Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2017
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Refuge Report 2018.3 Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2017 Jill E. Tengeres and Robin M. Corcoran Jill Tengeres, USFWS Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge March, 2018 The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management and where appropriate, restoration of the fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans. Suggested Citation: Tengeres, J.E. and R.M. Corcoran. 2018. Aleutian and Arctic Tern colony monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2017. Refuge report 2018.3, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak, AK. Keywords: Alaska, Aleutian Tern, Arctic Tern, Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak Archipelago, Onychoprion aleuticus, seabird colony, Sterna paradisaea. Disclaimers: The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The use of trade names of commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................2 Goals for Monitoring Aleutian and Arctic Terns in the Kodiak Archipelago ........................................................................ 3 Study Area .....................................................................................................................................................................................3 Methods ..........................................................................................................................................................................................5 Tern Colony Surveys ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Nest Searching .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Game Cameras Used to Monitor Tern Nests ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Vegetation Sampling ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Results & Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................................7 Kodiak Archipelago Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Count Summary .................................................................................. 7 Intra-annual Variability in Colony Counts ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Details of Tern Colony Visits ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Potential New Colony Locations .......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Nest Monitoring using Digital Game Cameras ............................................................................................................................... 39 Nest Survival................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Nesting Habitat Characterization ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................................................................ 46 Appendix A. Aleutian and Arctic Tern counts on Kodiak Island, Alaska, from 1975-2017. .......................................... 1 Appendix B. Aleutian and Arctic Tern nests on Kodiak Island, Alaska, June-August, 2017....................................... 28 iii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Counts of adult and hatch year Aleutian Terns (ALTE) by date at historically documented colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the 2017 breeding season. .................................................................. 10 Table 2. Counts of adult and hatch year Arctic Terns (ARTE) by date at historically documented and new colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the 2017 breeding season. .................................................................. 13 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Aleutian and Arctic Tern colony locations in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska. .............................. 4 Figure 2. Photographs of vegetation sampling plots. .................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Locations and high counts of Aleutian Terns from May-August, 2017. .............................................. 8 Figure 4. Locations of colony surveys of Arctic Terns from May-August, 2017 ................................................ 9 Figure 5. Aleutian Tern counts by date along the Kodiak road system. ............................................................... 18 Figure 6. Arctic Tern counts by date on Kodiak Island. ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 7. Aleutian and Arctic Terns on West Kaiugnak Bay Point. ...................................................................... 20 Figure 8. Map of the Aleutian Tern nest at West Kaiugnak Bay Point. ................................................................ 20 Figure 9. Game camera image of an Aleutian Tern nest at the Akhiok Bay colony ......................................... 21 Figure 10. Map of Aleutian Terns nests located at the Akhiok Bay colony. ....................................................... 22 Figure 11. Unoccupied nesting habitat previously used by Aleutian Terns at Aiaktalik Marsh. .................. 23 Figure 12. Tern and Mew Gull nesting habitat on Sheep Island. ............................................................................ 24 Figure 13. Mew Gull nest being egged by a subsistence harvester at Sheep Island. ........................................ 24 Figure 14. Arctic Tern nest on south Alf Island. .......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 15. West side of Cub Island used by nesting Arctic Terns. ......................................................................... 26 Figure 16. Arctic Tern adults and chicks on Cub Island. ........................................................................................... 26 Figure 17. Aleutian Tern nesting habitat on Amee Island. ...................................................................................... 27 Figure 18. Arctic Tern fledgling on South Shore Spiridon Bay Islands. .............................................................. 28 Figure 19. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Head of Middle Bay ................................................................. 30 Figure 20. Nest camera image of a domestic sheep eating an Aleutian Tern egg. ............................................ 30 Figure 21. Nest camera image of a red fox depredating an adult Aleutian Tern at Middle Bay. .................. 31 Figure 22. Aleutian Tern nest at the Head of Middle Bay ........................................................................................ 31 Figure 23. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Head of Kalsin Bay. ................................................................. 32 Figure 24. A nest camera image of an Arctic Tern at the Head of Kalsin Bay. ................................................. 33 Figure 25. Recreational vehicles at the Kalsin Spit ..................................................................................................... 33 Figure 26. Aleutian Tern adult with a recently fledged chick at the head of Womens Bay. .......................... 34 Figure 27. Arctic Terns at Southeast Viekoda Bay Islands. ..................................................................................... 35 Figure 28. Arctic Terns nesting at Foul Bay 7. ............................................................................................................. 36 Figure 29. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Pasagshak River. ....................................................................... 37 Figure 30. Nest camera