Large Earthquakes in the Macquarie Ridge Complex: Transitional Tectonics and Subduction Initiation
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Subduction Initiation May Depend on a Tectonic Plate's History 22 June 2021, by David Shultz
Subduction initiation may depend on a tectonic plate's history 22 June 2021, by David Shultz geological history makes it an ideal location to study how subduction starts. The team's seismic structural analysis showed that subduction zone initiation begins along existing weaknesses in Earth's crust and relies on differences in lithospheric density. The conditions necessary for the subduction zone's formation began about 45 million years ago, when the Australian and Pacific plates started to pull apart from each other. During that period, extensional forces led to seafloor spreading and the creation of new high-density oceanic lithosphere in the south. However, in the north, the thick and buoyant continental crust of Zealandia was merely stretched and slightly thinned. Over the next several million years, the plates rotated, and strike- The Puysegur Trench follows the natural curvature of slip deformation moved the high-density oceanic New Zealand’s South Island, extending southwest from lithosphere from the south to the north, where it the island’s southern tip. Credit: NASA slammed into low-density continental lithosphere, allowing subduction to begin. Subduction zones are cornerstone components of The researchers contend that the differences in plate tectonics, with one plate sliding beneath lithospheric density combined with existing another back into Earth's mantle. But the very weaknesses along the strike-slip boundary from the beginning of this process—subduction previous tectonic phases facilitated subduction initiation—remains somewhat mysterious to initiation. The team concludes that strike-slip might scientists because most of the geological record of be a key driver of subduction zone initiation subduction is buried and overwritten by the because of its ability to efficiently bring together extreme forces at play. -
Geophysical Structure of the Southern Alps Orogen, South Island, New Zealand
Regional Geophysics chapter 15/04/2007 1 GEOPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN ALPS OROGEN, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND. F J Davey1, D Eberhart-Phillips2, M D Kohler3, S Bannister1, G Caldwell1, S Henrys1, M Scherwath4, T Stern5, and H van Avendonk6 1GNS Science, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, [email protected] 2GNS Science, Dunedin, New Zealand 3Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA 4Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany 5School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6Institute of Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA ABSTRACT The central part of the South Island of New Zealand is a product of the transpressive continental collision of the Pacific and Australian plates during the past 5 million years, prior to which the plate boundary was largely transcurrent for over 10 My. Subduction occurs at the north (west dipping) and south (east dipping) of South Island. The deformation is largely accommodated by the ramping up of the Pacific plate over the Australian plate and near-symmetric mantle shortening. The initial asymmetric crustal deformation may be the result of an initial difference in lithospheric strength or an inherited suture resulting from earlier plate motions. Delamination of the Pacific plate occurs resulting in the uplift and exposure of mid- crustal rocks at the plate boundary fault (Alpine fault) to form a foreland mountain chain. In addition, an asymmetric crustal root (additional 8 - 17 km) is formed, with an underlying mantle downwarp. The crustal root, which thickens southwards, comprises the delaminated lower crust and a thickened overlying middle crust. -
SEASAT Geoid Anomalies and the Macquarie Ridge Complex Larry Ruff *
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 38 (1985) 59-69 59 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands SEASAT geoid anomalies and the Macquarie Ridge complex Larry Ruff * Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (U.S.A.) Anny Cazenave CNES-GRGS, 18Ave. Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31055 (France) (Received August 10, 1984; revision accepted September 5, 1984) Ruff, L. and Cazenave, A., 1985. SEASAT geoid anomalies and the Macquarie Ridge complex. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 38: 59-69. The seismically active Macquarie Ridge complex forms the Pacific-India plate boundary between New Zealand and the Pacific-Antarctic spreading center. The Late Cenozoic deformation of New Zealand and focal mechanisms of recent large earthquakes in the Macquarie Ridge complex appear consistent with the current plate tectonic models. These models predict a combination of strike-slip and convergent motion in the northern Macquarie Ridge, and strike-slip motion in the southern part. The Hjort trench is the southernmost expression of the Macquarie Ridge complex. Regional considerations of the magnetic lineations imply that some oceanic crust may have been consumed at the Hjort trench. Although this arcuate trench seems inconsistent with the predicted strike-slip setting, a deep trough also occurs in the Romanche fracture zone. Geoid anomalies observed over spreading ridges, subduction zones, and fracture zones are different. Therefore, geoid anomalies may be diagnostic of plate boundary type. We use SEASAT data to examine the Maequarie Ridge complex and find that the geoid anomalies for the northern Hjort trench region are different from the geoid anomalies for the Romanche trough. -
