Searles Mazzacano EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Who Pollinates? Who Pollinates?
Understanding and sustaining Insect Pollinators insect pollinators in your garden
A. Importance of pollinators
B. Cast of characters
C. Creating habitat Mining bee; CASM
Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. D. Sustaining habitat Presented for EMSWCD E. Projects & resources
Flower scarab; CASM © 2016 C. A. Searles Mazzacano yellow-faced bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano 1 2
Why are pollinators important? Why are pollinators important?
• pollination: transfer of pollen • 70% of flowering plants within or between flowers for pollinated by insects fertilization, seed & fruit set • most pollinated by bees • wind, insects, birds, mammals
honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Bat Conservation International
Importance of bees to food production
Bumble bee on echinacea; (Wilson & Carrill, 2016) Wikimedia Commons 3 4 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Who pollinates? Who pollinates?
More than bees!!!!! sand wasp; C.A.S. Mazzacano
More than insects!!!!! • Wasps
• Bats • Flies Tayler/naturepl.com • Hummingbirds • Beetles
• Moths & butterflies
Bee fly; Anna;s Hummingbird; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Who pollinates? Who pollinates?
summer leafcutter bee, Bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano “Managed” bees are Crown Bees catalog More than European honey bees!!!!! economically important
- native bees (> 4000 NA spp.) • honey bees, bumble bees, orchard mason bees, alfalfa ‣ social: bumble bees leafcutter bees
‣ solitary: mining, mason, leafcutter, orchard, sweat, digger, and carpenter bees
Sweat bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano CA almond grove; Kathy Keatley Garvey
7 8 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Challenges for pollinators Challenges for pollinators
dead bees; Rodale’s Many stressors foulbrood-infected larvae; Univ. of GA • Colony Collapse Disorder (2006) in managed honey • habitat loss bee hives • pesticides • many bumble bees
are also declining Franklin’s Bumble Bee; • diseases (viruses, Dana Campbell fungi, bacteria) • much less known about status of other wild bees • parasites (varroa mite, tracheal mite)
Varroa mite on bee pupa; Jason Graham, Univ. of FL
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Challenges for pollinators Bees
• managed bees may spread & intensify disease in wild bees
• wild bees pollinate many plants C.A.S. Mazzacano more efficiently C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano than honey bees
C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano
11 12 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Bees Bees
Types of flowers pollinated vary
• short- vs. long-tongued bees short-tongued Sphecodes cuckoo sweat bee; Tom Murray
• generalist vs. specialist foragers
long-tongued Eastern Bumble Bee; sankax, Flickr
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Bees Social vs. solitary bees
Coelioxys cuckoo bee; Laura Clark, iNaturalist Not all bees are pollinators • solitary: each female builds & provisions own nest • nest parasites (cuckoo bees) • social: shared nests, • “nectar robbers” castes with different roles
nectar-robbing hole; C.A.S. Mazzacano
wild honey bee nest; vickbird
mining bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
15 16 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees
Social (honey bees, bumble bees, Social (honey bees, bumble bees, some sweat bees) some sweat bees)
• several generations at one • members care for offspring drone & workers; C.A.S. Mazzacano time in colony or nest Max Westby, EoL that aren’t theirs
Bumble bee nest; Panoramedia • nest may be perennial (honey • division of labor bee) or annual (bumble bee) (reproduction, hive cleaning, brood care, foraging)
C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees
Solitary bees (mining bees, Solitary bees (mining bees, mason bees, sweat bees, mason bees, sweat bees, plasterer bees) plasterer bees) • tunnel nesters use existing • one female provisions “cells” Alfalfa leafcutter nest board; tunnels in wood or chew USDA ARS in nest where she lays eggs Miner bee on nest; C.A.S. Mazzacano tunnels in pithy twigs • aggregated, communal, • ground nesters dig tunnels semisocial in patches of bare soil
Colletes nest aggregation; bumblebee.org Cellophane bee brood cell;NatureWorks
19 20 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Bees Bees • Carpenter, bumble, squash, long-horned, and honey bees • Carpenter, bumble, long- (Apidae) horned, squash, and honey bees (Apidae) • Sweat bees (Halictidae) - medium to large • Mining bees (Andrenidae) Peponapis squash bee; Anthophoridae; C.A.S. Mazzacano Holly Prendeville, U of NE - fuzzy/hairy • Mason, carder, leaf-cutter bees (Megachilidae) - may have hair bands/ • Polyester & stripes yellow-faced bees (Colletidae)
