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Ortadoğu'daki Ayaklanmalarda Bir Katalizör Olarak Al Jazeera Ve Mısır

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Ortadoğu'daki Ayaklanmalarda Bir Katalizör Olarak Al Jazeera Ve Mısır İnceleme Son 10 yıldır dünyada alışılagelmişin dışında Doğu kaynaklı bir TV kanalının sesi yankılanıyor. Ortadoğu’daki Ayaklanmalarda Bir Katalizör Olarak Al Jazeera ve Mısır Örneği Al Jazeera and Egypt Example as a Catalyzer in the Insurrections in the Middle East Leyla Melike KOÇGÜNDÜZ ORSAM Ortadoğu Uzman Yardımcısı Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi U.İ.B. Doktora Öğrencisi Abstract The Al Jazeera TV Channel, whose head office is found in the capital of the Qatar Emirate Doha, assumes a leading role in Easterns’ defining themselves process by breaking the molds. In the world that is familiar with the Western concepts, Al Jazeera, which provides an alternative and a new point of view in terms of press, drew the attention with the principles such as “being on the kill”, “uncensored and objective broadcasting policy”, “its being the reporter channel”, “opinions other opinions”; and it also consolidated its success by its daring photo and video shoots. Our question of study is on the position of Al Jazeera in the press-politics relation especially before the civil commotions in the Middle East and in the Northern Africa; and on the research on its potential of influencing the local community. The study starting with the subject of Egyptian revolution was supported by the writer’s interviews with the Ankara representative of Al Jazeera Omar Khashram, and with Egypt’s Ambassador in Ankara Abdurrahman Selahaddin. Al Jazeera is not only a subject, which is worth to carry out a research on, only related to the insurrections, but also it is fact expecting the world and Turkey to understand them better. Mayıs 2011 - Cilt: 3 - Sayı: 29 83 İnceleme Batılı kavramlara aşina olan küreselleşmiş dünyada, medya açısın- dan bir alternatif ve yeni bir bakış açısı sağlayan Al Jazeera, CNN ile BBC’ye rakip olma iddiasını taşımadan, özen göstermeye çalıştığı ilkelerle gözleri üzerine çekmeyi başarmıştır. Giriş Omar Khashram ile yapılan röportaj ve Mısır Büyükelçisi Abderrahman Salahaddin’le gerçek- Basra Körfezi’nde 11,521 kilometrekarelik1 ala- leşen görüşmeyle desteklenmiştir. Bu yöntemle na sahip ve Petrol İhraç Eden Ülkeler Örgütü çalışmanın özgün bir nitelik kazanması için uğ- (OPEC) üyesi olan Katar Emirliği2, örgütün diğer raşı verilmiştir. Al Jazeera yalnızca ayaklanma- üyelerine nispeten daha az petrol üretmekle bir- larla ilgili araştırılmaya değer bir konu değil, aynı likte, Rusya ve İran’dan sonra üçüncü büyük do- zamanda dünya ve Türkiye açısından daha iyi ğal gaz rezervine3 sahip ülke olarak LNG ve GTL anlaşılmayı bekleyen bir olgu olarak karşımızda sektöründe dünya piyasasında ön sıralarda yer durmaktadır. almaktadır. Katar’ın hidrokarbon satış gelirleri sayesinde, kişi başına düşen yıllık geliri 88.000 $ Çalışmamızda Al Jazeera Kanalının tarihçesi, ya- ile listelerin ilk basamaklarındadır.4 pısı, yayın politikası, etik değerleri aktarıldıktan sonra kanalın ekonomi politiği hakkında bilgi Müreffeh bir ülke olan Emirlikte hidrokarbonla- verilecektir. Devam eden bölümde Al Jazeera ve rın yanı sıra, bir medya kuruluşu