Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2017

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Refuge Report 2018.3

Jill E. Tengeres and Robin M. Corcoran

JillTengeres, USFWS

Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge March, 2018

The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management and where appropriate, restoration of the fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans.

Suggested Citation:

Tengeres, J.E. and R.M. Corcoran. 2018. Aleutian and Arctic Tern colony monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2017. Refuge report 2018.3, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak, AK.

Keywords:

Alaska, Aleutian Tern, Arctic Tern, Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak Archipelago, Onychoprion aleuticus, seabird colony, Sterna paradisaea.

Disclaimers: The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The use of trade names of commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Abstract ...... 1

Introduction ...... 2 Goals for Monitoring Aleutian and Arctic Terns in the Kodiak Archipelago ...... 3

Study Area ...... 3

Methods ...... 5 Tern Colony Surveys ...... 5 Nest Searching ...... 6 Game Cameras Used to Monitor Tern Nests ...... 6 Vegetation Sampling ...... 6

Results & Discussion ...... 7 Kodiak Archipelago Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Count Summary ...... 7 Intra-annual Variability in Colony Counts ...... 16 Details of Tern Colony Visits ...... 19 Potential New Colony Locations ...... 38 Nest Monitoring using Digital Game Cameras ...... 39 Nest Survival...... 43 Nesting Habitat Characterization ...... 43

Acknowledgements ...... 46

Literature Cited ...... 46

Appendix A. Aleutian and Arctic Tern counts on Kodiak Island, Alaska, from 1975-2017...... 1

Appendix B. Aleutian and Arctic Tern nests on Kodiak Island, Alaska, June-August, 2017...... 28

iii

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1. Counts of adult and hatch year Aleutian Terns (ALTE) by date at historically documented colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the 2017 breeding season...... 10 Table 2. Counts of adult and hatch year Arctic Terns (ARTE) by date at historically documented and new colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the 2017 breeding season...... 13

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1. Aleutian and Arctic Tern colony locations in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska...... 4 Figure 2. Photographs of vegetation sampling plots...... 7 Figure 3. Locations and high counts of Aleutian Terns from May-August, 2017...... 8 Figure 4. Locations of colony surveys of Arctic Terns from May-August, 2017 ...... 9 Figure 5. Aleutian Tern counts by date along the Kodiak road system...... 18 Figure 6. Arctic Tern counts by date on Kodiak Island...... 19 Figure 7. Aleutian and Arctic Terns on West Kaiugnak Bay Point...... 20 Figure 8. Map of the Aleutian Tern nest at West Kaiugnak Bay Point...... 20 Figure 9. Game camera image of an Aleutian Tern nest at the Akhiok Bay colony ...... 21 Figure 10. Map of Aleutian Terns nests located at the Akhiok Bay colony...... 22 Figure 11. Unoccupied nesting habitat previously used by Aleutian Terns at Aiaktalik Marsh...... 23 Figure 12. Tern and Mew Gull nesting habitat on Sheep Island...... 24 Figure 13. Mew Gull nest being egged by a subsistence harvester at Sheep Island...... 24 Figure 14. Arctic Tern nest on south Alf Island...... 25 Figure 15. West side of Cub Island used by nesting Arctic Terns...... 26 Figure 16. Arctic Tern adults and chicks on Cub Island...... 26 Figure 17. Aleutian Tern nesting habitat on Amee Island...... 27 Figure 18. Arctic Tern fledgling on South Shore Spiridon Bay Islands...... 28 Figure 19. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Head of Middle Bay ...... 30 Figure 20. Nest camera image of a domestic sheep eating an Aleutian Tern egg...... 30 Figure 21. Nest camera image of a red fox depredating an adult Aleutian Tern at Middle Bay...... 31 Figure 22. Aleutian Tern nest at the Head of Middle Bay ...... 31 Figure 23. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Head of Kalsin Bay...... 32 Figure 24. A nest camera image of an Arctic Tern at the Head of Kalsin Bay...... 33 Figure 25. Recreational vehicles at the Kalsin Spit ...... 33 Figure 26. Aleutian Tern adult with a recently fledged chick at the head of Womens Bay...... 34 Figure 27. Arctic Terns at Southeast Viekoda Bay Islands...... 35 Figure 28. Arctic Terns nesting at Foul Bay 7...... 36 Figure 29. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Pasagshak River...... 37 Figure 30. Nest camera image of an Aleutian Tern flushing from nest at the Pasagshak River ...... 38 Figure 31. An Arctic Tern fledgling at Uganik Pass Islets...... 39 Figure 32. Map of Aleutian and Arctic Tern, and Mew Gull nests on Kodiak Island in 2017...... 41 Figure 33. Prey items delivered at Aleutian Tern nests at Middle Bay...... 42

Figure 34. Nest camera image of an Aleutian Tern holding a kelp greenling at Middle Bay...... 42 Figure 35. Results of linear discriminant analysis of Aleutian Tern, Arctic Tern, and Mew Gull nest site habitat variables...... 44 Figure 36. Correlation coefficients between habitat features and linear discriminant coefficients describing the difference in nest-site habitat selection between terns and Mew Gulls ...... 45 Figure 37. Results of linear discriminant analysis comparing Aleutian Tern nest-sites, active tern habitat, and unoccupied historic tern habitat...... 45 Figure 38. Correlation coefficients between habitat features and linear discriminant coefficients describing the difference between habitats at historic tern colonies and active Aleutian Tern nests...... 46

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2017

Jill E. Tengeres1 and Robin M. Corcoran2

Abstract Aleutian Terns (Onychoprion aleuticus) are colonial nesting seabirds that breed in coastal Alaska and the Russian Far East, often in association with Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) and Mew Gulls (Larus canus). Recent trend analysis of numbers of Aleutian Terns at documented colonies in Alaska indicates that this poorly known seabird has declined by almost 93% over the past three decades. The much more abundant and widely distributed Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) also appears to have declined by more than 90% regionally in coastal locations in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Tern colonies in the Kodiak Archipelago have been the focus of monitoring and research periodically since the 1970s, providing valuable information on the status and ecology of both species in the GOA. During the 2017 breeding season we collected count data for terns at 44 of the 53 known colony sites in the archipelago and searched for new colonies. Aleutian Terns were observed at 11 colonies (nesting was confirmed at five) and Arctic Terns were observed at 28 colonies (nesting was confirmed at 11). Aleutian Terns varied in the maximum number of individuals from 1 to 212 per colony. Arctic Terns varied in the maximum number of individuals from 4 to 150 per colony. Game cameras were placed on the nests of Aleutian Terns and neighboring nesting seabird species to determine nest survival rates, causes of nest failure, and identify prey being provided to chicks. A total of 19 cameras were set, including cameras at 15 active Aleutian Tern nests, two Arctic Tern nests, one Mew Gull nest, and one at a previously abandoned Aleutian Tern nest. Two nests out of 18 that were active when the cameras were placed survived to hatching, though we were unable to determine the fate of the chicks. One camera failed within minutes of being set. Of the 15 failed nests, three were abandoned after camera placement and 12 nests failed due to various predators including four by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), three by Black-billed Magpies (Pica hudsonia), two by Northwestern Crows (Corvus caurinus), and one each by Mew Gulls, domestic sheep (Ovis aries), and egging by local people (at the Mew Gull nest). The cameras also captured images of 148 chick provisioning events at two Aleutian Tern nests with kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), and other forage fish identified in the diet. In addition to monitoring nest status, we collected nest-site habitat data and used linear discriminant analysis to compare the vegetation characteristics of Aleutian Tern, Arctic Tern, and Mew Gull nests to one another and the surrounding available habitat. We found significant differences among species’ nesting microhabitat for various measures of vegetation height, distance between nests and the nearest vegetation, and the composition and extent of ground cover.

1Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331; [email protected] 2Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, 1390 Buskin River Road, Kodiak, AK 99615; [email protected]

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Introduction Recent trend analysis of counts of Aleutian Terns at documented colonies in Alaska indicates that this poorly known seabird has declined by almost 93% over the past three decades (Renner et al. 2015). Systematic research and monitoring are challenging because the species is widely distributed in remote regions of coastal Alaska, breeds in a variety of habitats, and exhibits frequent shifts in colony locations from year to year. Based on coastal colony counts and at-sea surveys in Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Arctic Terns have also declined by more than 90% regionally in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) in recent decades (Denlinger 2006). Due to population declines, both species of terns became a target for monitoring by Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) biologists and every effort was made to count terns at known colonies and locate new colonies during at-sea nearshore marine bird surveys conducted annually since 2011. Additionally, tern colonies along the road system adjacent to the city of Kodiak where the two largest remaining Aleutian Tern colonies in the archipelago were located were also surveyed.

Conservation actions to benefit Aleutian Terns are limited in part because we lack data on basic breeding biology, ecological requirements, and causes of possible declines. However, Aleutian Terns have been described as highly sensitive to disturbance at nest sites and have been documented to seasonally and permanently abandon colonies in response to human disturbance and reindeer-herding activities (Litvinenko and Shibaev 1991, Gabrielson and Lincoln 1959). Complete colony abandonment has been observed following a single visit by humans (Haney et al. 1991). The intensive colony management successful with several tern species on the North Atlantic coast (Kress and Hall 2004) will be a challenge to adapt and implement with a species so highly sensitive to human disturbance. Due to this documented sensitivity and the widely distributed location of nesting colonies in the Kodiak Archipelago, we continued efforts initiated in 2015-2016 to test the feasibility of using digital game cameras to monitor terns at nesting colonies during the 2017 breeding season.

