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Searles Mazzacano Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Who Pollinates? Who Pollinates?

Searles Mazzacano Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Who Pollinates? Who Pollinates?

Understanding and sustaining insect pollinators in your garden

A. Importance of pollinators

B. Cast of characters

C. Creating habitat Mining ; CASM

Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. D. Sustaining habitat Presented for EMSWCD E. Projects & resources

Flower scarab; CASM

© 2016 C. A. Searles Mazzacano yellow-faced bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano 1 2

Why are pollinators important? Why are pollinators important?

• pollination: transfer of pollen • 70% of flowering plants within or between flowers for pollinated by fertilization, seed & fruit set • ~1,000 plants grown • wind, insects, , mammals worldwide for food, fibers, drinks, spices, & medicine ; C.A.S. Mazzacano pollinated by

Bat Conservation International • most pollinated by

Importance of bees to food production Bumble bee on echinacea; (Wilson & Carrill, 2016) Wikimedia Commons

3 4 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Who pollinates? Who pollinates?

More than bees!!!!! sand ; C.A.S. Mazzacano

More than insects!!!!! •

• Bats • Flies Tayler/naturepl.com • Hummingbirds •

• Moths & butterflies

Bee fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Who pollinates? Who pollinates?

summer leafcutter bee, Bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano “Managed” bees are Crown Bees catalog

Much more than economically important European honey bees!!!!! • honey bees, bumble bees, - native bees (> 4000 NA spp.) orchard mason bees, alfalfa leafcutter bees ‣ social: bumble bees

‣ solitary: mining, mason, leafcutter, orchard, sweat, digger, and carpenter bees

Sweat bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano CA almond grove; Kathy Keatley Garvey

7 8 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Challenges for pollinators Challenges for pollinators

Many stressors • Colony Collapse Disorder (2006) in managed honey • habitat loss bee hives

• pesticides fouldbrood-infected larvae; Univ. of GA • many bumble bees are also declining dead bees; Rodale’s • diseases (viruses, fungi, bacteria) • much less known about status of other wild bees • parasites (varroa mite, tracheal mite)

Varroa mite on bee pupa; Jason Graham, Univ. of FL Franklin’s Bumble Bee; Dana Campbell

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Challenges for pollinators Bees

• managed bees may spread & intensify disease in wild bees

• wild bees pollinate many plants C.A.S. Mazzacano more efficiently C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano than honey bees

C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

11 12 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

Types of flowers pollinated vary

• short- vs. long-tongued bees

• generalist vs. specialist foragers

short-tongued sweat bee; Tom Murray

long-tongued Eastern Bumble Bee; sankax, Flickr

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Bees Social vs. solitary bees

Not all bees are pollinators • solitary: each female builds & provisions own nest • nest parasites (cuckoo bees) • social: shared nests, • “nectar robbers” castes with different roles

Coelioxys ; Laura Clark, iNaturalist wild honey bee nest; vickbird

nectar-robbing hole; mining bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

15 16 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees

Social (honey bees, bumble bees, Social (honey bees, bumble bees, some sweat bees) some sweat bees)

• several generations at one • members care for offspring C.A.S. Mazzacano time in colony or nest drone & workers; Max Westby, EoL that aren’t theirs

• nest may be perennial (honey • division of labor bee) or annual (bumble bee) (reproduction, hive cleaning, brood care, foraging)

Bumble bee nest; Panoramedia C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees

Solitary bees (mining bees, Solitary bees (mining bees, mason bees, sweat bees, mason bees, sweat bees, plasterer bees) plasterer bees) • tunnel nesters use existing • one female provisions “cells” interior of Alfalfa leafcutter bee nest board; tunnels in wood or chew USDA ARS in nest where she lays eggs Miner bee on nest; C.A.S. Mazzacano tunnels in pithy twigs • aggregated, communal, • ground nesters dig tunnels semisocial in patches of bare soil

Colletes nest aggregation; .org Cellophane bee brood cell;NatureWorks

19 20 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

• Mining bees (Andrenidae) Bumble bees (Bombus) • Polyester & yellow-faced bees (Colletidae) • medium to large; robust, hairy

• Sweat bees () • yellow, black, orange, white, Anthophoridae; C.A.S. Mazzacano • Mason, carder, leaf-cutter bees or brown hair bands C.A.S. Mazzacano () • carry pollen & nectar mix in stiff • Carpenter, bumble, hairs (scopa) in concave basket honey bees () on hind legs (corbiculum)

• Oil-collecting bees (Melittidae) Tri-colored Bumble Bee; Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano themountaincampus, iNat

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Bees Bees

The short-haired bumblebee project

Bumble bees (Bombus)

• generalists on wide range of plants Annual bumble bee colony • buzz pollination Nevada Bumble Bee; Mike Patterson, iNat