Review of Tsunamigenic Sources of the Bay of Plenty Region, GNS Science Consultancy Report 2011/224
DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science) exclusively for and under contract to Bay of Plenty regional Council. Unless otherwise agreed in writing by GNS Science, GNS Science accepts no responsibility for any use of, or reliance on any contents of this Report by any person other than Bay of Plenty regional Council and shall not be liable to any person other than Bay of Plenty regional Council, on any ground, for any loss, damage or expense arising from such use or reliance. The data presented in this Report are available to GNS Science for other use from June 2012. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Prasetya, G. and Wang, X. 2011. Review of tsunamigenic sources of the Bay of Plenty region, GNS Science Consultancy Report 2011/224. 74 p. Project Number: 410W1369 Confidential 2011 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... VII 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ........................................................................ 1 2.1 Joint Tsunami Research Project of EBOP and EW (Bell et al. 2004) ............................ 1 2.2 Tsunami Source Study (Goff et al. 2006) ....................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Mw 8.5 Scenarios.............................................................................................. 5 2.2.1.1 -
The Age and Origin of Miocene-Pliocene Fault Reactivations in the Upper Plate of an Incipient Subduction Zone, Puysegur Margin
RESEARCH ARTICLE The Age and Origin of Miocene‐Pliocene Fault 10.1029/2019TC005674 Reactivations in the Upper Plate of an Key Points: • Structural analyses and 40Ar/39Ar Incipient Subduction Zone, Puysegur geochronology reveal multiple fault reactivations accompanying Margin, New Zealand subduction initiation at the K. A. Klepeis1 , L. E. Webb1 , H. J. Blatchford1,2 , R. Jongens3 , R. E. Turnbull4 , and Puysegur Margin 5 • The data show how fault motions J. J. Schwartz are linked to events occurring at the 1 2 Puysegur Trench and deep within Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA, Now at Department of Earth Sciences, University continental lithosphere of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 3Anatoki Geoscience Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand, 4Dunedin Research Centre, GNS • Two episodes of Late Science, Dunedin, New Zealand, 5Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, Miocene‐Pliocene reverse faulting CA, USA resulted in short pulses of accelerated rock uplift and topographic growth Abstract Structural observations and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology on pseudotachylyte, mylonite, and other Supporting Information: fault zone materials from Fiordland, New Zealand, reveal a multistage history of fault reactivation and • Supporting information S1 uplift above an incipient ocean‐continent subduction zone. The integrated data allow us to distinguish • Table S1 true fault reactivations from cases where different styles of brittle and ductile deformation happen • Figure S1 • Table S2 together. Five stages of faulting record the initiation and evolution of subduction at the Puysegur Trench. Stage 1 normal faults (40–25 Ma) formed during continental rifting prior to subduction. These faults were reactivated as dextral strike‐slip shear zones when subduction began at ~25 Ma. -
Developing Community-Based Scientific Priorities and New Drilling
Workshop Reports Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Developing community-based scientific priorities and new drilling proposals in the southern Indian and southwestern Pacific oceans Robert McKay1, Neville Exon2, Dietmar Müller3, Karsten Gohl4, Michael Gurnis5, Amelia Shevenell6, Stuart Henrys7, Fumio Inagaki8,9, Dhananjai Pandey10, Jessica Whiteside11, Tina van de Flierdt12, Tim Naish1, Verena Heuer13, Yuki Morono9, Millard Coffin14, Marguerite Godard15, Laura Wallace7, Shuichi Kodaira8, Peter Bijl16, Julien Collot17, Gerald Dickens18, Brandon Dugan19, Ann G. Dunlea20, Ron Hackney21, Minoru Ikehara22, Martin Jutzeler23, Lisa McNeill11, Sushant Naik24, Taryn Noble14, Bradley Opdyke2, Ingo Pecher25, Lowell Stott26, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben4, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath24, and Ulrich G. Wortmann27 1Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand 2Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia 3School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia 4Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 5California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 6College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA 7GNS Science, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand 8Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 236-0001, -
GMT Based Comparative Analysis and Geomorphological Mapping of the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches, Southwest Pacific Ocean Polina Lemenkova