- long-tongued long-horned bee; • Oil-collecting bees (Melittidae) Kathy Keatley Garvey Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Bees Bees
• Carpenter, bumble, long- horned, squash, and honey Bumble bees (Bombus) bees (Apidae) • medium to large; robust, hairy - carry pollen on hind legs Peponapis squash bee; • yellow, black, orange, white, Holly Prendeville, U of NE Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano - many specialists or brown hair bands
• - most are ground-nesting carry pollen & nectar mix in stiff hairs (scopa) in concave basket - majority of parasitic on hind legs (corbiculum)
bees in N. America long-horned bee; Kathy Keatley Garvey Tri-colored Bumble Bee; themountaincampus, iNat
23 24 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Bees Bees
The short-haired bumblebee project
Bumble bees (Bombus)
• generalists on wide range
of plants Annual bumble bee Nevada Bumble Bee; colony • buzz pollination Mike Patterson, iNat
Fog-belt Bumble Bee; Cara Fitchett, iNat
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Bees Bees
Perennial Honey bees (Apis mellifera) honey bee colony
• medium size; hairy body & eyes
• brown/black with golden bands wild honey bee hive; C.A.S. Mazzacano • generalists on a queen mates with 12-15 variety of flowers drones
• carry pollen in corbiculae
Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano
27 28 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Long-horned bees Digger bees Bees
• Sweat bees (Halictidae) Anthophora; Hank Wallays, EoL Eucera; Alvesgaspar, Wikimedia Commons Melissodes; Laura Jansen Simpson, iNat - range of sizes & colors Small carpenter bees
- may be metallic, striped
Anthophora digging out nest tunnel; C.A.S. Mazzacano Agapostemon splendens; - short-tongued Sean McCann, EoL Ceratina; Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL Valter Jacinto, EoL Cuckoo bee
Carpenter bees
Xylocopa varipunctata; Nomada; Xylocopa; C.A.S. Mazzacano Barbara Vance, iNaturalist Discover Life Dieunomia; Anne Reeves
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Metallic green bees Bees
• Sweat bees (Halictidae) Agapostemon odoratissimus; Agapostemon; Nomia melanderi (alkali bee); Mary Keim, EoL Darwin Bell Entomology Today - Sweat bees Augochlora pura; carry pollen on hind legs Sam Kieschnick, EoL
- most are ground-nesting; varying sociality Lasioglossum; BioImages, Encyclopedia ofLife Dieunomia nevadensis; John Ascher, Discover Life Halictus ligatus; Lasioglossum; Ricardo Ayala, EoL Stephen Cresswell - specialists & generalists Sphecodes davisii; Ilona Loser, Discover Life
Sweat bees Dufourea novaeangliae; Dufourea; Xeralictus; Michael Veit, Discover Life Cory Sheffield Laurence Packer, Discover Life
31 32 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Bees Bees
• Mining bees (Andrenidae) • Mining bees (Andrenidae)
- range of sizes & colors - carry pollen on hind legs
Perdita minima; - may be red, orange, Jillian Cowles, Discover Life - ground-nesting Protoxaea gloriosa; cream, dark blue, striped Robert Behrstock, Discover Life - generalists and - short-tongued specialists Andrena; Valter Jacinto, EoL
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Andrena barbilabris; Andrena prima; Henk Wallays, EoL Oklahoma Panhandle State Univ. Bees
• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees
Panurginus; (Megachilidae) Jules Barlet
Protandrena abdominalis; Calliopsis puellae; Smithsonian Lynette Schimming, - small to medium Discover Life
- moderately hairy head & thorax
Andrena cerasifolii; Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life - robust, cylindrical; yellow & black stripes/spots, brilliant metallic colors Anthidium; Anita Gould, iNaturalist Mining - long-tongued Macrotera; Protoxaea; bees Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life
35 36 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Osmia ribifloris; USDA Anthidium; Miroslav Deml, EoL Megachile rotundata; spider-bite, iNaturalist Bees
• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees (Megachilidae)
Megachile periharta; North Thurston HS Science Club, BugGuide.net - carry pollen beneath abdomen
- solitary nesters in
existing tunnels in Lithurgopsis apicalis; Hoplitis hypocrita; Ashmeadiella xenomastax; Bob O’Kennon, iNaturalist Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life soil, wood, stems Atoposmia copelandica; Heriades leavitti; Coelioxys sayi; Laurence Packer, Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life - many specialists
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Wasps Wasps
Wasps vs. bees Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris)
• • less hairy black or brown; yellow, white or red bands; • more pronounced “waist” • clubbed antennae
• brighter color patterns • generalists; prefer pollen from waterleaf • most are predators, but some & figwort families feed young on pollen & nectar Pseudomasaris coquilletti; Mathesont
39 40 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Wasps Flies