Fog-belt Bumble Bee; Cara Fitchett, iNat

23 24 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

Perennial Honey bees (Apis mellifera) honey bee colony • medium size; hairy body & eyes

• brown/black with golden bands wild honey bee hive; C.A.S. Mazzacano

• generalists on a queen mates with 12-15 variety of flowers drones

• carry pollen in corbiculae

Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Bees Bees

Long-horned bees (Eucera)

• small to medium

• hairy head & thorax

• face may be yellow; pale hair bands on abdomens

Eucera; Alvesgaspar, Wikimedia Commons • males with very long antennae

27 28 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

Long-horned bees (Melissodes) Long-horned bees (Eucera) • small to medium; robust; • generalist foragers hairy head & thorax • carry pollen on lower part Eucera; Biopix, EoL • hairy hind legs; pale hair of hind legs bands on abdomens • solitary ground-nesters; • males have very long brood cells lined with waxy antennae, may have waterproof secretion yellow face

Melissodes; John Baker, iNat

Eucera; Hank Wallays, iNat

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Bees Bees

Long-horned bees (Melissodes) Small carpenter bees (Ceratina)

• prefer sunflower, • small; almost hairless; thick cylindrical abdomen aster, daisy • shiny/metallic black, • carry pollen on blue, green hind legs • may have pale • solitary ground-nesters; markings on face brood cells lined with Melissodes; Laura Jansen Simpson, iNat waxy waterproof secretion

Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL

31 32 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

Small carpenter bees (Ceratina) Digger bees (Anthophora)

• generalists • small to large; robust, hairy

• females carry pollen • head & thorax on hind legs densely hairy

• solitary nesters in old wood, • may have pale hair pithy stems (sunflower, bands on abdomen blackberry, elderberry)

Anthophora; Hank Wallays, EoL Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL

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Bees Bees

Digger bees (Anthophora) Metallic green bees (Agapostemon)

• generalists & specialists • medium size

• females carry pollen • bright metallic under hind legs green or blue

• solitary nesters in flat • some with white ground or sloping banks; abdominal bands

Anthophorine bee digging out nest tunnel; line cells with oily secretion C.A.S. Mazzacano

Agapostemon splendens; Sean McCann, EoL

35 36 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

Metallic green bees (Agapostemon) Sweat bees ()

• generalists • medium; black/brown; slightly metallic • females carry pollen on hind legs • pale hair bands on outer portion of each • solitary or communal abdominal segment ground-nesters in deep burrows in flat or sloped soils

Agapostemon odoratissimus; Mary Keim, EoL Halictus fulvipes; Valter Jacinto, EoL

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Bees Bees

Sweat bees (Halictus) Sweat bees ()

• generalists • similar to Halictus

• females carry pollen • pale hair bands on hind legs at base of each abdominal segment • ground-nesters in loose soils; cells lined with waxy secretion

Halictus rubicundus; Stanislav Krejcik, EoL

Lasioglossum; Steven Miodinow, EoL

39 40 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees Mining bees () Sweat bees (Lasioglossum) • small to medium; black, • generalists dull metallic blue/green, gray, brown, red • females carry pollen on hind legs • may have pale bands on abdomen • ground-nesters in loose soils; cells lined with waxy secretion • females with patch Lasioglossum; BioImages, EoL of velvety hairs between eyes

Andrena; CASM

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Bees Bees

Mining bees (Andrena) Carder bees (Anthidium)

• generalists & specialists • small to medium

• females carry pollen • moderately hairy on hind legs head & thorax

• solitary ground-nesters, • black body with often in large aggregations incomplete yellow Andrena; Valter Jacinto, EoL bands on abdomen

Anthidium; Anita Gould, iNaturalist

43 44 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Bees

Carder bees (Anthidium) Leafcutter bees (Megachile)

• generalists & specialists • medium to large; stocky dark body • females carry pollen beneath abdomen • flattened abdomen with pale hair bands • solitary nesters in existing tunnels in • big serrated mandibles soil, wood, stems

Anthidium; Miroslav Deml, EoL

Megachile periharta; Ken Schneider, iNaturalist

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Bees Bees

Leafcutter bees (Megachile) Mason bees (Osmia) • generalists & specialists Megachile periharta; North Thurston HS Science Club, BugGuide.net • small to medium; • females carry pollen metallic blue/green beneath abdomen • round broad head • solitary nesters in and abdomen crevices in rock or wood, pithy stems, tunnels

Osmia ribifloris; USDA

47 48 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Bees Wasps

Mason bees (Osmia) Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris) • generalists, some specialists; commonly visit Rose family • black or brown; yellow, white or red bands; • females carry pollen • clubbed antennae under abdomen Osmia lignaria; USDA