GMT Based Comparative Analysis and Geomorphological Mapping of the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches, Southwest Pacific Ocean Polina Lemenkova To cite this version: Polina Lemenkova. GMT Based Comparative Analysis and Geomorphological Mapping of the Ker- madec and Tonga Trenches, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Geographia Technica, Cluj University Press, 2019, 14 (2), pp.39-48. 10.21163/GT_2019.142.04. hal-02333464 HAL Id: hal-02333464 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02333464 Submitted on 16 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Geographia Technica, Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2019, pp 39 to 48 GMT BASED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF THE KERMADEC AND TONGA TRENCHES, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN Polina LEMENKOVA1 DOI: 10.21163/GT_2019.142.04 ABSTRACT: Current study is focused on the GMT based modelling of the two hadal trenches located in southwest Pacific Ocean, eastwards from Australia: Tonga and Kermadec. Due to its inaccessible location, the seafloor of the deep-sea trench can only be visualized using remote sensing tools and advanced algorithms of data analysis. The importance of the developing and technical improving of the innovative methods in cartographic data processing is indisputable. -
Presentation on Pacific Plate and Associated Boundaries
PACIFIC PLATE AND ASSOCIATED BOUNDARIES The Pacific Plate • Pacific Plate is the largest plate and an oceanic plate. • It shares its boundaries with numerous plates namely; North American Plate.(Convergent and transform fault) Philippine Plate.(Convergent) Juan de Fuca Plate.(Convergent) Indo – Australian Plate.(Convergent, Transform Fault) Cocos Plate.(Divergent) Nazca Plate.(Divergent) Antarctic Plate.(Divergent,Transform Fault) Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent Boundary: Subduction zones where two plates converges. Eg; Aleutian Islands(Alaska) • Divergent Boundary: Spreading centres where two plates move away from each other. Eg; East Pacific Rise (MOR, Pacific Ocean). • Transform Faults: Boundary where two plates slide past each other. For Eg. ; San Andreas Fault. BOUNDARY WITH ANTARCTIC PLATE DIVERGENT BOUNDARY • Pacific – Antarctic Ridge TRANSFORM FAULT • Louisville Seamount Chain Pacific – Antarctic Ridge Pacific – Antarctic Ridge(PAR) is located on the seafloor of the South Pacific Ocean. It is driven by the interaction of a mid oceanic ridge and deep mantle plumes located in the eastern portion of East Pacific Ridge. Louisville Seamount Chain It is the longest line of seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean of about 4,300 km, formed along the transform boundary in the western side between Pacific plate and Antarctic plate. It was formed from the Pacific Plate sliding over a long – lived centre of upwelling magma called the Louisville hotspot. BOUNDARY WITH PHILIPPINE PLATE CONVERGENT BOUNDARY • Izu – Ogasawara Trench • Mariana Trench Izu – Ogasawara Trench It is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean. It stretches from Japan to northern most section of Mariana Trench. Here, the Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath the Philippine Sea Plate. -
Morphology and History of the Kermadec Trench–Arc–Backarc
Marine Geology 159Ž. 1999 35±62 www.elsevier.nlrlocatermargeo Morphology and history of the Kermadec trench±arc±backarc basin±remnant arc system at 30 to 328S: geophysical profile, microfossil and K±Ar data Peter F. Ballance a,), Albert G. Ablaev b, Igor K. Pushchin b, Sergei P. Pletnev b, Maria G. Birylina b, Tetsumaru Itaya c, Harry A. Follas a,1, Graham W. Gibson a,2 a UniÕersity of Auckland, PriÕate Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand b Pacific Oceanological Institute, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, VladiÕostok 690041, Russian Federation c Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama UniÕersity of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700, Japan Received 8 January 1998; accepted 27 November 1998 Abstract Knowledge of the time span of arc activity, essential for correct tectonic reconstructions, has been lacking for the Kermadec arc system, but is supplied in this paper through study of microfossils contained in dredge samples, and K±Ar ages on dredged basalt clasts. The Kermadec system at south latitudes 30 to 328 in the southwest Pacific comprises from west to east the Colville RidgeŽ. remnant arc , Havre Trough Ž backarc basin . , Kermadec Ridge Ž. active arc and Kermadec TrenchŽ site of west-dipping subduction of Pacific plate lithosphere beneath the Australian plate. Data are presented from two traversesŽ. dredge, magnetic, single-channel seismic across the whole system. An important transverse tectonic boundary, the 328S Boundary, lies between the two traverse lines and separates distinct northernŽ. 32±258S and southern Ž.32±368S sectors. The northern sector is shallower and well sedimented with broad ridges and a diffuse backarc basin. -
Telepresence-Enabled Exploration of The