Arctic Terns were an additional focus of monitoring efforts because comparing and contrasting the two species nesting ecology could help identify potential reasons for declines in both species in coastal Alaska. Arctic Terns have been extensively studied in other regions (Hatch 2002) and numerous colony sites along the Atlantic coast of U.S. and Canada are actively managed (Kress and Hall 2004, Lamb 2015). Methods for collecting data at Arctic Tern colonies are well established, and certain aspects of their breeding biology make them an ideal comparison species for Aleutian Terns. For instance, Arctic Terns are believed to be less sensitive to disturbance, tend to nest in less vegetated habitat within the same colonies, and chicks often gather in large visible groups at the edge of colonies. This is in contrast to Aleutian Terns, which have a reputation for being easily disturbed, nesting at lower densities in a variety of vegetation types, and have chicks that often remain concealed in dense vegetation throughout the pre-fledge period.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Goals for Monitoring Aleutian and Arctic Terns in the Kodiak Archipelago Our primary goals for the 2017 breeding season were to:

1) Conduct multiple counts at known tern colony locations and search for new nesting sites to: a) identify the degree of intra-annual variability in colony occupancy and size to inform future state-wide survey efforts, and b) document nest success or failure. 2) Use digital game cameras placed on Aleutian Tern nests to determine nest survival through hatch, nest attendance and vigilance rate, and identify causes of nest failure. 3) Quantify the differences in Aleutian and Artic Tern nesting habitat within mixed colonies at multiple spatial scales, and compare habitat characteristics at active and inactive Aleutian Tern nesting colonies to determine the potential role of vegetation changes on colony occupancy. 4) Band Arctic Tern chicks to estimate survival.

Study Area The Kodiak Archipelago is located in the Gulf of Alaska, 50 km east of the Alaska Peninsula and 140 km southwest of the Kenai Peninsula. Data recorded by the National Weather Service in northeastern Kodiak Island indicated a long-term (1981-2010) mean annual temperature of 2.08° C. Total annual precipitation varies from 250 cm along the eastern coast of the archipelago to 60 cm over the western areas adjacent to Shelikof Strait. Mountains traverse more than half the length of Kodiak Island and dominant vegetation types range from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) forest on the northern end of the archipelago to treeless tundra on the southern end. The area is characterized by approximately 4,500 km of rocky irregular coastlines with numerous glacially scoured straits, inlets, bays, and fjords with branching arms. Sea bluffs are generally steep and rocky and numerous offshore rocks and islets occur along the coast (USFWS 2008). The shores along the Kodiak Archipelago are considered among the most biologically significant areas in the GOA, providing breeding, nesting, feeding, and rearing habitat for a diverse array of wildlife species (USFWS 2012). The USFWS is the largest single land owner in the region, with Kodiak NWR comprising some 1.8 million acres or approximately two-thirds of the archipelago. Alaska Maritime NWR’s GOA Unit manages many of the offshore islands, islets, rocks, and spires with nesting seabirds and includes over 400,000 acres of submerged lands (USFWS 2011).

Seabird colony records from the 1970s-2017 identify at least 53 sites with a history of tern nesting activity in the archipelago; Aleutian and Arctic Terns nested together at 23 of the 53 known sites, and the remaining 30 were single species Arctic Tern colonies. Most tern colonies (46) were located on small offshore islands and rocks (mean area = 4.3 hectares). Two Arctic Tern colonies were located on islands in large lakes on Kodiak Island. Of the remaining five colonies, four were located in the grassy flats at the heads of bays along the Kodiak road system, and a fifth road system colony was just north of Narrow Cape on state-owned land leased for cattle and bison grazing. Marine bird surveys and tern monitoring focused on Kodiak Island in 2017 (Figure 1). In July a brief visit to Foul and Paramanof Bays, on west Afognak Island, allowed us to also survey tern colonies in the northwestern region of the archipelago.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 1. North Pacific Seabird Colony database records of Aleutian and Arctic Tern colony locations in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, with regions surveyed for terns on Kodiak Island from May to August, 2017 outlined.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Methods

Tern Colony Surveys Aleutian and Arctic Tern colonies in remote locations around Kodiak Island were visited in conjunction with seabird colony surveys conducted in summer 2017 by Kodiak NWR. The North Pacific Seabird Colony database and recent colony surveys from 2008-2010 (Corcoran 2013) indicate there are 377 documented seabird colonies in nearshore marine waters surrounding the Kodiak Archipelago. From May to August, 2017 we surveyed 145 of these colonies for breeding seabirds following protocols in the Beringian Seabird Colony Catalog Manual for Censusing Seabird Colonies (USFWS 1999). Most observations were made from a 19-foot skiff traveling at slow speeds (approximately 4 knots) making frequent stops where birds were highly concentrated. Observations were made with image stabilizing 10x42 binoculars. For designated colony surveys every effort was made to visit each colony in the North Pacific Seabird Colony database plus all other observed colonies. We attempted to identify all birds to species and to count individuals singly at colonies with less than approximately 500 birds. Observations were recorded on a rugged laptop with a GPS using software developed for bird surveys (dLOG3, Ford 2009).

Remote tern colonies were visited from 1-7 times across the season, and accessible tern colonies along the Kodiak road system that could be reached on foot were counted on a near-weekly basis. We examined the coefficient of variation (CV) on the mean of the count data at each colony where we had at least three surveys during the peak of the breeding season to determine within year variation. In general a CV greater than 50% (0.50) indicated high variation and the resulting 95% confidence interval on the mean estimate for colony population size would encompass zero, limiting the value of the data for detecting trends (Gerrodette 1987). For most colonies we calculated CV from 1 June to 1 August to capture the normal peak in breeding, however, at colonies that were abandoned early in the nesting season, or established later, we modified the count window to more accurately reflect nesting behavior and phenology in 2017.

All documented tern colonies in the Kodiak Archipelago were less than 150 pairs in recent years. In general, flush counts were considered well suited to small tern colonies less than 200 pairs (Bibby et al. 2000). During at-sea surveys conducted from skiffs, colonies were not regularly visited on foot, but all birds roosting or nesting on land and birds in flight were counted from the skiff. Most nesting islands were small (mean area = 4.30 hectares, range 0.03 - 31.35 hectares), and terns could readily be seen flying above the nesting habitat and frequently flushed as we approached to within 50 m in the skiff. For tern colonies along the Kodiak road system that we surveyed on foot, we remained on the periphery of the colonies for counts in May to reduce disturbance, and did not enter colonies later in the season unless searching for nests or checking on nest cameras. At the beginning of the nesting season terns would often “dread”, a behavior where the entire flock flies rapidly away from the nesting habitat low over the water before doubling back to settle on the beach. Terns also commonly flushed in response to the abundant avian predators associated with the seabird colonies, particularly Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens). When possible, observers tried to take advantage of these “opportunistic flushes” to count. We used a multiple count approach where birds were counted at regular 10-30 minute intervals (depending on length of colony visit) and opportunistically when flushed. The high count for the day was recorded.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

We used behavioral cues to confirm nesting when possible to reduce disturbance to colonies. Arctic Terns were highly territorial during the breeding season and had several conspicuous displays associated with nesting, including aerial and ground courtship displays, mate-guarding, and mate feeding (Hatch 2002). While not as well described in the literature, Aleutian Terns have similar courtship and nesting behaviors to other tern species (North 2013). These common behaviors associated with nesting by both Aleutian and Arctic Terns were recorded during counts conducted at remote sites by skiff, during visits to road system colonies on foot when we observed birds from the periphery of the colony, and when we entered colonies to search for nests to monitor with game cameras.

Nest Searching Our primary method of locating tern nests was to watch the birds return to their nest sites. Both Aleutian and Arctic Terns would return to incubate eggs while observers were within 30-50 m of the nest site. Arctic Terns would often return while observers were 2-5 m from the nest. In general, Arctic Tern nests were at higher density and in less vegetated areas in the colonies compared to Aleutian Terns and were easily found by careful searching without having to rely on bird behavior. When a nest was located it was photographed, a GPS location was recorded, and a small tongue depressor marked with species, date, and nest number was inserted into the ground about 10-15 cm from the nest so that only about 2.5 cm was above ground level (Burger and Gochfeld 1991, Kress and Hall 2004). The primary goal of nest searching was to locate nests for game camera placement and to quantify vegetation characteristics at nest sites.

Game Cameras Used to Monitor Tern Nests During the 2017 nesting season we continued a pilot project initiated the previous two summers to determine if time-lapse digital game cameras could be used to monitor activities at Aleutian Tern colonies. We used Reconyx PC900 (32GB memory cards; lithium batteries) that were painted green for better concealment. Nest cameras were placed approximately 0.5-1.0 meters from the nest and approximately 12 cm from the ground, depending upon topography and vegetation height around nest. Cameras were held in place with mounts to attach them to rebar stakes hammered into the ground. The cameras were set to record images at two minute intervals and to take three images at one second intervals when motion was detected.

