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Oromo Indigenous Religion: Anthropological Understanding of Waaqeffannaa-Nature Link, with Highlight on Livelihood in Guji Zone, Adola Redde and Girja Districts

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Oromo Indigenous Religion: Anthropological Understanding of Waaqeffannaa-Nature Link, with Highlight on Livelihood in Guji Zone, Adola Redde and Girja Districts OROMO INDIGENOUS RELIGION: ANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF WAAQEFFANNAA-NATURE LINK, WITH HIGHLIGHT ON LIVELIHOOD IN GUJI ZONE, ADOLA REDDE AND GIRJA DISTRICTS BY MULUGETA JALETA GOBENO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY, COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR REQIREMENTES OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLGY MENTOR: ASSEFA TOLERA (PhD) JUNE 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY MA PROGRAM IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY OROMO INDIGENOUS RELIGION: ANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF WAAQEFFANNAA-NATURE LINK, WITH HIGHLIGHT ON LIVELIHOOD IN GUJI ZONE, ADOLA REDDE AND GIRJA DISTRICTS BY MULUGETA JALETA GOBENO MENTOR: ASSEFA TOLERA (PHD) JUNE 2017 OROMO INDIGENOUS RELIGION: ANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF WAAQEFFANNAA-NATURE LINK, WITH HIGHLIGHT ON LIVELIHOOD IN GUJI ZONE, ADOLA REDDE AND GIRJA DISTRICTS BY MULUGETA JALETA GOBENO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GDRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVESITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOPLOGY MENTOR: ASSEFA TOLERA (PHD) JUNE 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OROMO INDIGENOUS RELIGION: ANTHROPOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF WAAQEFFANNAA-NATURE LINK, WITH HIGHLIGHT ON LIVELIHOOD IN GUJI ZONE, ADOLA REDDE AND GIRJA DISTRICTS BY MULUGETA JALETA GOBENO APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS Chair Person, Graduate committee Signature Date ______________________________ ____________ ____________ Advisor Signature Date ______________________________ ____________ ____________ Examiner Signature Date _______________________ _________ _________ Examiner Signature Date _______________________ _________ _________ Acknowledgements I kindly, thank and appreciate my Mentor Dr. Assefa Tolera, for his immeasurable effort and diligent support in guiding, motivating and correcting me, throughout this study. His encouragement to present the draft of this study as prospective MA student on the occasion of 25th Anniversary of the MA Program in Social Anthropology at Addis Ababa University on 29th & 30th of September 2016 is unforgettable. I appreciate, the constructive and motivating comments forwarded to me, on the above mentioned event, from all my instructors at AAU and national & international participants, such as Professor Evo, Professor Indris & his colleague from Sudan, and Dr. Taddesse Berisso. My third thanks, goes to my wife Lenssa Endalu, who paid thoughtful sacrifice, to save the life of our first child, Loti Mulugeta, who was saved for a little from medical technical shortfall related case during delivery. Being in the Hospital, she encouraged me not to miss class. We are lucky on both side. Fourthly, I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to the three Abba Gada of the Guji three phratry Uraga, Matti & Hokku respectively. The cooperation and contribution of Abba Gada of Uraga (Guji Oromo senior phratry) and Abba Gada of Matti phratry is larger. At last but not least, I appreciate individuals who dedicatedly worked on the process of recognition of Gada System by UNESCO, announced in November, which by chance made me a student of good Kayyo /Milkii as it was after my field work which ended in the mid-September 2016. -I- ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to investigate and identify the Oromo Indigenous Religion (IR)- Waaqeffannaa link to natural environment (Land and forest), and its values in all aspects of Guji Oromo life, in the anthropological lens. In this study, the what, where and why Waaqeffannaa persistently deep-rooted in to the daily life of Guji-Oromo and their amicable co-existence with nature have been discussed and analyzed. The study employed qualitative research approach with ethnographic research design, because of the nature of the identified research problem, that peoples’ experience in the environment, and belief system and practices to be studied. The actual study participants have been selected by means of non-probability sampling method, from Adola Redde and Girja districts. Purposive sampling has been employed in this study, because, the relevant respondents from the target group have been selected carefully, by the researcher, to get reliable and rich data. Ethical issues strongly respected. Detailed interview, Focused group discussion, Observation, Informal conversation and Document review are data gathering tools employed. The sample size of this study depends on the saturation of data collected. Data collection and organizations