Pseudomasaris vespoides; Hartmut Wisch Pollen wasps Flies vs. bees (Pseudomasaris) • only 1 pair of wings; stick • only wasps that feed out more when perched young on nectar & Villa lateralis; pollen, collected in • big round eyes dominate head Linda Dahlberg, Discover Life internal crop • shorter, thinner antennae • solitary nesters • may be bare or hairy
Pseudomasaris vespoides nest; Eristalis arbustorum; USDA Bee Lab Hadel Go, Discover Life
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Flies Flies
Flower flies Helophilis syrphid; C.A.S. Mazzacano Flower flies • adults eat nectar, • bare or fuzzy pollen, honeydew
• bee & wasp mimics • larvae prey on aphids
• characteristic hovering darting flight
Thomas Bresson
Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield
43 44 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Flies Flies
Bee flies Bee flies
• hairy, brightly-colored • adults eat nectar, honeydew, pollen bumble bee mimics • larvae mostly external • wings may have dark Villa bee fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano parasitoids of soil- markings, stick out dwelling insect larvae sideways when perched
Chrysanthrax cypris; Royal Tyler
Sinuous bee fly; Sam Kieschnick
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Beetles Beetles
Locust Borer; Bruce Marlin Checkered Beetle; • C.A.S. Mazzacano Soldier Beetles (Cantharidae)
• Long-horned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
• Blister Beetles (Meloidae) Pennsylvania Leatherwing; Sheryl Pollock, Discover Life Podabrus Soldier Beetle; vncdatatech01 • Flower Scarabs (Scarabaeidae) Kern’s Flower Scarab; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Bee-like Flower Scarab; Gail Starr, Discover Life Black Blister Beetle; Four-spotted Collops; Sheryl Pollock, Discover Life Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist Banded Alder Borer; C.A.S. Mazzacano Red-eared Blister Beeetle; Ken-ichi Uchida
47 48 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Beetles Beetles
• Checkered Beetle (Cleridae) • adults eat nectar, pollen, and often other insects • Soft-winged Flower Beetle (Melyridae) • bright colors & patterns Scarlet Malachite Beetle; Margined Leatherwing; Jason Michael Crockwell, iNaturalist David Hebert • Tumbling Flower Beetle (Mordellidae) • larvae may be predators, wood-borers, or parasites Anthocomus soft-winged flower beetle; oldbilluk, iNaturalist
Hoshihananomia perlata; Ornate Checkered Beetle; Texas Flower Scarab; Stanislav Ktejcik, EoL Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist vadalton, iNaturalist
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Moths & Butterflies Moths & Butterflies
Mylitta Crescent; C.A.S. Mazzacano Western Pine Elfin; Butterflies C.A.S. Mazzacano
• day-flying
Salt Marsh Skipper; C.A.S. Mazzacano Western Tiger Swallowtail; C.A.S. Mazzacano • perch with wings held vertically
Gray Hairstreak; Hera Buck Moth; White-banded Black Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano • long straw-like proboscis
• visit variety of flowers
Zabulon Skipper; C.A.S. Mazzacano
51 52 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Moths & Butterflies Moths & Butterflies
White-banded Black Moth; Moths C.A.S. Mazzacano Moths • feathery antennae • can be important • often night-flying pollinators of night- blooming plants • wings held rooflike LeConte’s Haploa; C.A.S. Mazzacano Primrose Moth; Susan Elliott or flat against surface • Yucca and Primrose when perched moths highly specialized
Yucca Moth; Ann Cooper
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Creating habitat Planting for pollinators
• Nectar & pollen sources
- diverse
- long bloom time
- native plants Flower Fly; Pat Reed
- species groupings
- low & tall plants
Sweat bees swarming red osier dogwood; Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano
55 56 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators Flowers for bees Flowers for bees
• purple, yellow, blue flowers; • may reflect UV light often sweet-scented • can have nectar guides • nectar-rich Blue-eyed Mary; USDA • often with bilateral symmetry • landing platform
Foxglove; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Small-flowered penstemon; day lily, visible vs. UV light; Paul Noll David Kennedy checkermallow; Portland Nursery
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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators
Flowers for bees Flowers for bees
• short-tongued bees prefer • long-tongued bees can access clusters of tiny flowers tubular flowers (penstemon, (herbs, daisy, marigold, foxglove) phlox) Seep monkeyflower; Russ Kleinman Phlox; C.A.S. Mazzacano
Woodland Penstemon; Fleabane (Erigeron); English thyme; Grand Collomia; Mark Turner Lyn Topinka Max Licher milkandhoneyherbs
59 60 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators
Tachninid on catmint; Flowers for beetles Beatriz Moisset, USDA Flowers for flies • dull white, green, or • small shallow flowers reddish flowers; can smell fruity, spicy, or bad • drab; pale or brown/purple