Vegetation Sampling Managing vegetation in tern nesting habitat is a widespread practice throughout the North Atlantic where several tern species breed, frequently in mixed-species colonies (Lamb 2015). While we often think of the remote Alaskan coastline as being pristine, habitat changes are occurring rapidly due to extreme climate variation most notable at northern latitudes (Serreze and Barry 2011). The intensive colony management successful with several tern species on the North Atlantic coast might not be feasible for many colonies in Alaska. However, an understanding of tern nesting habitat preferences in Alaska could form the basis of future conservation measures on a local or regional scale, permitting protection of preferred habitats, and potentially the improvement or construction of other sites.

To improve our knowledge of nest vegetation characteristics, habitat data were collected at: 1) active nests of Aleutian Terns, Arctic Terns, and Mew Gulls, 2) at paired habitat points five meters from each nest (Figure 2), and 3) along randomly placed transects in active colonies and

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

colonies that have been unoccupied in recent years. At each nest habitat and habitat point, the following characteristics were measured (Grande and Paton 2016, Ramos and del Nevo 1995):

• Vegetation height at nest/center and four corners of the plot • Maximum vegetation height • Vegetation/cover composition o Estimated percent cover of various cover types in plot (graminoids, forbs, moss, dead plant material, woody debris, gravel, sand, rock, soil, water, etc.) • Vegetation total cover o Photos were taken from about 1.5 meters directly above the center of plot so that the entire plot was in view (Figure 2). For identification the nest/habitat number was written on a chalkboard placed beside the plot in each picture. • Vegetation distance from nest/habitat point • Nearest neighbor distance • Substrate (soil, rock, sand, gravel, vegetation) • Slope in 2-m2 around nest/habitat point • Distance to high tide line (calculated using GIS) • Distance to nearest shrub (1-2 m tall) and tree (>2 m tall)

Figure 2. Photographs of the 2-m2 vegetation sampling plots centered over an Aleutian Tern nest (left) and the paired sight randomly selected 5 m from the nest (right), Middle Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska, 2017.

Results & Discussion

Kodiak Archipelago Aleutian and Arctic Tern Colony Count Summary During the 2017 breeding season we surveyed for terns at 44 of the 53 known colonies and did not confirm any new nesting locations. Aleutian Terns were observed at 11 colonies (Figure 3), and Arctic Terns were observed at 28 colonies (Figure 4). We confirmed nesting at five Aleutian Tern colonies, and colonies varied in the maximum number of individuals from 1 to 212 (Table 1). We confirmed nesting at 11 Arctic Tern colonies, and colonies varied in the maximum number of individuals from 4 to 150 (Table 2). See Appendix A for a history of tern counts at colonies in the Kodiak archipelago from the 1970s to 2017.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 3. Locations and high counts of Aleutian Terns from May-August, 2017 from colony surveys in the Kodiak Archipelago Alaska. All known breeding colonies are illustrated and information is provided on results of 2017 surveys including colonies: 1) where breeding was confirmed, 2) terns were present but we did not confirm a nesting attempt, 3) no terns were present, and 4) we did not visit/count.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 4. Locations of colony surveys conducted for Arctic Terns from May-August, 2017 in the Kodiak Archipelago Alaska. All known breeding colonies are illustrated and information is provided on results of 2017 surveys including colonies: 1) where breeding was confirmed, 2) terns were present but we did not confirm a nesting attempt, 3) no terns were present, 4) we did not visit/count. The number and locations of hatch year Arctic Terns are also presented.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 1. Counts of adult and hatch year Aleutian Terns (ALTE) by date at historically documented colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the 2017 breeding season. Colonies where nesting was confirmed (nest located), or highly suspected based on behavior, are highlighted. ARTE = Arctic Tern; NC = Not Counted.

No. ALTE Colony Colony Name Date Hatch No.) Adult Comments Region Year 6/12/2017 4 0 Nesting confirmed; one camera West Kaiugnak Bay Pt 10011 6/25/2017 1 0 placed at nest; camera (10011) 8/19/2017 0 0 failed/colony failed 6/14/2017 13 0 Nesting confirmed; two 32004 Akhiok Bay 7/6/2017 0 0 cameras placed on nests; 8/26/2017 0 0 complete colony failure 32015 Aiaktalik Marsh 6/14/2017 0 0 6/10/2017 8 0 East 6/10/2017 5 0 Terns in Midway Bay north of Kodiak 6/11/2017 0 0 Sheep Island and occasionally 34004 Sheep Island 6/24/2017 0 0 over nesting habitat at the west 6/26/2017 4 0 end of the island, but nesting 8/18/2017 0 0 never confirmed 8/20/2017 0 0 6/24/2017 0 0 34007 Ladder Island 8/18/2017 0 0 6/18/2017 1 0 Very low numbers of terns West 34034 Naugolka Point Island 7/6/2017 0 0 flying near island, no evidence Kodiak 8/10/2017 0 0 of nesting 6/12/2017 0 0 34050 Middle Triangle 8/19/2017 0 0 6/10/2017 0 0 6/11/2017 0 0 Both species of terns in Sitkalidak Straits in June and 6/24/2017 0 0 34053 Cub Island seen near Sheep-Cub-Amee 6/26/2017 2 0 Islands but nesting by ALTE in East 8/18/2017 0 0 the region was not confirmed Kodiak 8/20/2017 0 0 6/9/2017 1 0 6/10/2017 4 0 ALTE nest prospecting in early 34054 Amee Island 6/11/2017 5 0 June, but nesting not 6/24/2017 0 0 confirmed 8/18/2017 0 0 5/29/2017 0 0 34085 Mary Island 7/24/2017 0 0 Kodiak Road 7/14/2017 0 0 34086 Blodgett Island System 8/16/2017 0 0

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 1. (Continued)

No. ALTE Colony Comments Region Colony Name Date Hatch No. Adult Year 5/11/2017 0 0 5/14/2017 0 0 5/19/2017 0 0 5/21/2017 0 0 5/21/2017 0 0 5/25/2017 3 0 5/26/2017 5 0 5/30/2017 37 0 6/5/2017 20 0 6/7/2017 41 0 Nesting confirmed (nine ALTE 6/20/2017 NC NC nests found; eight cameras 34100 Head Of Middle Bay placed on nests, two camera 6/30/2017 15 0 nests hatched, but fledging was 7/5/2017 25 0 not confirmed 7/12/2017 27 0 7/15/2017 17 0 7/19/2017 34 0 7/24/2017 24 0 7/29/2017 23 0 8/1/2017 20 0 Kodiak 8/2/2017 18 1 Road 8/16/2017 0 0 System 8/23/2017 0 0 5/2/2017 0 0 5/4/2017 0 0 5/11/2017 0 0 5/14/2017 0 0 5/16/2017 0 0 5/19/2017 1 0 5/21/2017 0 0 5/25/2017 1 0 On 6/8 ALTE were observed 5/28/2017 17 0 landing in vegetation on the 5/30/2017 4 0 island in the estuary where two 34101 Head Of Kalsin Bay 6/7/2017 2 0 active ARTE nests were found, 6/8/2017 14 0 but they were believed to be 6/9/2017 0 0 prospecting only, nesting NOT 6/14/2017 1 0 confirmed for ALTE 6/30/2017 0 0 7/7/2017 0 0 7/12/2017 1 0 7/19/2017 0 0 7/24/2017 0 0 7/27/2017 0 0 7/29/2017 0 0

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 1. (Continued)

No. ALTE Colony Colony Name Date Hatch No. Adult Comments Region Year 8/1/2017 0 0 34101 Head Of Kalsin Bay 8/2/2017 0 0

(cont.) (cont.) 8/9/2017 0 0 8/23/2017 0 0 5/11/2017 0 0 5/25/2017 0 0 34104 Kodiak/Burton Ranch 7/12/2017 0 0 7/24/2017 0 0 Kodiak 5/13/2017 0 0 Road 5/17/2017 0 0 System 6/8/2017 0 0 Uncertain if ALTE nested at 7/10/2017 10 0 this location, most likely moved from Middle Bay 7/20/2017 13 0 34106 S Shore Womens Bay colony after fledging; this was 7/21/2017 7 0 the only ALTE fledgling 7/25/2017 1 0 recorded in the archipelago in 8/1/2017 29 0 2017 8/2/2017 29 1 8/5/2017 15 0 6/16/2017 0 0 West 34129 SE of Alf Island 8/12/2017 0 0 Kodiak 35028 North Anchor Cove 6/14/2017 0 0 East 35029 South Anchor Cove 6/14/2017 0 0 Kodiak 43102 Foul Bay 2 7/19/2017 0 0 Landed in vegetation, nesting Afognak 43109 Foul Bay 9 7/19/2017 2 0 almost certain 5/11/2017 0 0 5/19/2017 3 0 5/25/2017 0 0 Nesting confirmed, seven 5/25/2017 0 0 ALTE nests found; four 5/28/2017 50 0 cameras placed on ALTE nests; Kodiak NA Pasagshak River 5/30/2017 212 0 weather & predator disturbance Road 6/5/2017 191 0 believed to have caused System 6/7/2017 28 0 complete colony failure from 6/5-6/7 6/20/2017 0 0 7/12/2017 0 0 7/24/2017 0 0

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 2. Counts of adult and hatch year Arctic Terns (ARTE) by date at historically documented and new colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, during the 2017 breeding season. Colonies where nesting was confirmed (nest located), or highly suspected based on behavior, are highlighted. ALTE = Aleutian Tern; NC = Not Counted.

