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Petrology, Geochemistry, Provenance, and Alteration of Pennsylvanian-Permian Arkose, Colorado and Utah

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Petrology, Geochemistry, Provenance, and Alteration of Pennsylvanian-Permian Arkose, Colorado and Utah Petrology, geochemistry, provenance, and alteration of Pennsylvanian-Permian arkose, Colorado and Utah PETER C. VAN DE KAMP Cornells Corporation, 1750 Cabernet Lane, St. Helena, California 94574-1604 BERNARD E. LEAKE Department of Geology and Applied Geology, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom ABSTRACT fluids, apparently in the Tertiary. These flu- Rocks studied (Figs. 1 and 2) include the ids were probably heated by deep-seated Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian Late Paleozoic and modern feldspathic magma adjacent to the Colorado Lineament Fountain Formation in the Front Range clastic sediments of the Colorado Rockies and/or range front faults that served as geo- (Hubert, 1960; Howard, 1966). In the Eagle were derived from dominantly igneous and thermal water conduits toward the surface. Basin, the Middle Pennsylvanian Minturn meta-igneous Precambrian basement rocks. Formation (Mallory, 1972) was studied. In Average composition, expressed as Gazzi- the Paradox Basin, the Middle Pennsylva- DickinsonQFL(quartz-feldspar-lithicfrag- INTRODUCTION nian to Lower Permian Cutler Formation ments) is 36:64:0 in modern stream sands, was examined. Sand samples from streams for the Cutler Formation is 54:46:0, for the Petrographic analysis of clastic sedimen- in the Front, Gore, and Park Ranges and in Minturn Formation is 57:43:0, and for the tary rocks has traditionally proven very use- the Uncompahgre Uplift (Fig. 1) were ana- Fountain Formation is 51:49:0. No major ful for determining their provenance (for ex- lyzed. Because these streams drain the same mafic components are present in the prov- ample, Dickinson, 1985). Because only the basement rocks that acted as sources for the enance as indicated by low Co, Cr, and Ni more stable minerals (mostly quartz, Paleozoic sandstones, these analyses estab- abundances, although higher Fe and Mg feldspars, and micas) are preserved through lish baseline data for this study. abundances in Cutler Formation rocks in- weathering and diagenesis, however, prove- We studied 99 samples of ancient sedi- dicate derivation from somewhat more nance resolution by microscopic methods is mentary rocks and 23 samples of modern mafic provenance than the Fountain and limited. Much of the mafic component of stream sediments. All samples were miner- Minturn Formation rocks. Fountain For- parent rocks to sediments is lost by trans- alogically analyzed in thin section and/or by mation rocks are more altered by predepo- formation to chlorite, clays, Fe-oxides, and X-ray diffraction (Table 1). Many sands and sitional weathering, diagenesis, and Holo- solution. Chemical signatures of mafic com- sandstones were quantitatively analyzed cene weathering than their equivalents in ponents (Mg, Co, Cr, and Ni) are commonly with point counts of 400-700 points by the the Minturn and Cutler Formations. Thus preserved through weathering and diagen- Gazzi-Dickinson method (Dickinson, 1985) plagioclase is albitized and clay altered or esis processes (van de Kamp and Leake, in which grains in plutonic rock fragments absent in the Fountain Formation, whereas 1985). Therefore, analyses of major and are counted as minerals rather than as parts it is abundant and much less altered in the trace element abundances commonly reveal of rock fragments. Most samples were also Minturn and Cutler rocks. Fountain For- details of sediment composition, not seen in chemically analyzed for major and trace el- mation sandstone in the Steamboat Moun- thin sections, that are indicative of mafic ements by X-ray fluorescence and wet meth- tain section lacks remaining detrital plagio- rocks in the provenance. ods using the procedures of Leake and oth- clase but contains authigenic albite as This study developed new, integrated min- ers (1969) and Harvey and others (1973). overgrowths on, and replacement of, de- eralogical and major and trace element geo- Normative mineralogy of the sediments was trital K-feldspar and as pore-filling crys- chemical data for 122 samples of modern computed using the unpublished program tals. In the Eldorado Springs section there and ancient sediments derived from conti- SEDNORM, which is based on earlier pro- is extensive epithermal potassic alteration nental block provenance. Critical analysis of grams developed by Garrels and MacKenzie in the Fountain Formation from the detrital the results yielded significant new insights (1971) and Fenton (1987). assemblage quartz + plagioclase + K-feld- on local and regional provenance variations. spar + biotite + muscovite to the assem- Geochemical data, including cation gains PREVIOUS WORK blage quartz + K-feldspar + authigenic and losses, also permit detailed evaluation adularla + illite/muscovite + kaolinite. K of diagenetic and previously unreported hy- Numerous studies have documented the and Rb have been metasomatically added to drothermal alterations. This approach is stratigraphy (summarized by Mallory, 1972; these rocks with concomitant removal of Ca, particularly useful in the case of the mod- DeVoto, 1980; and Maughan, 1980), miner- Na, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Ga, Th, U, Zn, Ba, Ce, erately to intensely altered Fountain alogy, and petrology (Hubert, 1960; Raup, La, and Y during passage of hydrothermal Formation. 