• • solitary nesters in cavities in generalists; prefer pithy stems, rocks, plant galls, pollen from waterleaf beetle tunnels, old bee nests & figwort families

Pseudomasaris coquilletti; Mathesont

Osmia rufa in nesting tube; BioImages

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Wasps Flies

Flower flies Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris) • bare or fuzzy • only wasps that feed young on nectar & • bee & wasp mimics pollen, collected in internal crop • characteristic hovering darting flight • solitary nesters

Thomas Bresson

Pseudomasaris vespoides; Hartmut Wisch

51 52 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Flies Flies

Flower flies Helophilis syrphid; C.A.S. Mazzacano Bee flies • adults eat nectar, pollen, honeydew • hairy, brightly-colored bumble bee mimics • larvae prey on aphids • wings may have dark Villa bee fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano markings, stick out sideways when perched

Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield Sinuous bee fly; Sam Kieschnick

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Flies Beetles

Bee flies Soldier Beetles

• adults eat nectar, honeydew, pollen • long body, soft wing covers, long antennae • larvae mostly external parasitoids of soil- • yellow/orange & Podabrus Soldier Beetle; vncdatatech01 dwelling insect larvae black markings

Chrysanthrax cypris; Royal Tyler Podabrus tricostatus; Robert L. Curtis, iNat

55 56 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Beetles Beetles

Soldier Beetles Longhorned Beetles • adults eat nectar, pollen, and other insects • large, oblong body

Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert • • very long antennae prefer sunflower, Banded Alder Borer; C.A.S. Mazzacano coneflower, goldenrod • often bright colors/patterns • velvety larvae prey on insect eggs & larvae

Cantharis larva; Stanislav Krejcik

Locust Borer; Patrick Coin

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Beetles Beetles

Blister Beetles Blister Beetles

• medium to large; dark, • adults feed on nectar, elongated,cylindrical body pollen, esp. aster, pea,

Black ; & sunflower families Bruce Marlin, EoL • some with bright warning colors • larvae parasitic on ground-nesting bees Meloe strigulosus; C.A.S. Mazzacano • wing cases rolled over abdomen

Red-eared Blister Beeetle; Ken-ichi Uchida Blister Beetle; Patrick Coin

59 60 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Beetles Beetles

Flower Scarabs Flower Scarabs

• medium to large; broad, • adults feed on pollen slightly flattened body Kern’s Flower Scarab; C.A.S. Mazzacano • larvae feed on roots, organic • flower scarabs often mater in soil, decaying wood brightly colored, bee mimics Texas Flower Scarab; vadalton, iNaturalist • antennae end in club made of small plates

Delta Flower Scarab; Patrick Coin, EoL Bumble Flower Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Beetles Beetles

Checkered Beetle Checkered Beetle • small to medium • adults & larvae prey on bark • long, narrow, hairy body beetles, weevils, wood-boring insects Ornate Checkered Beetle; • often patterned in red, Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist yellow, orange, or blue • adults of some species Enoclerus eximius; CASM eat pollen

European Red-bellied Clerid; Jürgen Mangelsdorf, iNaturalist

63 64 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Beetles Beetles

Soft-winged Flower Beetle Soft-winged Flower Beetle

• small; dark hairy body • adults eat flower-visiting insects and pollen • bright red/orange markings Endeodes collaris; C.A.S. Mazzacano Scarlet Malachite Beetle; Jason Michael Crockwell, iNaturalist • larvae are predators in soil, • some have inflatable sacs leaf litter, under bark along abdomen

Four-spotted Collops; Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist Anthocomus; oldbilluk, iNaturalist

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Beetles Beetles

Tumbling Flower Beetle Tumbling Flower Beetle

• small, humpbacked, • adults are predators, wedge-shaped body also eat pollen

Hoshihananomia perlata; • pointy abdomen not Stanislav Ktejcik, EoL • prefer composite flowers covered by wings • larvae in decaying wood, • dark, hairy, some plant stems, fungi

Falsomordellistena hebraica; with light spots or bands Katja Schulz, iNaturalist

Mordellistena comata; kimberlietx, iNaturalist

67 68 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Moths & Butterflies Moths & Butterflies

Butterflies Butterflies

• thin antennae with • long straw-like proboscis club or hook at tip to feed on nectar

Western Pine Elfin; C.A.S. Mazzacano • day-flying • visit variety of flowers Queen butterfly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

• wings held vertically • not specialized to collect when perched or transfer pollen

Red-spotted Purple; C.A.S. Mazzacano Zabulon Skipper; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Moths & Butterflies Moths & Butterflies

Moths Moths • feathery antennae • can be important • often night-flying pollinators of night- blooming plants • wings held rooflike White-banded Black Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano Primrose Moth; Susan Elliott or flat against surface • Yucca and Primrose when perched moths highly specialized