No. ARTE Colony Colony Name Date Hatch No. Adult Comments Region Year 6/12/2017 11 0 New 11 West Kaiugnak ARTE observed making a nest 10011 6/25/2017 1 0 Bay Pt scrape on 6/12 8/19/2017 1 0 32003 Egg Island 6/14/2017 0 0 6/14/2017 180 0 Nesting confirmed; three 32004 Akhiok Bay 7/6/2017 0 0 ARTE nests found on 6/14 8/26/2017 0 0 32015 Aiaktalik Marsh 6/14/2017 0 0 East 6/10/2017 36 0 Kodiak 6/10/2017 50 0 Most seen foraging or loafing 6/11/2017 2 0 on buoys in Midway Bay, 34004 Sheep Island 6/24/2017 0 0 occasionally seen flying over 6/26/2017 62 0 nesting habitat, nesting not 8/18/2017 1 0 confirmed 8/20/2017 18 0 6/24/2017 0 0 34007 Ladder Island 8/18/2017 0 0 6/16/2017 47 0 Nesting confirmed, many birds 34011 Alf Island 7/6/2017 present seen actively incubating 8/12/2017 0 0 6/16/2017 0 0 Two seen flying with fish on 34019 Bird Rock 6/17/2017 19 0 6/17; nesting uncertain 8/11/2017 9 0 34020 Chief Point 6/16/2017 0 0 6/17/2017 0 0 West 34023 SE of Rock Point 8/14/2017 0 0 Kodiak 6/17/2017 5 0 All but one seen in flight, 34024 Village Islands 8/14/2017 0 0 nesting uncertain 6/18/2017 3 0 Flying over water, not believed 34034 Naugolka Point Island 7/6/2017 0 0 to have nested at this location 8/10/2017 0 0 All seen in flight, nesting 34039 South Noisy Island 8/11/2017 8 0 uncertain 6/12/2017 0 0 34050 Middle Triangle 8/19/2017 1 0 6/10/2017 58 0 Present and prospecting on 6/11/2017 0 0 islands in Sitkalidak Straits in East 6/24/2017 0 0 June, but not nesting; size of Kodiak 34053 Cub Island 6/26/2017 33 0 chicks in August indicates they 8/18/2017 62 4 nested at this site later in the 8/20/2017 42 4 summer

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 2. (Continued)

No. ARTE Colony Colony Name Date Hatch No. Adult Comments Region Year 6/9/2017 0 0 6/10/2017 0 0 34054 Amee Island 6/11/2017 2 0 6/24/2017 0 0 8/18/2017 0 0 East Not nesting in June but unable to Kodiak 34064 Cat Triangle 6/28/2017 15 0 revisit 6/12/2017 0 0 Not active in June, but mate 34070 Kaiugnak Bay 6/25/2017 2 0 feeding in August, nesting 8/19/2017 20 0 unlikely 6/16/2017 14 0 Prospecting in June; chicks & 34076 S. Shore Spiridon Bay Is. 8/12/2017 39 15 one fledgling in August 6/16/2017 0 0 34078 Island S. of Ditto Islands West 8/12/2017 2 0 Kodiak 6/16/2017 24 0 Three ARTE on island in June, 34079 Anguk Islands 8/11/2017 9 0 all others in flight, uncertain if 8/12/2017 0 0 they nested 5/29/2017 22 0 Flying high from the head of 34085 Mary Island 7/24/2017 0 0 Womens Bay, not nesting 7/14/2017 0 0 34086 Blodgett Island 8/16/2017 0 0 5/11/2017 26 0 5/14/2017 25 0 5/19/2017 0 0 5/21/2017 30 0 5/21/2017 25 0 5/25/2017 52 0 5/26/2017 15 0 5/30/2017 50 0 6/5/2017 50 0 Nesting confirmed – four ARTE Kodiak 6/7/2017 27 0 nests found on beach on 6/20; Road System 6/20/2017 NC NC but nests were gone by the next 34100 Head Of Middle Bay colony visit, potentially trampled 6/30/2017 0 0 by flock of sheep that frequented 7/5/2017 0 0 the beach, ARTE unsuccessful at 7/12/2017 2 0 this site in 2017 7/15/2017 2 0 7/19/2017 2 0 7/24/2017 2 0 7/29/2017 6 0 8/1/2017 2 0 8/2/2017 1 0 8/16/2017 0 0 8/23/2017 0 0

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 2. (Continued)

No. ARTE Colony Colony Name Date Hatch No. Adult Comments Region Year 5/2/2017 1 0 5/4/2017 12 0 5/11/2017 0 0 5/14/2017 3 0 5/16/2017 34 0 5/19/2017 8 0 5/21/2017 0 0 5/25/2017 32 0 5/28/2017 32 0 5/30/2017 32 0 6/7/2017 47 0 Nesting confirmed; cameras 6/8/2017 82 0 placed at two ARTE nests 34101 Head Of Kalsin Bay 6/9/2017 2 0 located on 6/8, failed within 12 6/14/2017 2 0 hours of cameras being set; 6/30/2017 1 0 complete colony failure 7/7/2017 8 0 7/12/2017 1 0 7/19/2017 14 0 7/24/2017 44 0 Kodiak 7/27/2017 3 0 Road 7/29/2017 5 0 System 8/1/2017 5 0 8/2/2017 3 0 8/9/2017 80 0 8/23/2017 0 0 5/11/2017 0 0 Seen briefly flying over 5/25/2017 2 0 34104 Kodiak/Burton Ranch wetland south of grazing 7/12/2017 0 0 exclosure on 5/25, not nesting 7/24/2017 0 0 5/13/2017 0 0 5/17/2017 22 0 6/8/2017 0 0 7/10/2017 0 0 Flock seen here on 5/17 also possibly the same birds seen 7/20/2017 0 0 34106 S Shore Womens Bay flying from this area across bay 7/21/2017 0 0 from Mary Island (34085) on 7/25/2017 0 0 5/29 8/1/2017 0 0 8/2/2017 0 0 8/5/2017 0 0 6/16/2017 0 0 34117 Small Island Amook Pass 8/12/2017 0 0 8/13/2017 0 0 West Kodiak 6/16/2017 0 0 34129 SE of Alf Island 8/12/2017 0 0

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Table 2. (Continued)

No. ARTE Colony Colony Name Date Hatch No. Adult Comments Region Year 6/18/2017 116 0 Lots of ARTE activity, but 7/6/2017 60 0 nesting never confirmed, birds 34132 SE Viekoda Bay Islands 8/1/2017 21 0 appeared to be prospecting 8/10/2017 13 0 only Small Island offshore N. 6/16/2017 1 0 34133 West Amook Is. 8/12/2017 0 0 Kodiak Island by Camp Island 6/26/2017 1 0 35002 Nesting uncertain Karluk Lake 7/22/2017 2 0 6/20/2017 6 0 35022 Frazer Lake Island 8/1/2017 11 1 35028 North Anchor Cove 6/14/2017 0 0 East 35029 South Anchor Cove 6/14/2017 3 0 Brief fly over Kodiak 43102 Foul Bay 2 7/19/2017 0 0 Loafing, mate feeding, not 43105 Foul Bay 5 7/20/2017 5 0 nesting 43107 Foul Bay 7 7/19/2017 61 0 Nesting based on behavior Afognak 43109 Foul Bay 9 7/19/2017 25 0 Nesting based on behavior 43110 Foul Bay 10 7/20/2017 0 0 43113 Paramanof Bay 3 7/21/2017 3 0 Brief fly over Coast Guard Marginal 5/26/2017 0 0 NA Pier 7/10/2017 0 0 5/11/2017 0 0 5/19/2017 8 0 5/25/2017 5 0 5/25/2017 26 0 Nesting by both species Kodiak 5/28/2017 18 0 confirmed; two ARTE nests Road NA Pasagshak River 5/30/2017 6 0 located; complete colony System 6/5/2017 15 0 failure and abandonment from 6/7/2017 0 0 6/5-6/7 6/20/2017 0 0 7/12/2017 0 0 7/24/2017 0 0 6/17/2017 0 0 West NA NE Arm Uganik Bay 8/14/2017 0 0 Kodiak

Intra-annual Variability in Colony Counts Variability in the number of individuals counted during each colony visit was high for both tern species, illustrating the importance of multiple within season counts (Figures 5-6). CVs at Aleutian Tern colonies (n = 4) on Kodiak in 2017 varied from 0.32 to 2.77 (Figure 5), and at Arctic Tern colonies (n = 6) varied from 0.36-1.76 (Figure 6). The 2017 data indicated that only one Aleutian Tern colony (Middle Bay) and one Arctic Tern colony (Cub Island) would be useful in detecting trends in colony size based on the CV on mean counts.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Data indicated counts from late May to mid-July would capture the peak of nesting activity on Kodiak Island, and for most colonies numbers tended to decline rapidly beginning in late July. This season we saw numerous small scale movements (< 4 km) among colonies early in the season. Aleutian and Arctic Terns visited neighboring Sheep, Cub, and Amee Islands in east Sitkalidak Straits for most of June but we did not confirm nesting at any of these colonies until August when Arctic Terns fledglings were seen on Cub Island. However, both species of terns could have nested on Sheep Island prior to our first visit on 10 June, because we found several depredated gull nests on the island at that time. Similar movement patterns were seen in Spiridon Bay with Arctic Terns initially seen in relatively high numbers in June on the Anguk islands, but ultimately nesting at the South Shore Spiridon Bay Islands in August. Arctic Terns also moved between neighboring islands in Kaiugnak Bay apparently moving from the island at West Kaiugnak Bay Point to the Kaiugnak Bay colony after nest failure in June, although a nest attempt was not confirmed at the latter colony.