olan Al Jazeera Ortadoğu’da basın özgürlüğü değerlendirmeleri- Kanalı da gerek küresel güçler gerekse bölgesel nin bitiminde kanalın ön plana çıkma süreci an- aktörler tarafından ilgi odağı olmaktadır. Çalış- latılarak önemli dönüm noktaları belirtilecektir. mamızın konusu olan medya kuruluşu Al Jazeera Medya ve siyaset ilişkisinin devamında ise son Kanalı, Muhammed el-Uvifi’ye göre, “ Al Jazeera yaşanan ayaklanmalarla birlikte Mısır’daki dev- reklam ve politik iletişim bağlamında Katar’ın en rime Al Jazeera’nın etkisi açıklanarak çalışma büyük başarılarından biri olarak görülmektedir. sonlandırılacaktır. Çünkü Al Jazeera’nın 1996’da yayına başlama- sından önce Katar, Arap dünyası ve uluslararası Al Jazeera Kanalının Tarihçesi, Yapısı, Yayın alanda çok az tanınmaktadır.”5 Kanal, bölgesel ve Politikası, Etik Değerleri küresel etkileri nedeniyle dünya siyasetinde 11 Eylül 2001 olayının ardından yayınladığı görün- 1971’de bağımsızlığını elde eden Katar tüleriyle gündeme gelmiş, gerçekleştirdiği cesur Emirliği’nin medya tarihçesine6 baktığımızda; ilk röportaj ve çekimleriyle 2011’in başlarından iti- aşamada Katar TV, 1970’li yıllarda yayına başla- baren Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadoğu ayaklanmala- mıştır. El Dawri ve Al Kass Spor Kanalları ile sü- rındaki yaptığı çalışmalarla başarısını pekiştir- reç devam etmiştir. Katar Haber Ajansı7 ise kör- miştir. Çalışma sorumuz Al Jazeera Kanalının fez bölgesinde haber alanında uzmanlaşmış ilk özellikle halk ayaklanmaları nezdinde medya–si- Arap haber ajansıdır ve Emir tarafından 94 Sayılı yaset ilişkisinin neresinde olduğu ve bölge hal- Karar ile Mayıs 1975’te kurulmuştur.� kını etkileme potansiyelinin araştırılmasıdır. Mı- sır devrimi ile yola çıkan çalışmamız, Al Jazeera Katar’dan yayın yapan uluslararası bağımsız bir Kanalının Türkiye’deki Ankara şubesi yetkilisi Arap televizyon kuruluşu olan Al Jazeera’ya bak- 84 Mayıs 2011 - Cilt: 3 - Sayı: 29 İnceleme tığımızda kanalın kelime anlamı “ada” demektir. şitliliğinde bir farklılığa sahip olmaktır. Ortado- Omar Khashram’a göre ise “Arap Yarımadası ğu ve Afrika için referans kanal AJE, dünyanın anlamına gelen Al Jazeera kelimesi ve bu adın en sorunlu ve tartışmalı yerlerinden özgün eri- hikâyesi şöyle bir oluşumla gerçekleşmiştir; Ka- şim sağlayarak, çatışma ve yoksulluğun olduğu nal, tüm Arap Yarımadasını kapsayarak, haberle- parçalanmış bölgelerde gerçeği yansıtmak için rini Yarımadaya iletip, oradanda dünyaya yayıl- çalışmaktadır.17 mak anlamında kurgulanmıştır.”9 Al Jazeera, ilk olarak Katar Emiri’nin yapmış olduğu 150 mil- Küresel odaklı medya hizmeti veren Al Jazeera yon dolarlık mali bir destekle 1996 yılında kurul- vizyon ve misyon açısından kendisi için bir ta- muştur. 1996 Nisan ayında BBC World’ün Suudi kım etik kurallar belirlemiştir. Haberlerinde; Arabistan merkezli Arapça yayın yapan kanalı 2 dürüstlük, cesaret, adalet, denge, bağımsızlık, yıllık yayın hayatının ardından kapanmış, kanal güvenilirlik ve çeşitlilik ön plandadır. Gerçeği al- çalışanlarının birçoğu Al Jazeera’ya geçmişlerdir. mak ve onun geçerliliği ile doğruluğu hakkında Kanal, 1 Kasım 1996 tarihinde yayına başlayan hiçbir şüpheye yer bırakmayarak, adil ve dürüst bir ağ olarak, tüm iştirak kanalları ve kurum- medya rekabeti sağlamak kanalın amacıdır. Bun- lar arasında çekici bir