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Upper Kanawha Watershed Main Report

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Upper Kanawha Watershed Main Report Total Maximum Daily Loads for Selected Streams in the Upper Kanawha Watershed, West Virginia FINAL REPORT January 2005 Final Upper Kanawha Watershed TMDL Report CONTENTS Executive summary...................................................................................................................... ix 1. Report Format....................................................................................................................1 2. Introduction........................................................................................................................1 2.1 Total Maximum Daily Loads...................................................................................1 2.2 Water Quality Standards..........................................................................................4 3. Watershed Description and Data Inventory....................................................................5 3.1 Watershed Description.............................................................................................5 3.2 Data Inventory.........................................................................................................7 3.3 Impaired Waterbodies..............................................................................................7 4. Metals and pH Source Assessment.................................................................................13 4.1 Metals and pH Point Sources.................................................................................14 4.1.1 Mining Point Sources.................................................................................14 4.1.2 Non-mining Point Sources.........................................................................15 4.1.3 Construction Stormwater Permits..............................................................17 4.2 Metals and pH Nonpoint Sources ..........................................................................17 4.2.1 Abandoned Mine Lands.............................................................................17 4.2.2 Bond Forfeiture..........................................................................................18 4.2.3 Sediment Sources.......................................................................................18 5. Fecal Coliform Source Assessment.................................................................................19 5.1 Fecal Coliform Point Sources ................................................................................19 5.1.1 Individual NPDES Permits ........................................................................19 5.1.2 Overflows...................................................................................................20 5.1.3 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems ................................................20 5.1.4 General Sewage Permits ............................................................................20 5.2 Fecal Coliform Nonpoint Sources .........................................................................20 5.2.1 On-site Treatment Systems........................................................................20 5.2.2 Stormwater Runoff.....................................................................................21 5.2.3 Agriculture .................................................................................................21 5.2.4 Natural Background (Wildlife)..................................................................21 6. Biological Impairment and Stressor Identification ......................................................22 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................22 6.2 Data Review...........................................................................................................22 6.3 Candidate Causes/Pathways...................................................................................23 Final – January 2005 iii Final Upper Kanawha Watershed TMDL Report 6.4 Stressor Identification Results ...............................................................................23 7. Modeling Process .............................................................................................................27 7.1 Modeling Technique for Metals, pH, and Fecal Coliform Bacteria ......................27 7.1.1 MDAS Setup..............................................................................................28 7.1.2 Hydrology Calibration...............................................................................30 7.1.3 Water Quality Calibration..........................................................................30 7.2 Modeling Technique for Sediment ........................................................................31 7.2.1 GWLF/Stream Module Setup ....................................................................32 7.2.2 Hydrology Calibration...............................................................................33 7.2.3 Water Quality Calibration..........................................................................33 7.3 Allocation Analysis................................................................................................33 7.3.1 TMDL Endpoints.......................................................................................34 7.3.2 Baseline Conditions and Source Loading Alternatives .............................35 7.4 TMDLs and Source Allocations ............................................................................38 7.4.1 Dissolved Aluminum, Total Iron, Total Manganese, and pH TMDLs......38 7.4.2 Fecal Coliform Bacteria TMDLs...............................................................41 7.4.3 Sediment TMDLs.......................................................................................42 7.4.4 Seasonal Variation.....................................................................................44 7.4.5 Critical Conditions.....................................................................................44 8. Future Growth and Water Quality Trading .................................................................45 8.1 Metals and pH........................................................................................................45 8.2 Fecal Coliform Bacteria.........................................................................................45 8.3 Sediment ................................................................................................................46 8.4 Water Quality Trading ...........................................................................................47 9. Public Participation .........................................................................................................47 9.1 Public Meetings.....................................................................................................47 9.2 Public Notice and Public Comment Period ...........................................................47 9.3 Response Summary................................................................................................47 10. Reasonable Assurance .....................................................................................................54 10.1 Permit Reissuance..................................................................................................54 10.2 Watershed Management Framework Process........................................................55 10.3 Public Sewer Projects ............................................................................................56 10.4 AML Projects.........................................................................................................57 10.5 Special Reclamation Projects.................................................................................57 11. Monitoring Plan ...............................................................................................................58 iv Final – January 2005 Final Upper Kanawha Watershed TMDL Report 11.1 NPDES Compliance...............................................................................................58 11.2 Nonpoint Source Project Monitoring.....................................................................58 11.3 TMDL Effectiveness Monitoring ..........................................................................58 12. Acronyms and Abbreviations .........................................................................................59 13. References.........................................................................................................................61 FIGURES Figure 2-1. Hydrologic groupings of West Virginia’s watersheds................................................. 3 Figure 3-1. Location of the Upper Kanawha watershed................................................................. 6 Figure 3-2. Impaired waterbodies in the 17 subwatersheds of the Upper Kanawha watershed ..... 9 Figure 4-1. Mining NPDES outlets in the 17 selected subwatersheds of the Upper Kanawha watershed .............................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 6-1. Conceptual model of candidate causes and potential biological effects.................... 24 Figure 7-1. Upper Kanawha subwatershed delineation ................................................................ 29 Figure 7-2. Location of the Beards Fork watershed ....................................................................
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