We were surprised by the lack of nesting effort in Viekoda Bay in 2017. During the 2016 breeding season both tern species nested successfully on the Naugolka Point Island and Arctic Terns were successful on southeast Viekoda Bay Islands. In 2016, the highest numbers of Arctic Tern fledglings in the archipelago were recorded at these two Viekoda Bay colonies. In contrast, in 2017 terns were seen at Naugolka Point Island on only one survey and in very low numbers. Although frequently seen around the Viekoda Bay Islands, Arctic Terns were not confirmed attempting to nest. In general this season, terns seemed reluctant to settle and commit to nesting early in the season, or failed in their early nesting attempts but remained in the area without attempting to re-nest.

In recent years the two largest Aleutian Tern colonies in the archipelago were on the Kodiak road system at the heads of Pasagshak and Middle Bays. In 2017, Aleutian Terns initiated nesting by early June in both of these colonies, although in lower numbers then in recent years at Middle Bay. Although we did not see fledglings at Middle Bay, two game camera nests did hatch and we suspect the hatch year Aleutian Tern seen on 2 August at the head of Womens Bay actually fledged from Middle Bay. Low numbers of Aleutian Terns also fledged from the Middle Bay colony in 2016 (Corcoran 2017).

We documented the abandonment of the largest Aleutian Tern colony in the Kodiak Archipelago at the Pasagshak River for the second year in a row. This season the colony declined from approximately 200 terns in early June to complete abandonment by 20 June. Based on predator observations at the colony, and images from nest cameras, the terns most likely abandoned the colony in response to high predation pressure and/or a night-time predatory attack, but extreme weather conditions may have also contributed. In 2016 this colony completely abandoned after a Bald Eagle depredated many nests in the egg stage (Corcoran 2017). However, the Pasagshak River colony was successful in 2015, when at least five fledglings were seen on 30 July (Appendix A; Corcoran and Tengeres 2015).

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 5. Aleutian Tern counts by date during the 2017 nesting season at sites along the Kodiak road system, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated on counts during the peak of the breeding season from 1 June to 1 August, with one exception: * Pasagshak River – this colony abandoned 5-7 June, so CV was calculated from 19 May to 5 June.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 6. Arctic Tern counts by date during the 2017 nesting season at sites on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated on counts during the peak of the breeding season from 1 June to 1 August, with two exceptions: * 1) Cub Island – this colony established late in the season so CV was calculated from 26 June to 20 August, and ** 2) Pasagshak River – this colony abandoned 5-7 June, so CV was calculated from 19 May to 5 June.

Details of Tern Colony Visits West Kaiugnak Bay Point (10011): On 12 June we observed two Aleutian Terns landing in the vegetation, and several Arctic Terns landing on the exposed rocks along the edge of the island (Figure 7). One Arctic Tern was observed making a nest scrape from the survey skiff. We went ashore to search the area where the Aleutian Terns were seen landing and located a tern nest with one egg where we placed a camera (Figure 8). We did not look for Arctic Tern nests. There were signs of Kodiak brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi) activity on the island, including scat and diggings, some of which appeared to be fairly recent. We found three piles of white feathers on

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

the high point of the island. The final high count for Aleutian Terns was four, and the high count for Arctic Terns was 11. We only observed two terns (one Aleutian and one Arctic) when we returned to the colony on 25 June. Both birds were seen circling over the water at the east end of the island and were not observed once we went on the island to collect the nest camera and conduct vegetation surveys. Unfortunately the camera had failed immediately after it was set. There was abundant fresh bear sign and the rebar stake used to mount the camera was bent. A large bear was seen foraging in a wet meadow just behind the beach berm later that evening, approximately 1 km west of the colony. This colony was inactive when we visited on 19 August, but there were 20 Arctic Terns at the Kaiugnak Bay colony (34070) 1.4 km NE of this island. The Arctic Terns at the Kaiugnak Bay colony did not appear to be nesting and no hatch year terns were seen.

Figure 7. Aleutian and Arctic Terns on 12 June 2017 flying over the nesting habitat on the island off West Kaiugnak Bay Point (10011), Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Figure 8. Map of the single Aleutian Tern nest found at West Kaiugnak Bay Point (10011) colony, Kodiak Island, Alaska. A nest camera was placed on the nest the day it was located on 12 June 2017.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Akhiok Bay (32004): On 14 June we counted 150 Arctic Terns and 14 Aleutian Terns exhibiting nesting behaviors at the Akhiok Bay colony. We found two Aleutian Tern nests (both with one egg) and set cameras on each one (Figures 9-10). We also saw three Arctic Tern nests, each containing one egg, and many birds loafing on the beach carrying Pacific sand lance. Terns returned to the island as soon as we departed the colony in the skiff. On 6 July we flew out in the refuge de Havilland Beaver airplane and were dropped on the island south of the colony with inflatable kayaks so that we could census the tern colony and check the nest cameras. No terns were seen on any of the islands in Akhiok Bay on our flight approach. We retrieved both cameras from the inactive (empty) nests. A pair of Aleutian Terns was seen flying from the mouth of Alitak Bay and briefly circling high over the nesting island before flying back south. We flew out to Akhiok Bay on 26 August to survey a neighboring Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) colony (Island South of Akhiok, 32022) and no terns were seen on the nesting island (32004) or any nearby colony. Review of the camera images revealed that one nest was abandoned on the 27 June, and the other nest was depredated by a Black-billed Magpie on 2 July after being unattended for 6 hours. This colony is approximately 2 km east of the native village of Ahkiok, and possibly could have been an egg harvest site. However, we never saw any evidence of human activity in the camera images.

Figure 9. Game camera image of an adult Aleutian Tern on a nest at the Akhiok Bay colony (32004) on 23 June 2017.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 10. Map of the two Aleutian Terns nests located on 14 June 2017 at the Akhiok Bay colony (32004), Kodiak Island, Alaska. Game cameras were placed on both nests the day they were located.

Aiaktalik Marsh (32015): This remote, difficult to access island was a priority for surveys since there were 120 Aleutian Terns nesting in a large marsh on the south side of the island in June 2001 (Stephensen et al. 2002). The island has only been visited once by refuge staff since 2001 on a skiff-based survey in late August 2014, and no terns were seen in the area. We visited Aiaktalik Island on 14 June and spent several hours collecting vegetation data and no terns were observed (Figure 11). We landed the skiff on the beach at Aiaktalik Cove and hiked from the north side of the island through the marsh to the south beach along Sitkinak Strait. Fresh brown bear tracks were seen on the northern beach and scat was found. We had a brief glimpse of a Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) in flight, and found what we believe were owl pellets. Tundra Voles (Microtus oeconomus) were present and abundant on the island. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) scat was also observed. Two pairs of Parasitic Jaegers (Stercorarius parasiticus) were nesting in the marshy area around where the tern colony was previously located, and a Long-tailed Jaeger (S. longicaudus) was seen hunting at the edge of the marsh.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 11. Unoccupied nesting habitat previously used by Aleutian Terns at Aiaktalik Marsh (32015), Aiaktalik Island, Alaska.