! ! ! ! 2014 WORKSHOP TELEPRESENCE-ENABLED EXPLORATION OF THE !EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN WHITE PAPER SUBMISSIONS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS ! ! NORTHERN PACIFIC! Deep Hawaiian Slopes 7 Amy Baco-Taylor (Florida State University) USS Stickleback (SS-415) 9 Alexis Catsambis (Naval History and Heritage Command's Underwater Archaeology Branch) Sunken Battlefield of Midway 10 Alexis Catsambis (Naval History and Heritage Command's Underwater Archaeology Branch) Systematic Mapping of the California Continental Borderland from the Northern Channel Islands to Ensenada, Mexico 11 Jason Chaytor (USGS) Southern California Borderland 16 Marie-Helene Cormier (University of Rhode Island) Expanded Exploration of Approaches to Pearl Harbor and Seabed Impacts Off Oahu, Hawaii 20 James Delgado (NOAA ONMS Maritime Heritage Program) Gulf of the Farallones NMS Shipwrecks and Submerged Prehistoric Landscape 22 James Delgado (NOAA ONMS Maritime Heritage Program) USS Independence 24 James Delgado (NOAA ONMS Maritime Heritage Program) Battle of Midway Survey and Characterization of USS Yorktown 26 James Delgado (NOAA ONMS Maritime Heritage Program) Deep Oases: Seamounts and Food-Falls (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary) 28 Andrew DeVogelaere (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary) Lost Shipping Containers in the Deep: Trash, Time Capsules, Artificial Reefs, or Stepping Stones for Invasive Species? 31 Andrew DeVogelaere (Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary) Channel Islands Early Sites and Unmapped Wrecks 33 Lynn Dodd (University of Southern -
The Dammed Hikurangi Trough: a Channel-Fed Trench Blocked by Subducting Seamounts and Their Wake Avalanches (New Zealand-France Geodynz Project) Keith B
, Basin Research (1 998) 1O, 441 -468 The dammed Hikurangi Trough: a channel-fed trench blocked by subducting seamounts and their wake avalanches (New Zealand-France GeodyNZ Project) Keith B. Lewis,* Jean-Yves hollott and Serge E. Lallemand* NIWA, PO Box 74901, Wellington, New/ Zealand tORSTOM, Villefranchesur mer, France #Université de Montpellier /I, Montpellier, France ABSTRACT The Hikurangi Trough, off eastern New Zealand, is at the southern end of the Tonga- Kermadec-Hikurangi subduction system, which merges into a zone of intracontinental transform. The trough is mainly a turbidite-filled structural trench but includes an oblique- collision, foredeep basin. Its northern end has a sharp boundary with thedeep, sediment- starved, Kermadec Trench. Swath-mapping, sampling and seismic surveys show modern sediment input is mainly via Kaikoura Canyon, which intercepts littoral drift at the southern, intracontinental apex of the trough, with minor input from seep gullies. Glacial age input was via many canyons and about an order of magnitude greater. Beyond a narrow, gravelly, intracontinental foredeep, the southern trench-basin is characterized by a channel meandering around the seaward edge of mainly Plio-Pleistocene, overbank deposits that reach 5 km in thickness. The aggrading channel has sandy turbidites, but low-backscatter, and long-wavelength bedforms indicating thick flows. Levées on both sides are capped by tangentially aligned mudwaves on the outsides of bends, indicating centrifugal overflow from heads of dense, fast-moving, autosuspension flows. The higher, left-bank levée also has levée-parallel mudwaves, indicating Coriolis and/or boundary currents effects on dilute flows or tail plumes. In the northern trough, basin-fill is generally less than 2 km thick and includes widespread overbank turbidites, a massive, blocky, avalanche deposit and an extensive, buried, debris flow deposit. -
Physical Marine Environment Pf the Kermadec Islands Region
SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 318 Physical marine environment of the Kermadec Islands region Phil Sutton, Stephen Chiswell, Richard Gorman, Sean Kennan and Graham Rickard Cover: Aerial view of Base Camp with Meyer Islands in the background, Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, 2009. Photo: DOC. Science for Conservation is a scientific monograph series presenting research funded by New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). Manuscripts are internally and externally peer-reviewed; resulting publications are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. This report is available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science & technical. © Copyright December 2012, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1177–9241 (web PDF) ISBN 978–0–478–14962–3 (web PDF) This report was prepared for publication by the Publishing Team; editing by Sue Hallas and layout by Elspeth Hoskin and Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the Deputy Director-General, Science and Technical Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Published by Publishing Team, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, The Terrace, Wellington 6143, New Zealand. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. CONTENTS Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Methods 4 2.1 Circulation and connectivity 4 2.2 Productivity 6 2.3 Water column characteristics 6 2.4 Wave climate 6 3. Results 7 3.1 Circulation and connectivity 7 3.2 Productivity and sea surface temperature 8 3.3 Water column characteristics 8 3.4 Wave climate 8 4. Discussion 12 4.1 Circulation and connectivity 12 4.2 Productivity 13 4.3 Water column characteristics 13 4.4 Wave climate 13 4.5 Possible effects of climate change on currents, waves and stratification 14 5.