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Higher Education Management and Policy Volume 21/3 Volume 2009 Higher Education Management and Policy JOURNAL OF THE PROGRAMME ON INSTITUTIONAL Higher Education MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION Management Defining and Measuring Academic Standards: A British Perspective Geoffrey Alderman 9 and Policy Supra-national Accreditation, Trust and Institutional Autonomy: Contrasting Developments of Accreditation in Europe and the United States JOURNAL OF THE PROGRAMME Alberto Amaral, Maria João Rosa and Diana Amado Tavares 23 ON INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT Four Basic Dilemmas in University Governance Reform IN HIGHER EDUCATION Ingvild M. Larsen, Peter Maassen and Bjørn Stensaker 41 Academic Values in the Marketplace William F. Massy 59 Ethical Marketing of Higher Education: What Might be Done to Encourage its Adoption? Paul Gibbs and Patrick E. Murphy 75 The Secondary Markets of Higher Education: A Canadian Context Higher Education Management and Policy Jeffrey M. Litwin 91 Allocating Time Resources for Research between Academic Staff: The Case of Norwegian University Colleges Svein Kyvik 109 Subscribers to this printed periodical are entitled to free online access. If you do not yet have online access via your institution’s network, contact your librarian or, if you subscribe personally, send an e-mail to [email protected]. Volume 21/3 2009 ISSN 1682-3451 2009 SUBSCRIPTION (3 ISSUES) -:HRLGSC=XYZUUU: Volume 21/3 ����������������������� 89 2009 03 1 P 2009 Book.book Page 1 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM Higher Education Management and Policy Volume 21/3 Book.book Page 2 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. ISSN 1682-3451 (print) Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2009 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Book.book Page 3 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY Higher Education Management and Policy ● A journal addressed to leaders, managers, researchers and policy makers in the field of higher education institutional management and policy. ● Covering practice and policy in the field of system and institutional management through articles and reports on research projects of wide international scope. ● First published in 1977 under the title International Journal of Institutional Management in Higher Education, then Higher Education Management from 1989 to 2001, it appears three times a year. Information for authors wishing to submit articles for publication appears at the end of this issue. Articles and related correspondence should be sent to the editor: Professor Vin Massaro Professorial Fellow LH Martin Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Management Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne 153 Barry Street Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia E-mail contact: [email protected] To subscribe send your order to: OECD Publications Service 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France 2009 subscription (3 issues): EUR 129 USD 169 GBP 90 JPN 18 300 Online bookshop: www.oecdbookshop.org HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 21/3 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2009 3 Book.book Page 4 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY The Programme on Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE) is a membership forum serving policy makers in national and regional authorities, managers of higher education institutions, and researchers. IMHE provides strategic analysis and advice on institutional leadership, management, research and innovation in a global knowledge economy, and reform and governance in higher education. The Programme on Institutional Management in Higher Education is part of the OECD. IMHE is the only OECD forum open to higher education institutions. Established in 1969, IMHE now has 220 members from 41 different countries. IMHE research areas and activities are determined by the IMHE Governing Board, made up of elected representatives of IMHE members in each country. The role of the Governing Board is to develop and monitor the IMHE programme of work, implemented by the Secretariat. 4 HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 21/3 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2009 Book.book Page 5 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP Editorial Advisory Group Elaine EL-KHAWAS George Washington University, United States (Chair) Philip G. ALTBACH Boston College, United States Chris DUKE RMIT University, Australia John GODDARD Newcastle University, United Kingdom Leo GOEDEGEBUURE University of New England, Australia Ellen HAZELKORN Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Salvador MALO Instituto Mexico de la Competitividad, Mexico Vin MASSARO University of Melbourne, Australia V. Lynn MEEK University of Melbourne, Australia Robin MIDDLEHURST University of Surrey, United Kingdom José-Ginés MORA University of London, United Kingdom Jan SADLAK UNESCO-CEPES, Romania Jamil SALMI The World Bank, United States Michael SHATTOCK University of London, United Kingdom Sheila SLAUGHTER University of Georgia, United States HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 21/3 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2009 5 Book.book Page 6 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP Andrée SURSOCK European University Association, Belgium Ulrich TEICHLER INCHER-Kassel, Germany Luc WEBER Université de Genève, Switzerland Akiyoshi YONEZAWA Tohoku University, Japan Frank ZIEGELE Centre for Higher Education Development, Germany 6 HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 21/3 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2009 Book.book Page 7 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Defining and Measuring Academic Standards: A British Perspective Geoffrey Alderman . 9 Supra-national Accreditation, Trust and Institutional Autonomy: Contrasting Developments of Accreditation in Europe and the United States Alberto Amaral, Maria João Rosa and Diana Amado Tavares . 23 Four Basic Dilemmas in University Governance Reform Ingvild M. Larsen, Peter Maassen and Bjørn Stensaker . 41 Academic Values in the Marketplace William F. Massy. 59 Ethical Marketing of Higher Education: What Might be Done to Encourage its Adoption? Paul Gibbs and Patrick E. Murphy . 75 The Secondary Markets of Higher Education: A Canadian Context Jeffrey M. Litwin . 91 Allocating Time Resources for Research between Academic Staff: The Case of Norwegian University Colleges Svein Kyvik . 109 HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 21/3 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2009 7 Book.book Page 8 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM Book.book Page 9 Monday, November 16, 2009 4:06 PM ISSN 1682-3451 Higher Education Management and Policy Volume 21/3 © OECD 2009 Defining and Measuring Academic Standards: A British Perspective by Geoffrey Alderman University of Buckingham, United Kingdom Historically, the definition and measurement of academic standards in British higher education have been the exclusive prerogative of the academic community. The calibration of standards across institutions was the responsibility and purpose of the external-examiner system. But the mechanisms in place to achieve these ends have broken down under the weight of the massification of UK higher education, the need to recruit international students to sustain revenue streams, and the league-table or rankings culture that has resulted in academic standards being sacrificed in order to maintain or improve institutional
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