Sheep Island (34004): Sheep Island was first visited the morning of 10 June, and eight Aleutian Terns and 36 Arctic Terns were seen foraging north of the island over Midway Bay. Occasionally small groups of terns would fly from the bay and circle high over the west end of Sheep Island (Figure 12). Observers searched on foot and found at least six depredated Mew Gull eggs and one depredated Glaucous-winged Gull egg. We located four active Mew Gull nests and placed a camera on one in the absence of having a tern nest to monitor. River otter (Lontra canadensis) sign (runs, diggings, scat) was abundant and we suspect they may have depredated many of the nests at this colony. A skiff-based survey conducted later that day recorded a high count of five Aleutian Terns in flight over Midway Bay along with 50 Arctic Terns. The following day only two Arctic Terns were observed loafing on an offshore rock near Sheep Island, and no terns were seen foraging in Midway Bay to the north. We surveyed Sheep Island again twice in late June and counts were highly variable. We did not see any terns while surveying on 24 June but had high counts of four Aleutian Terns and 62 Arctic Terns on 26 June. Only one Arctic Tern was seen flying with a fish, most were loafing, many on the crab pot buoys that were abundant just north of the island in Midway Bay (see report cover photo). We visited the colony on 24 June to check on the camera on the Mew Gull nest and found an empty nest bowl. Image review later revealed the nest was egged by a subsistence harvester on 13 June (Figure 13). We counted low numbers of Arctic Terns and no Aleutian Terns on surveys in August. We did not see any evidence of nesting on Sheep Island by terns and the 18 Arctic Terns counted there on 20 August were either loafing (seven) or in flight (11), and could have been from Cub Island, approximately 2 km east, where they nested successfully in 2017.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 12. Mew Gull and potentially Aleutian and Arctic Tern nesting habitat on Sheep Island (34004) in June 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Figure 13. Mew Gull nest being egged by a subsistence harvester at Sheep Island (34004) on 13 June 2017, Sitkalidak Straits, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Alf Islands (34011): A high count of 43 Arctic Terns was observed flying around a small, steeply sloped rock connected to south Alf Island on 16 June. Arctic Terns nested successfully at

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

this location in 2016 (Corcoran 2017). We estimated from terns seen in incubating posture that there were at least five nests present (Figure 14). We attempted to search for tern nests but a Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani) nest that was hatching on the only rock ledge that allowed access to the colony prevented our approach. We flew over the Alf Islands on 6 July and saw terns flush from the nest rock, but did not get a count. Unfortunately the colony was abandoned when visited on 12 August. We visited the colony on foot and found evidence of depredated eggs and believe it is unlikely that the terns nested successfully at this site in 2017.

Figure 14. Arctic Tern nesting on vegetated side of a large rock located on south Alf Island (34011) on 16 June 2017, Kodiak Island, AK.

Cub Island (34053): On 10 June, we had a high count of 58 Arctic Terns loafing on the gravel spit on the west end of the island (Figure 15), but no birds were seen prospecting or incubating above the high tide line. However, when we surveyed on 11 June and later that month on 24 June, no terns were on or around the island. The Arctic Terns returned on 26 June when 33 were counted over the gravel spit, with many actively prospecting for nest locations. When we returned to survey in August we recorded between 42-62 adult Arctic Terns and four hatch year terns on two visits to the colony (Figure 16). At least three of the young birds could fly, and the fourth chick was not far from fledging. One fledgling had no down left and was loafing in the intertidal zone with the adult birds. The other two chicks capable of flying were above the high tide line and were possibly from the same clutch given their behavior and close proximity. Occasionally they took low test flights around the gravel spit. The fourth chick still had some down, was roosting above the high tide line, and was not observed attempting to fly. Based on

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

these observations, we suspect that at least three Arctic Tern nests were successful this season on Cub Island. During the survey conducted on 20 August we saw a river otter with three pups on the opposite side of this small island from where the terns nested. The tern colony on Cub Island has a history of abandonment due to river otter depredation (Duffy 1995).

Figure 15. Gravel spit on the west side of Cub Island (34053) used by nesting Arctic Terns in 2017, East Sitkalidak Strait, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Figure 16. Arctic Tern adults and two well-camouflaged chicks on Cub Island (34053) on 18 August 2017, East Sitkalidak Strait, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Amee Island (34054): Amee Island was previously one of the largest Aleutian Tern colonies in the Kodiak Archipelago (Baird 1986). Although not surveyed every year, the last time this site was known to be used by Aleutian Terns was 2009, when 120 terns were documented nesting on the hillsides of the southwestern knoll. In 2017, we first surveyed Amee Island on the evening of 9 June. We had almost completed the survey and had not seen any terns when a single Aleutian Tern was spotted circling the nesting habitat and dropping down to the ground on the southwest facing slope of Amee Island. The bird did not appear to depart as we made our way in the skiff to the refuge research boat anchored just 300 m south of the island in Amee Bay. On the morning of 10 June, we observed at least four Aleutian Terns flying over the nesting habitat on the slopes of Amee Island as we departed for Old Harbor in the skiff. We observed five Aleutian and two Arctic Terns flying over the previously used nesting area on Amee Island on 11 June while we collected vegetation data on the island (Figure 17). It appeared the terns were still interested in nesting on the island but we did not confirm nesting in 2017. On 24 June, two groups of campers were located on the beach between the north and south knolls of Amee Island. The camping party had multiple tents, a fire, dogs, and young children. We conducted a skiff survey around the island and no terns were observed. The final survey of the season was conducted on 18 August and no terns were seen.

Figure 17. Aleutian Tern nesting habitat on the south knoll of Amee Island (34054) on 11 June 2017, East Sitklaidak Straits, Kodiak Island Alaska. Aleutian Terns visited the island in low numbers in June but did not appear to nest at this site during the 2017 breeding season.

South Shore Spiridon Bay Islands (34076): We documented three Arctic Terns prospecting on 16 June on these two small islands near the head of Spiridon Bay. Only one tern was seen landing in the vegetation, but they appeared interested in the site for nesting. That same day we observed higher numbers of Arctic Terns 3 km west at the larger Anguk Islands (34079). The terns did not appear to be nesting in the Anguk Islands, 23 of the 24 birds counted were in flight, relatively high over the northwestern-most island in the group. On 13 August, we counted 36 adult Arctic Terns and 15 chicks at the western-most island in the colony at the South Shore Spiridon Bay Islands. We banded 13 of these chicks with USGS Bird Banding Laboratory and Porzana Field Readable incoloy bands. One chick was only about a day old, and we judged it too small to band, and a second was fully fledged and could not be captured for banding (Figure 18). Unfortunately, we encountered these chicks much later in the season than expected and due to

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

our survey schedule we were unable to re-visit the colony to collect survival data. A nest containing one egg, and another with a dead chick were also found in the colony. No Aleutian Terns were seen.

Figure 18. Arctic Tern fledgling in the intertidal zone on South Shore Spiridon Bay Islands (34076) on 13 August 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Head of Middle Bay (34100): Counts of terns at Middle Bay were conducted on 22 days from 11 May to 23 August, 2017. The number of Aleutian Terns counted at Middle Bay was lower than in recent previous nesting seasons. Typical high counts at this site from 2013-2016 were 80-127 Aleutian Terns (Appendix A). In 2017, the high count was only 41 terns seen on 7 June. The mean count of Aleutian Tern adults from 30 May – 1 August 2017 was 26 (SE = 8, n = 11 counts). Over the course of the season we located eight active and one abandoned Aleutian Tern nests in the fields at the head of the bay (Figure 19). We placed cameras at all nine nests. Based on camera images five nests were depredated in the egg stage, three by red foxes, one by a Mew Gull, and one by a domestic sheep (Figure 20). A red fox also killed an incubating adult Aleutian Tern at one nest (Figure 21). A Black-billed Magpie consumed the egg at the previously abandoned nest 13 days after the camera was set. At one of the camera nests the adults never returned to incubate, thus the nest failed due to abandonment. Two of the camera nests hatched (Figure 22), but the fate of the chicks remained unknown because they moved out of camera view a few days after hatching. At one of the Aleutian Tern nests with chicks, we captured images of a short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea), but do not know if the weasel depredated the chicks from that nest. At these two nests, we were able to identify 148 individual chick

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

provisioning events while the chicks were still hiding near the nest bowls. We were able to identify some of the prey items to species (see Figure 33).

Early in the season Arctic Tern numbers were high (15-52), but few were seen after the end of June. We confirmed nesting by Arctic Terns on the beach at Middle Bay when four nests were found on 20 June. All of these nests had disappeared by 30 June; the most likely cause of nest loss was trampling by domestic sheep. Photographs taken by Rich MacIntosh on 30 June show the flock of sheep walking on the beach in the location of the Arctic Tern nests, and no Arctic Terns were recorded at the head of the bay that day.

We estimated about 40 Mew Gulls nested interspersed with the Aleutian Terns at the head of Middle Bay, and at least some were successful based on a maximum single high count of four flightless chicks seen on the beach on 29 July. Glaucous-winged Gulls often flew low over the colony while we were visiting, and were always mobbed by terns and Mew Gulls. Bald Eagles were recorded on every visit in the area. Nest cameras captured images of both an adult and a subadult Bald Eagle being mobbed and chased off the berm by a mixed group of gulls and terns. We do not know if the eagles were interested in the nesting terns as a prey source. Larger nesting and loafing gulls or dead marine organisms washed up by the tide could have attracted eagles to the area. In July, we received reports that a Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus) had become a daily visitor to the Middle Bay beach, but we never saw the bird while in the colony. A brown bear was reported on the beach during the first week of August. We saw no sign of the bear in the colony later in August.