took place in August and September 2016, while interpretation, and analysis took place in October to December 2016. Girja and Adola Redde Districts have been identified as study population due to their potential resource fullness which is useful to this study. This study argued that Indigenous Religion (IR) -Waaqeffannaa contributed to the existence and preservation of natural environment, which in turn, natural environment has contributed for the existence of conducive conditions for all lives both human and non-human nature in that area. As a result people of the area enjoyed diversified livelihoods due to favorable climatic conditions. Waaqeffannaa link with nature is more of spiritual and socio-economical in nature. Therefore, there is lesson to learn from ancestors that this study found and more studies recommended to be conducted for more lesson. Key words: Abba Gada, Gada System, Waaqa, Waaqeffannaa, Guji-Oromo, Balli, Qallu, Ardaa- Jilaa -II- ACRONYMS CSA-Central Statistical Agency FGD-Focused Group Discussion GCTB-Guji Culture and Tourism Bureau IK-Indigenous Knowledge IR-Indigenous Religion MAE-Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia SNNPR-Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regions SNNP- Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples -III- Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my mother Tajitu Ragassa Gammachu, who laid the corner stone of my educational life building, from non to current and where I will be next. Sadly, she is not sharing this world with me. Moreover, this study is dedicated to lives lost on Irrecha Thanks Giving Day on October 2. 2016 and all lives lost in 2015-2016 in the country. -IV- LIST OF DIAGRAMS, MAPS, PICTURES, AND STRUCTURES I. Diagrams Diagram 1. Diagram depicts Oromo world view in the three embedded Entities.. ……. 29 Diagram 2. Guji Oromo Gada baallii (Gada Cycle) ……………………………….…….….51 Diagram 3. Waaqeffannaa-Nature influence cycle……………………………….…….……90 II. Maps Map 1. Administrative Map of Oromia Region and the study sites….………………………36 Map 2. Physical Map of Ethiopia ………………………………………………………….....…38 Map3. Indicative sketch Map of the three phratries Cultural Movement in their Gabala .45 III. Pictures Pic 1. Liben Lark in the forest of Guji Oromo …………………………………….………..….37 Pic 2. Picture taken at Ardaa-Jilaa Milkii where Abba Gada of Uraga team temporarily sheltered…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40 Pic 3. Ardaa-Jilaa Haro Gobbu On the bank of Ganalle River disects the two study sites (Adola Redde and Girja) ………………………………………………………………………………….41 Pic.4 Interview with the two Uraga & Matti phratries Abba Gada at Ardaa-Jilaa Milkii……………….………………………………………………………………..42 Pic 5. Picture taken at Ardaa Jilaa Sodduu Dhibaayyuu where Hokku phratry temporarily sheltered………………………………………………………………..…..42 Pic 6. Religious conference close to Ardaa-Jilaa Maleekkaa …..………….…………..…..72 Pic 7. Trees planted on Male & female Graves……………………………….…………..….75&76 Pic.8. Picture depicts crops on Farm land…………………………………………….......….81 -V- Pic.9. Picture depict farmland close to forest……………………………………………..…..82 Pic.10 Farmers with their agro-pastoral activities products……………………………..…83 Pic.11 Photograph taken during observation in Girja District, Harenfama town market place,…………………………………………………………..……………….……84 Pic.12 Liben district pastoralists leading their Livestock to river in country side live- stock ………………………………………………………………………………..………..….….85 Pic.13 Malekka Town Friday Market Forest product as goods………………………........87& 88 Pic.14. Cleared forest in Guji zone between Malekka and Anfarara forest…………........89 Pic.15. Group of people holding drum and emotionally singing met on the side of street between Girja and Adola Redde district………………….….….95 IV. STRUCTURES Structure 1. Guji Oromo Traditional Social Organization………………………….……..53 Structure 2. Uraga phratry Sub –Social Organization ………………………..…………..…53 Structure 3. Matti phratry Sub. Social Organization……………………………………..……54 Structure 4. Hokku phratry Sub-Social Organization…………………………….……………54 Structure 5. Gada System hierarchy …………………………………………….……………….57 -VI- GLOSSARY OF LOCAL WORDS Abbaa coomaa- (Rosmarinus officinalis) Abba –Father Ardaa Jilaa-Sacred sites Baca –Many/Much Baallii- Gada Cycle Gaalee –dependent plant like rope (no scientific name) Gabala –Traditional Administrative area in Guji Oromo Haadha-Mother Haadha bollaa- title given to wife of Abba Gada Harrettii/qoddoo- (no scientific name), Hayyuu- Wise / Knowledgeable person Hosee- Good Ka dhibii- Another Kaayyoo/Milkii- Luck Marga maattii (Taj-sar in Amharic and no scientific name), Muka- Jilaa-sacred tree Qadadduu-Supporter Qaalluu- Oromo indigenous religion leader Sukutee – (tena-adam in Amharic and no scientific name), Waaqa-Supper Natural Being Waaqa-Heaven/ Sky Waaqeffataa-Folower of Waaqeffannaa (Masculine) Waaqeffattuu-Folower of Waaqeffannaa (Feminine) -VII- Waaqeffannaa-Indigenous Oromo Religion Wolannaa- Opposite groups in Guji Oromo Gada cycle Woyyuu-Holy, Someone with special
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