1966; Boggs, 1966; Werner, 1974; Mack and Data Repository item 9448 contains additional material related to this article. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1571-1582, 12 figs., 2 tables, December 1994. 1571 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/106/12/1571/3381889/i0016-7606-106-12-1571.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 VAN DE KAMP AND LEAKE 109°W 102°W — 41°N SAMPLE LOCATIONS Fountain Formation, Front Range 1. Steamboat Mountain 2. Lee Hill Road 3. Eldorado Springs 4. Red Rocks, Morrison 5. Perry Park 6. Manitou Springs Minturn Formation, Eagle Basin 7. Vail Pass West 8. McCoy area Cutler Formation, Paradox Basin 9. Ouray 10. Gateway area 11. Fisher Towers 12. Moab area Modern Sediments 13. Rampart Range PARADOX 14. Georgetown 15. Clear Creek 16. Big Thompson Creek 17. Rocky Mountain Park 18. Park Range 19. Gore Range 37° N 20. West Creek Figure 1. Index map of Colorado and eastern Utah indicating sampling sites for late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (filled circles) and modern sands from streams draining basement rocks (filled triangles). Sedimentary basins and mountain ranges are indicated. The shading represents outcrops of Precambrian crystalline basement rocks; these were also approximately the late Paleozoic highland areas. Unshaded areas contain Paleozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks in various sedimentary basins. Suttner, 1977; Walker, 1984; Mack and Ras- played showing significant compositional basement provenance with respect to the cli- mussen, 1984; and Suttner and Dutta, 1986) differences between groups. mates in which they were developed. To of the Pennsylvanian-Permian feldspathic classify ancient sandstone, we assume that nonmarine rocks in Colorado. These studies CLIMATE OF WEATHERING the quartz and feldspar contents are similar established that the late Paleozoic sedi- to those at the time of erosion and deposi- ments, formed in response to contempora- The ratio Q/(Q + F) was used by van de tion of the sediments. This is tenuous be- neous uplift of the ancestral Rocky Moun- Kamp and Helmold (1991) to classify first- cause the Q/(Q + F) may be significantly tains, are alluvial and fluvial facies. cycle modern sands derived from "granitic" changed by postdepositional alteration as In the Wet Mountains south of our study area (Fig. 1), Cullers and Stone (1991) stud- ied the mineralogy and chemistry of al- FRONT RANGE UPLIFT, luvial-fan facies feldspathic Fountain For- PARADOX BASIN EAGLE BASIN DENVER BASIN mation sediments. Their work related sediment composition to provenance with major and rare-earth element analyses. MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY QFL (quartz-feldspar-lithic) plots of modern sand and ancient sandstone (Fig. 3A) indicate continental block prove- nance (Dickinson, 1985) for these sedi- ments. The small proportion of lithic frag- ments, largely metamorphic schist, is shown by the low L, or lithic, content of these rocks. In Figure 3B, a QPK (quartz-plagioclase- Figure 2. Correlation section for the Pennsylvanian-Permian sedimentary rocks of the K-feldspar) plot, the proportions of feldspar Denver, Eagle, and Paradox basins. Adapted from chart by Pearl (1980). The units sampled and quartz for the same samples are dis- for this study are indicated by heavy vertical bars. 1572 Geological Society of America Bulletin, December 1994 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/106/12/1571/3381889/i0016-7606-106-12-1571.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT COMPOSITIONS Paleozoic sedimentaiy rocks Formation: Modem sediments Fountain Minturn Cutler Steamboat Location: Front Range Rampart Rg. Park Range Gore Range Uncompahgre Eldorado Mountain Lee Hill Road Others McCoy Paradox Location no. on 14-17 13 18 19 20 3 1 2 4-6 8 9-12 Figure 1 Number of samples 10 6 7 4 2 2 5 3 5 4 7 5 3 2 5 8 12 Grain size* f-vc vf-vc vf-vc f-vc vf-vc vf-vc siltstone- m-c siltstone- m-vc sitatone- m-vc siltstone- f-c siltstone- f-vc sittstone- Detrital grain shapest a-sr a-sa a-sr a-sa a-sr a-sr shale a-sr shale a-sr shale a-sr shale a-sa shale a-sr shale Sorting? p-m p-m p-m p-m p-m p-m m m-p p-m m m-p Quartz 34.6 34.0 29.9 29.0 28.7 38.1 33.0 45.4 72.0 61.5 61.8 41.6 17.5 37.3 27.0 38.8 32.4 Plagioclase 22.5 24.9 39.5 39.3
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