogens combined with nervous system -
Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Fumigatus : Association with Sporulation and Clustered Genes Common Among Ergot Fungi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2009 Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus : Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi Christine M. Coyle West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Coyle, Christine M., "Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus : Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi" (2009). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4453. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4453 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi Christine M. Coyle Dissertation submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Developmental Biology Daniel G. Panaccione, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth P. Blemings, Ph.D. Joseph B. -
United States Patent
Patented Aug. 17, 1948 2,447,214 UNITED STATES PATENT OFF ICE 2,447,214 OPTICALLY ACTIVE SALTS OF THE LY SERGIC AND SOLYSERGIC ACD DE RVATIVES AND A PROCESS FOR, THER PREPARATION AND SOLATION Arthur Stoll and Albert Hofmann, Basel, Switzer land, assignors to Sandoz Ltd., Fribourg, Swit zerland, a Swiss firm No Drawing. Application August 23, 1943, Serial No. 499,714. In Switzerland September 16, 1942 16 Claims. (CI. 260-236) 2 The preparation and the isolation of the thera The synthetically prepared derivatives of the peutically valuable and active derivatives con lysergic acid which also correspond to the above tained in ergot is a problem that has occupied cited formula possess also the same lability as chemistry and pharmacy for more than 120 years. the natural lysergic acid derivatives. Their is0 Actually it is known that the action of ergot is 5 lation and preparation encounters the same dif due to the alkaloids contained therein, which have ficulties as in the case of the lysergic acid hydra been isolated in recent years and which are zides C15H15N2CONHNH2 (made according to U. S. always present as pairs of isomers. Chrono Letters Patent 2,090,429) and in the case of the logically the following alkaloids have become alkaloids of the type of ergobasine, which can be 0 prepared by partial synthesis and in which the known up to noW: lysergic acid is combined with an amine in form Ergotinine (1875). Ergotoxine (1906) of an acid amide (see U. S. Letters Patent No. Ergotamine (1918) Ergotaminine (1918) 2,090,430). -
Risk Assessment of Argyreia Nervosa
Risk assessment of Argyreia nervosa RIVM letter report 2019-0210 W. Chen | L. de Wit-Bos Risk assessment of Argyreia nervosa RIVM letter report 2019-0210 W. Chen | L. de Wit-Bos RIVM letter report 2019-0210 Colophon © RIVM 2020 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to the: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, and the title and year of publication are cited. DOI 10.21945/RIVM-2019-0210 W. Chen (author), RIVM L. de Wit-Bos (author), RIVM Contact: Lianne de Wit Department of Food Safety (VVH) [email protected] This investigation was performed by order of NVWA, within the framework of 9.4.46 Published by: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM P.O. Box1 | 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands www.rivm.nl/en Page 2 of 42 RIVM letter report 2019-0210 Synopsis Risk assessment of Argyreia nervosa In the Netherlands, seeds from the plant Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (Argyreia nervosa) are being sold as a so-called ‘legal high’ in smart shops and by internet retailers. The use of these seeds is unsafe. They can cause hallucinogenic effects, nausea, vomiting, elevated heart rate, elevated blood pressure, (severe) fatigue and lethargy. These health effects can occur even when the seeds are consumed at the recommended dose. This is the conclusion of a risk assessment performed by RIVM. Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds are sold as raw seeds or in capsules. The raw seeds can be eaten as such, or after being crushed and dissolved in liquid (generally hot water). -
2,2'-Iminodi(Ethylamine)
2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine) (CAS No: 111-40-0) Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands No. 2000/15OSH/153 The Hague, October 27, 2005 Preferred citation: Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. 2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine); Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2005; 2000/15OSH/153. all rights reserved 1 Introduction The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of 2,2’- iminodi(ethylamine), in this document referred to as DETA (diethylenetriamine), by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this document was prepared by AAE Wibowo, Ph.D. (Coronel Institute, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The evaluation of the toxicity of DETA has been based on the reviews by the Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals (And94), the Swedish Criteria Group (Lun95), and the American Conference of Governmental Occupational Hygienists (ACGIH) (ACG96). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated as will be indicated in the text. In addition, in December 1997, literature was searched in the databases Medline, Chemical Abstracts, Embase (starting from 1966, 1970, and 1988, respectively), and HSELINE, NIOSHTIC, CISDOC, and MHIDAS (backwards from 1997) and Poltox (Toxline, Cambr Sc Abstr, FSTA) (backwards from 1994), using the following key words: diethylenetriamine, aminoethylethanediamine, diaminodiethylamine, iminobisethylamine, and 111- 40-0. In July 2000, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the document for public review.