• open bowl shape; Prickly Poppy; CASM • bad odor may lack nectar • red trillium, elderberry, • magnolia, aster, sunflower, skunk cabbage rose, goldenrod, Spirea
Magnolia; Portland Nursery Red trillium; USDA Plants
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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators
Flowers for butterflies Clearwing on Blazing Star; Flowers for moths TG Barnes, Univ. of KY
• composite flowers in • white or pale flowers orange, yellow, pink, blue in clusters
• perching • open late afternoon or night platform Blanketflower; C.A.S. Mazzacano • strong sweet smell • light scent Showy Milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano • honeysuckle, • honeysuckle, lily, primrose, stock sages, trumpet flower
Funereal Duskywing; C.A.S. Mazzacano Joshua Tree; Marisa Anderson, USDA
63 64 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom
Western Tiger Swallowtails “puddling” for minerals; C.A.S. Mazzacano • water & nutrients • shelter & nesting sites
- safe access - dead snags (mason & for small insects leafcutter bees)
- “puddling” sources - rotting logs (sweat for butterflies bees, flower flies)
• sun - old rodent burrows (bumble bees) • warming in the morning
standing dead tree; • refuge in the afternoon C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom
• shelter & nesting sites brush pile; C.A.S. Mazzacano • Leafcutter bees; Nesting & egg-laying sites Kathy Keatley Garvey/ UC Davis - rock & brush piles - stem bundles (teasel, (beetles, caterpillars, bamboo, plastic straws pupae)
- - bee blocks undisturbed soil fescue; C.A.S. Mazzacano (ground-nesting bees, - open at 1 end only beetle & fly larvae) - tunnels <1⁄4” diameter, 3-5” - grass clumps (nesting deep; if >1⁄4”, then 5-6” deep & overwintering)
Osmia rufa in nesting tube; BioImages
Flower Fly; Pat Reed 67 68 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat
Cluster Rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano Integrated pest management (IPM): • build healthy soil
• ecosystem-based strategy • proper plant placement & irrigation • long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques • plant mostly natives
- biological control, habitat manipulation, • “scout” your gardens planting & watering practices, using resistant varieties • tolerate some damage - preserve natural system as much as possible Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano
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Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat
Oleander aphids on rush Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano • Reduce/eliminate pesticides milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano • Reduce/eliminate pesticides - removing natural enemies - disrupt natural enemies may allow additional pests to establish - pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas - non-lethal levels can than natural enemies impair reproduction, foraging
71 72 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Creating & maintaining habitat Habitat
Laren Leland, Portland OR Laren Leland, Portland OR
Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano • IF pesticides used, treat to suppress target organism only
• minimize risks to human health, non-target organisms, Laren Leland, Portland OR & environment • prepare planting area
• create planting plan
• plant, mulch, water, monitor
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Habitat Habitat
central CA pollinator Pollinator pathway; garden; Megan O’Donald Kim Smith Design
spring early summer OSU Extension
pollinator demonstration garden
late summer
75 76 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Habitat Resources native pollinator garden, Los bee block; Oregon Metro Angeles CA; Carol Bornstein
mining bee tunnels in garden path; Megan O’Donald
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Resources Resources
http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/ FSE_DOCUMENTS/ Koch, Strange, & Williams; USFS stelprdb5306468.pdf
www.oregon.gov/ODA
free entomology.oregonstate.edu Great Sunflower Project
$3.99 Encyclopedia of Life
79 80 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Resources Resources
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Projects
greatsunflower.org
Visit emswcd.org to find more workshops and resources!
bumblebeewatch.org
* annual plant sale!
83 84 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016 Questions? Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected]
Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Netwinged Beetle, C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano
Flower scarabs; C.A.S. Mazzacano Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. Mazzacano
Copyright © 2016 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.
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Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Pollinators V2 - October 4, 2016