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Heritage-Making at the Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Tourism Centre, Northern Cape: an Exploration

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Heritage-Making at the Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Tourism Centre, Northern Cape: an Exploration Heritage-making at the Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Tourism Centre, Northern Cape: an exploration. By Shanade Bianca Barnabas November 2014 and March 2015 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Centre for Communication, Media and Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Declaration Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of a PhD at the Centre for Communication, Media and Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. I, Shanade Bianca Barnabas, declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Student: Shanade Bianca Barnabas Student number: 204515456 ____________________ ____________________ Signature Date i Abstract This study explores practices of heritage-making at the Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Tourism Centre in South Africa’s Northern Cape. The research is informed by an African cultural studies perspective, employing ethical reflexivity to populate the work with research participants rather than research objects. The !Xun and Khwe San groups are the hosts at Wildebeest Kuil. Historically, San peoples have been violently subdued while recent history has seen them incorporated into rhetoric of national unity, simultaneously placating competing nationalisms and legitimising a dominant ideology. Negotiations of representation, heritage valuation, challenges to community participation and custodial failings are explored in regard to the hosts’ engagement with the heritage resource at Wildebeest Kuil. The thesis responds to a call for critical thought into the uses of rock art sites within heritage and the dearth of research into heritage tourism in the developing world, knowledge of which is decidedly vital for heritage preservation and sustainable tourism. The qualitative study, conducted between 2010 and 2014 via regularised field trips, was indebted to relationships built over time with various stakeholders. Data collection included desktop research, interviews and participant observation within the ambit of an interpretive case study. Multivocality is widely endorsed as a panacea to complexities of identity and heritage politics. The thesis pursues principles for thinking about multivocality from a cultural studies perspective, through which critical questions are raised about heritage construction, mutability, democratic responsibility and counter-hegemonic responses. Challenges at Wildebeest Kuil were found to be indicative of socio-political concerns in the South African heritage sector. The thesis does not dismiss attempts at reformation in the ii sector; instead it engages with a pervading disquiet that necessitates continued criticism. Heritage is not autochthonous, nor is it harmonious, originally present, and outside of human constructedness. Findings of the study reiterate that heritage is made by social processes and historic developments. It is invented, assembled, mutable, emotionally and politically charged. When viewed as such, heritage narratives valorising national and elite agendas become open for critique. Key Words: African cultural studies, heritage narratives, heritage resource, heritage tourism, San, ethical reflexivity, museology, interpretation, rock art, multivocality. iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the generations on whose shoulders I have stood and from whose hard work I have prospered and to all those who instilled in me a love of learning, particularly Samuel M. Barnabas who at 92 years old remains the sprightliest student I know. *** Blessed is the one who finds wisdom and the one who gains understanding, for the gain from her is better than gain from silver and her profit better than gold—Proverbs 3:13–14. iv Acknowledgements The research for this study was conducted under the auspices of Professor Keyan Tomaselli’s National Research Foundation (NRF) funded Rethinking Indigeneity project and was made possible through scholarships provided by the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the NRF. The opinions expressed, however, and conclusions reached are my own and not necessarily those of the Foundation or the University. A special thanks to my supervisor, Keyan Tomaselli, for his support and encouragement. I am grateful to colleagues from the Centre for Communication, Media and Society (CCMS) who peer-reviewed chapters. Special thanks to Julie Grant and Varona Sathiyah for their meticulous reading of drafts. I thank other colleagues who read chapters, offered insights, suggestions and encouragement. Thanks go to the !Xun and Khwe of Platfontein, particularly community leaders Mario Mahongo and Zeka Shiwarra, for access to the community and support offered. I especially thank David Morris, Bafana Ndebele and Petrus Wilson of Wildebeest Kuil, for their time, patience and willingness to participate in the study. Additional thanks go to personnel at the South African San Institute (SASI), the McGregor Museum, and numerous others who acquiesced to an interview. While it is not possible to list everyone by name, I am sincerely grateful to those whose assistance helped to further this thesis. A heartfelt thank you to Johann and Elsabé for their hospitality during my many stays in Kimberley. Their warm hearth made bearing the Northern Cape winters considerably easier. I am indebted to my family for their enduring support and to my friends for encouragement along the way. My greatest gratitude is unto God, for every accomplishment is only by grace. *** Soli deo gloria *** v Table of Contents Declaration .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... vi Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... x A note on pronunciation......................................................................................................... xiii The Fieldwork Site .................................................................................................................. xiv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... xv Chapter One ............................................................................................................................... 1 The context of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 Parameters of the study and contribution to the field ........................................................ 1 Research tracks and access to the community ................................................................... 5 The fieldwork site .............................................................................................................. 6 A background to the hosts at Wildebeest Kuil................................................................... 8 Synopsis of the study ....................................................................................................... 15 A note on indigenous naming practices ........................................................................... 17 Chapter Two............................................................................................................................. 20 Research Methods in Context .............................................................................................. 20 Location of the study, participants and framing .............................................................. 20 Paradigms and approaches framing the study .............................................................. 22 The cultural studies paradigm ...................................................................................... 23 Research design and methods of data collection ............................................................. 27 The interpretive case study design ............................................................................... 28 Interviews ....................................................................................................................
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