LeConte’s Haploa; C.A.S. Mazzacano Yucca Moth; Ann Cooper

71 72 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Moths & Butterflies Creating habitat

Moths

• hawk moths, owlets, underwings, geometers, many others

White-lined Sphinx; Mary Keim

Blinded Sphinx; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Grapevine Epimenis; Xestia mustelina; C.A.S. Mazzacano Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Bees • Nectar & pollen sources • purple, yellow, orange - diverse flowers; often sweet scent - long bloom time • may reflect UV light

- native plants Flower Fly; Pat Reed • can have nectar guides - species groupings

• landing platform Foxglove; C.A.S. Mazzacano - low & tall plants

Sweat bees swarming red osier dogwood; C.A.S. Mazzacano Small-flowered penstemon; Paul Noll

75 76 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Bees Bees

• different flowers for short- • different flowers for short- vs. long-tongued bees vs. long-tongued bees

- small, short-tongued - long-tongued bees can Phlox; C.A.S. Mazzacano access tubular flowers bees prefer clusters of Penstemon; C.A.S. Mazzacano tiny flowers (herbs, (penstemon, foxglove) daisy, marigold, phlox

English thyme; milkandhoneyherbs Grand Collomia; Mark Turner

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Tachninid on catmint; Beatriz Moisset, USDA Beetles Flies • dull white, green, or • small shallow flowers reddish flowers; can smell fruity, spicy, or bad • drab; pale or brown/purple

• open bowl shape; Prickly Poppy; CASM • bad odor may lack nectar • red trillium, elderberry, • magnolia, aster, sunflower, skunk cabbage rose, goldenrod, Spirea

Magnolia; Red trillium; USDA Plants Portland Nursery

79 80 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Butterflies Clearwing on Blazing Star; Moths TG Barnes, Univ. of KY • composite flowers • white or pale flowers in clusters • orange, yellow, pink, blue

• open late afternoon or night • perching Blanketflower; C.A.S. Mazzacano platform • strong sweet smell • light scent • honeysuckle, Showy Milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano primrose • honeysuckle, lily, sages, trumpet flower

Funereal Duskywing; C.A.S. Mazzacano Joshua Tree; Marisa Anderson, USDA

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Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom

Western Tiger Swallowtails “puddling” for minerals; C.A.S. Mazzacano • • water & nutrients shelter & nesting sites

- dead snags (mason & - safe access for small insects leafcutter bees)

- rotting logs (sweat - “puddling” sources for butterflies bees, flower flies)

- old rodent burrows • sun (bumble bees)

standing dead tree; C.A.S. Mazzacano

83 84 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom • shelter & nesting sites • Nesting & egg-laying sites - rock & brush piles - bare soil (miner bees) (beetles, caterpillars, pupae) - snags (leafcutter & brush pile; C.A.S. Mazzacano mason bees) - undisturbed soil Miner bees; C.A.S. Mazzacano (ground-nesting bees, - grass tussocks, brush beetle & fly larvae) piles (bumble bees)

- grass clumps (nesting - bee blocks & & overwintering) stem bundles

Leafcutting bees in block; fescue; C.A.S. Mazzacano Kathy Keatley Garvey/UC Davis

Flower Fly; Pat Reed 85 86

Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat

Integrated pest management (IPM): • Reduce/eliminate pesticides • ecosystem-based strategy - disrupt natural enemies • long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques - pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas - biological control, habitat manipulation, than natural enemies modification of cultural practices, use of resistant varieties

Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; - preserves natural system as much as possible C.A.S. Mazzacano

87 88 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Sustaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• Reduce/eliminate pesticides Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; • use pesticides use only after C.A.S. Mazzacano monitoring indicates need - removing natural enemies may allow secondary • treat with goal of removing pests to establish target organism only

- non-lethal levels can • select & apply to minimize impair reproduction, risks to human health, foraging nontarget organisms, & environment Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat

• build healthy soil • tolerate a certain level of damage

• proper plant • use multiple placement & irrigation compatible methods

• plant mostly natives Cluster Rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano • if pesticides necessary, select most suitable, • “scout” your gardens timely, selective, least toxic to non-targets

Oregon grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano

91 92 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Resources Resources

Encyclopedia of Life

Great Sunflower Project

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Resources Resources

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/ stelprdb5306468.pdf

www.oregon.gov/ODA

free entomology.oregonstate.edu

$3.99

95 96 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016 Projects

greatsunflower.org

Visit emswcd.org to find additional workshops and resources!

bumblebeewatch.org

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Questions? Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected]

Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Netwinged Beetle, C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

Flower scarabs; C.A.S. Mazzacano Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. Mazzacano

Copyright © 2016 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.

99 Searles Mazzacano_Pollinators - September 12, 2016

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