Though not as impacted by human activities as some other locations along the Kodiak road system there were still several sources of disturbance at the head of Middle Bay in 2017. There are residences at the southeast end of the beach, approximately 1 km from where the colony was located. Often four wheelers and other vehicles were driven on the beach, sometimes close to the vegetation line where the Arctic Terns nested. There was potentially some vehicle traffic during the nesting season on the hay road that cuts directly through the tern nesting habitat. People also used the beach for walking dogs and fishing. The major access point was a private road to an abandoned cannery site, which minimized the amount of human recreation compared to other beaches on the road system. The terns nested on land owned by the native village corporation Leisnoi, Inc. The public must purchase permits in order to gain access to Leisnoi land for various activities including bird watching, berry picking, camping, hunting, and fishing. The fields at the head of Womens Bay have also been regularly hayed in late summer for livestock forage by a local resident who has sheep and llamas on a farm adjacent to the colony. In 2016 we do not believe the fields were hayed, and in 2017 instead of haying, the sheep were released to directly graze in the colony. The sheep created many paths through the vegetation, trampled and grazed vegetation, and were caught on camera multiple times walking directly over active Aleutian Tern nests.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 19. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Head of Middle Bay (34100) showing the locations of the Aleutian and Arctic Tern, and Mew Gull nests located from June to July, 2017, on Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Figure 20. Nest camera image of a domestic sheep eating an Aleutian Tern egg at the Head of Middle Bay (34100) on 23 June 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 21. Nest camera image of a red fox depredating a nest and an adult Aleutian Tern on 21 June 2017 at the Head of Middle Bay (34100) on Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Figure 22. Aleutian Tern nest containing one newly hatched chick and an unhatched egg at the Head of Middle Bay (34100), on 19 July 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Head of Kalsin Bay (34101): Counts of terns at the head of Kalsin Bay were conducted on 25 days from 2 May to 23 August. Arctic Terns attempted to nest on the island in the lagoon (Figure 23) between the high tide line and the vegetation edge. We were able to locate two Arctic Tern nests on 8 June. The first nest had two eggs and the second nest had three eggs, and we placed cameras at both nests. During that colony visit, Aleutian Terns were seen briefly landing in the vegetation on the northwest end of the Arctic Tern nesting area, but the birds appeared to be prospecting and no nests were found. Unfortunately both Arctic Tern nests were depredated by Black-billed Magpies within 12 hours of the cameras being set (Figure 24). No re-nesting attempt was observed for Arctic Terns at the head of Kalsin Bay.

Mew Gulls nested on both the island in the lagoon and in the grass on the beach berm. Based on counts conducted from 28 May to 7 July approximately 30 Mew Gulls attempted nesting. We suspected high rates of nest loss and renesting. A Mew Gull nest with three eggs was found on 7 July which was most likely a second nesting attempt, since nests with eggs had been found in late May. Despite high levels of disturbance at least one Mew Gull nest successfully hatched, the first hatch year Mew Gull was seen on 7 July, and two hatch year gulls were seen on 19 July.

The colony at the head of Kalsin Bay had potentially the highest level of human disturbance of any colony in the Kodiak Archipelago (Figure 25). The Kalsin spit was a popular recreation site during the summer. It experienced heavy ATV traffic and campers on many weekends, especially around 4 July, in the middle of the tern nesting season. Many recreationists brought dogs that were allowed to run off-leash. At a low tide the lagoon drains almost completely and the island where the terns nest can be easily reached by dogs and people with knee boots. It is possible that dogs were a direct predator on tern nests, or acted as a secondary stressor by keeping terns flushed off of nests, giving other predators opportunity to consume eggs. Cattle and horses also grazed year round at the head of the bay, including the tern nesting area.

Figure 23. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Head of Kalsin Bay (34101) showing the locations of the Arctic Tern and Mew Gull nests located from June to July, 2017, on Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 24. A nest camera image showing an Arctic Tern unsuccessfully attempting to prevent a Black-billed Magpie from depredating its nest at the Head of Kalsin Bay (34101) on 8 June 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Figure 25. Recreational vehicles camping at the east end of the Kalsin Spit on 28 May 2017 (Memorial Day weekend), Kodiak Island, Alaska. To access the spit campers have to drive through the tern and Mew Gull nest habitat 700 m from the east end of the spit, and most campers also operate four-wheelers on the beach and along the roads through the nesting habitat (Photo: Rich MacIntosh). 33

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

South Shore of Womens Bay (34106): We observed one fledgling Aleutian Tern at the head of Womens Bay on 2 August (Figure 26). This was the only location in the Kodiak Archipelago where an Aleutian Tern fledgling was seen this season. Thirty adult birds were flying over the marsh where the fledgling was hiding in the low sedges. We suspect that this fledgling hatched at Middle Bay, and that the adult Aleutian Terns associating with it were failed breeders and non- breeding adults attracted to the activity of the fledgling and its parents. The nesting habitat at the head of Womens Bay was a popular site for hiking and bird watching and was an active eBird hotspot. Aleutian Terns were not recorded here until mid-July 2017 indicating they most likely moved to the location after breeding at a nearby site. The colony at Middle Bay is only 6.5 km southeast of the nesting site used previously by terns at Womens Bay. In recent years terns were primarily seen at the head of Womens Bay in May, shortly after arriving on the breeding grounds, and there were no recent records of terns nesting at this location.

Figure 26. Aleutian Tern adult flying with a recently fledged chick at the head of Womens Bay (34106) on 2 August 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Southeast Viekoda Bay Islands (34132): We first visited these islands on 18 June, and initially observed about 50 Arctic Terns loafing in the intertidal zone at the western end of the islands where they had nested successfully in 2016 (Corcoran 2017). As we surveyed the entire flock flushed and circled high above the islands and we estimated around 100 terns in flight. Because the birds were so high and difficult to see against the cloudy sky, we took several photographs with a digital SLR camera. High counts from these photographs indicated there were at least 117

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

terns in flight. Only one Aleutian Tern was heard. No terns were observed landing in the vegetation, though occasionally a bird would fly in low swoops over the island. On 6 July we flew over the islands in the refuge beaver airplane specifically looking for terns. There were approximately 60 terns roosting in the same location as seen on 18 June at the western tip of the northwestern island and on rocks just offshore, which we assumed were Arctic Terns. On 1 August we flew out in the refuge de Havilland Beaver airplane and were dropped on the beach at the head of Viekoda Bay with inflatable kayaks so that we could census the tern colony. The high count for Arctic Terns was 21; at least three birds were flying with fish, apparently engaged in mate feeding (Figure 27). We visited the colony on foot to search for nests but none were located. Terns occasionally flew over the nesting habitat while we were in the colony but did not behave aggressively to defend nests. On 10 August we surveyed by skiff and counted 12 Arctic Terns roosting on offshore rocks at the western end of the islands, and one additional tern in flight with a fish. No Aleutian Terns were seen or heard after the first visit to the islands in June. We were uncertain if the terns attempted to nest in June or July and failed but did not abandon the area.

Figure 27. Arctic Terns loafing on rocks offshore from Southeast Viekoda Bay Islands (34132) on 1 August 2017, Kodiak, Alaska. Arctic Terns were present at the colony most of the season but despite multiple visits we were unable to confirm a nesting attempt.

Foul Bay 7 (43107): We surveyed the islands in Foul and Paramanof Bays from 19-21 July. Foul Bay 7 comprised two islands on the southwestern side of the bay, about 2 km north of Ban Island. The high count for Arctic Terns on the skiff survey conducted on 19 July was 61, at least 50 apparently nesting on the smaller of the two islands, and an additional 11 seen on the larger island. Terns were seen and photographed landing on the rocks at the vegetation edge where they resumed incubation postures (Figure 28), although we did not go ashore to count nests. No Aleutian Terns were seen or heard while we conducted the survey.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 28. Arctic Terns nesting at Foul Bay 7 (43107) on 19 July 2017, on Afognak Island, Alaska. Several terns were in incubating postures, and no chicks were seen.

Foul Bay 9 (43109): This small island was surveyed on 19 July and the high counts were 25 Arctic Terns and two Aleutian Terns. The Aleutian Terns were seen dropping into the vegetation on the southeastern end of the island where they nested in 2015 (Corcoran and Tengeres 2015). Arctic Tern behavior was consistent with nesting, the birds were actively defending the colony and were seen in incubation posture on the rocks at the edge of the vegetation. To minimize disturbance, we did not go ashore to locate or count nests.

Pasagshak River (NA): The tern colony at the head of Pasagshak Bay along the Pasagshak River was visited 11 times from 11 May to 24 July, 2017. Aleutian and Arctic Terns attempted to nest this season, but both species abandoned their nesting attempt by 7 June. We did not observe any renesting attempts by either species in the Pasagshak region. The high count of 212 Aleutian Terns was made on 30 May, and we found a total of seven Aleutian Tern nests (three were initially found depredated after colony abandonment) (Figure 29). The Aleutian Terns were nesting over a widespread area, and vegetation and amount of water surrounding the nests was much more varied compared to the Arctic Tern nests located in the colony. No nests were found in the large, fenced fields to the south of the wetland, where the terns successfully fledged chicks in 2015 (Corcoran and Tengeres 2015). The high count of 18 Arctic Terns was observed on 28 May, and we found two Arctic Tern nests. The Arctic Terns were clustered around the wetland area in between the grazed cattle fields and the south end of Lake Rose Tead. Arctic Tern nests found were on hummocks surrounded by water or adjacent to the water’s edge.