kuruluş haline gelmiştir. larla birlikte, önyargı olmadan farklı görüşlere Ortadoğu’nun kalbinde yer alan merkezi ile dün- yer vererek, bütün ırklar, kültürler, inançlar ve ya çapında 70 haber bürosu bulunan Al Jazeera, değerleri tarafsız bir şekilde yansıtmak, kanalın “Güneyin Sesi” şeklinde adlandırılarak, cesur, başat ilkeleri arasındadır. Uluslararası teamülle- dürüst ve kendine özgü bir gazetecilik ruhu ile re bağlı kalarak kendi kaynaklarını ve haberleri bölge ve dünyadaki olayları analiz etmektedir.10 ile ilgili şeffaflığa dikkat ederek, güncel malzeme Al Jazeera ağında 60’dan fazla ülkede, 400’ün ü- için spekülasyon ve propaganda tuzaklarına düş- zerinde gazeteci de dâhil olmak üzere dünya ça- memek kanal adına önemlidir. Arap ve uluslara- pında 3.000’den fazla personeli bulunmaktadır. rası gazetecilik alanındaki sendikalar ve dernek- Al Jazeera İngilizce (Al Jazeera English- AJE)11 ler ile işbirliği yapan kanal, basın özgürlüğünü küresel anlamda, 100’den fazla ülkede 220 milyon savunarak çalışanlarının maruz kaldığı saldırı ve haneye yayın yaparak büyümeye devam etmek- taciz eylemlerine yönelik hassas davranıp, onla- tedir.12 Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer al-Thani’nin ra destek vermek amacıyla hukuksal girişimlerde yönetim kurulu başkanı olduğu kanalın tam adı de bulunmaktadır.18 “Al Jazeera Channel”dır. Al Jazeera İngilizce ya- yınları, haber ve güncel olayları günde 24 saat, Al Jazeera, izleyiciye ulaşmak için tüm kıtalar haftada 7 gün Doha merkezinden takip edilebil- arasında kapsamlı bir ağ kurulmasını amaçla- mektedir.13 Al Jazeera İngilizce� haber ve prog- mıştır. Böylece, kanal uydu üzerinden yayın ya- ramlama alanında Uluslararası Emmy, Kraliyet pan çeşitli kurumlarla da uzun vadeli anlaşmalar Televizyon Derneği, Monte Carlo Film Festivali, imzalamıştır. Çalışanlar için Al Jazeera merkezi Yabancı Basın Derneği, Uluslararası Yayıncılar aylık sempozyumlar aracılığıyla Doha tarafından ve Uluslararası Af Örgütü Birliği de dahil olmak düzenlenen forumlara katılma fırsatı sunmakta- üzere çeşitli kulvarlarda aday olarak gösterilmiş dır. Al Jazeera Satellite Channel, sürekli teknik ve ödüller almıştır.15 bir gelişme elde etmek için uluslararası şirketler- le işbirliği içinde, ekranın yeni formatı ile uyum- 1996’da orjinali Arapça olan kanalın diğer bir lu olması için çalışmalar yürütmektedir.19 2004 versiyonu Al Jazeera16 İngilizce, dünya çapın- Şubat’ında kanal, gazetecilik değerlerini bölge- da gösterime 15 Kasım 2006 tarihinde başla- deki medya kurumlarına aktarmak amacıyla da tılmıştır. Haber ve güncel olaylar aktaran kanal bir “Medya Eğitim ve Gelişim Merkezi” kurarak20 Ortadoğu’dan dünya genelinde yayın yapan ilk Arap medyasının büyük bir bölümünde rekabet uluslararası İngilizce haber kanalıdır. Al Jazeera ortamı oluşturmuş, medya da yeni bakış açıları- İngilizce’nin misyonu bağımsız, tarafsız haber nın kurumsallaşmasını tetiklemiştir. sunmak ve bölgelerden perspektiflerle haber çe- Mayıs 2011 - Cilt: 3 - Sayı: 29 85 İnceleme Kasım 2005’te ABD Başkanı George Bush’un Al Jazeera kanalını bombalamakla tehdit etmişti. Resimde, açıklamanın ardından, Bush’u protesto eden Al Jazeera çalışanları görülüyor. Al Jazeera’nın yayın politikası hakkında ise re 1996 yılında Katar yönetimi Al
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