We nest searched and deployed four cameras on Aleutian Tern nests on 5 June, two days prior to complete colony abandonment. One nest was abandoned immediately following camera deployment and we never saw a bird come back to the egg, which was collected and frozen for future contaminants testing. Adult terns did return to incubate at the other three camera nests but two were depredated by Northwestern Crows, and one was depredated by a red fox. Two of these nests were depredated on 6 June and the fourth nest survived until the morning of 7 June. On the night after we deployed the cameras we caught an image of a disturbance that flushed many of the nesting terns off their nests (Figure 30). The image, taken at 10:40 pm, shows the adult flushing off the camera nest with approximately 20 other terns flushing from the vegetation in

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

the distance. We were unable to determine what large-scale disturbance caused so many of the terns to flush simultaneously from their nests at such a late hour.

Predator observations were numerous at this site and may have led to colony abandonment. There was a Bald Eagle nest in a spruce tree adjacent to the colony and an adult eagle from this nest depredated the colony in June 2016 causing complete colony abandonment (Corcoran 2017). Bald Eagles also frequent the area to feed on the abundant spawning salmon in the Pasagshak River. Bald Eagles, a large flock of Northwestern Crows, Black-billed Magpies, and a Merlin (Falco columbarius) were observed near the colony while we were setting cameras on 5 June. Most of the terns pursued the Merlin to the southeast side of Lake Rose Tead where they mobbed the falcon for at least an hour, leaving the colony almost deserted while we searched for nests. We also observed sign of red fox within the colony.

In addition to high predation pressure, there was the possibility that severe weather conditions contributed to the abandonment of the Pasagshak colony this season. Immediately after we placed cameras on nests on 5 June there were two and half days of continuous heavy rain and high winds (total precipitation 4.3 cm, sustained winds of 48 kph, wind gusts to 72-85 kph, NOAA climate summaries). Because the terns were so early in incubation, the combination of a diverse assemblage of predators disturbing and depredating nests, and severe weather, may have led to complete colony abandonment.

Figure 29. Map of the tern nesting habitat at the Pasagshak River (NA) showing the locations of the Aleutian and Arctic Tern nests located in early June 2017, on Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 30. Nest camera image of an Aleutian Tern flushing from its nest with a large group of terns visible in the background during the first night of a weekend long storm. This bird did not return to the nest after this image was taken at the Pasagshak River (NA) colony, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Potential New Colony Locations During the 2017 breeding season we documented Arctic Terns with young at two colonies where terns have not been recorded previously, despite a history of seabird surveys. The first site was at Uganik Pass Islets (34026) where 37 adults and one hatch year Arctic Tern were counted on 14 August (Figure 31). This colony was surveyed earlier in the season on 17 June and no Arctic Terns were present. The hatch year bird was fully capable of flight and may have moved to this location from a different colony but we are unaware of any successful nesting sites nearby. This colony had previously been surveyed 17 times during the breeding season from 1975 to 2010 and Arctic or Aleutian Terns were not recorded as nesting.

Utesistoi Island (34108) in Kalsin Bay was the second colony lacking a history of tern nesting activity where adult Arctic Terns were found with young in 2017. Ten Arctic Tern adults were accompanied by two fledgling chicks on 25 August. This was our first visit to Utesistoi Island in 2017, so we were unable to determine if the terns had been nesting earlier in the summer. The island is only 6 km northeast of the large tern colony at the head of Kalsin Bay (34101) and about 8.5 km southeast from the tern colony at the head of Middle Bay (34100). We documented

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Arctic Terns attempting to nest at both sites and failing early in the season, so potentially some of these terns moved to the offshore islands in Kalsin Bay to nest. Utesistoi Island has only been surveyed three times during the breeding season from 1994-2009 and terns were not recorded on those visits.

Figure 31. An older Arctic Tern fledgling (right) seen with 37 adult Arctic Terns at Uganik Pass Islets (34026) on 14 August 2017, Kodiak, Alaska.

Nest Monitoring using Digital Game Cameras In the summer of 2017 we continued efforts initiated in 2015-2016 to monitor Aleutian Tern nests using digital game cameras. We located 30 nests across six colonies (19 Aleutian Tern, eight Arctic Tern, and three Mew Gull nests) (Figure 32). This season we placed cameras at 18 active nests (15 Aleutian Tern, two Arctic Tern, and one Mew Gull) and one Aleutian Tern nest that had been abandoned prior to our discovery. The abandoned nest persisted for 13 days before the egg was consumed by a Black-billed Magpie. Only two camera nests survived to hatching, though we were unable to determine the fate of the chicks. One camera failed within minutes of being set. Of the remaining 15 nests, three were abandoned after camera placement, and 12 nests failed due to various predators including red foxes (four), Black-billed Magpies (three), Northwestern Crows (two), Mew Gulls (one), domestic sheep (one), and egging by subsistence harvesters (one; the Mew Gull nest).

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

We acquired a total of 114 days of images at Aleutian Tern nests while they were still active. Aleutian Tern return time to the nests to resume incubating after the cameras were in place was highly variable. The average return time for Aleutian Terns that did not abandon their nests was 1:09:32 (range = 0:06:54 - 6:30:00; n = 11). The Arctic Terns average return time was 0:05:14 (range = 0:02:27 - 0:08:00; n = 2). The incubating Mew Gull returned to the nest in 0:24:49.

We documented two Aleutian Tern nests (M18 and M20) that reached the chick stage. The fate of these chicks was undetermined; we never observed fledglings at the site despite visiting once or twice each week after nests had hatched. Based on the hatch dates for the eggs in M18 (19 and 23 July), we estimate that the A egg was laid on 28 June and the B egg was laid on 2 July. The estimated fledge date for M18 was 16 and 20 August for the A and B chick respectively. We last saw the chicks at M18 in the camera on 2 August. A short-tailed weasel was seen in the camera on 3 August, but we do not know if the weasel depredated either of the chicks at the nest, or if they were still alive at the time of the weasel visit. Nest M20 was estimated to have been initiated on 20 June, and when we visited the nest on 12 July, we found one small chick and an egg, and estimated the A chick hatched on 11 July. We were uncertain of hatch date or if the second egg successfully hatched. The estimated fledge date was approximately 8 August for M20. A chick at M20 was last seen on 20 July in a nest camera photo. During a colony visit on 24 July, we observed chick trails in the vegetation around M20, including a few forage fish on the ground and a noticeable amount of tern feces, all signs of the presence of chicks. Audio recordings from acoustic monitors indicate Aleutian terns were still visiting the colony from 2 - 9 August, but the terns had apparently abandoned the site by 16 August.

We captured images of 148 chick provisioning events at the two Aleutian Tern nests. Prey delivered to chicks included kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), and other fish species (Figures 33-34). Overall, the average minimum rate of feedings per day was 6 (range 1 to 19; M18 averaged 8.5 feedings/day, range 1 to 19; M20 averaged 2 feedings/day, range 1 to 5).

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 32. Map of Aleutian and Arctic Tern, and Mew Gull nests located from June to July 2017 on Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Kelp greenling Pacific sand lance Cod spp. 33% 29% Salmonid Flatfish Sculpin 1% Smelt 24% 1% 10% Unknown Fish 1% 1%

Figure 33. Prey items delivered at two Aleutian Tern nests recorded using digital cameras at Middle Bay in 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska (n = 148 provisioning attempts).

Figure 34. Nest camera image of an Aleutian Tern holding a kelp greenling to feed its chick at a nest site at the Head of Middle Bay (34100) on 27 July 2017, Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Nest Survival Using information from the nest cameras (n = 14 nests) the average daily nest survival for Aleutian Terns was 0.86 which, based on a 22 day incubation period, equates to 0.04 nest survival probability over the incubation period. Continued image analysis will allow us to calculate both nest attendance and adult vigilance rate. The success of nesting is largely dependent on incubation behavior (Deeming 2002). Nest incubation attentiveness has important fitness consequences through its influence on the number and quality of hatched young and energetic costs imposed on adults since it may restrict time for foraging. Increased vulnerability of the nest site to predation risk can result in an increase in nest vigilance and also reduce parental activity at the nest (Cresswell 2008, Lima 2009). Several potential nest predators on Kodiak could kill or injure incubating adults, thus vigilance on the nest may reduce Aleutian Tern adult mortality associated with nesting activities. A red fox depredated an incubating Aleutian Tern at Middle Bay at a camera nest this season (Figure 21). Vigilance on the nest also keeps the relatively docile Aleutian Tern alert to the warning behavior of the more aggressive Arctic Tern in these mixed species colonies. Multiple studies have directly or indirectly demonstrated nest survival advantages of mixed species colony nesting for more docile species (Veen 1977, Burger 1984, Coates et al. 2016).

Nesting Habitat Characterization Understanding tern nesting habitat preferences in Alaska could form the basis of future conservation measures on a local or regional scale, permitting protection of preferred habitats, and potentially the improvement or construction of other sites. To describe nesting habitat, first, we characterized the vegetation around Aleutian Tern (n = 18), Arctic Tern (n = 7), and Mew Gull (n = 7) nests to see if we could differentiate the specific habitat features being selected for at active colonies by these species. Second, since several tern colonies on Kodiak that historically supported hundreds of nesting pairs were no longer used for nesting, we were interested in determining if natural succession of vegetation communities on these islands resulted in unsuitable nesting habitat.

Analysis showed a well-defined separation between active nest-sites of Aleutian Terns, Arctic Terns, and Mew Gulls (Figure 35). For the species nest site analysis, Linear Discriminant Function 1 (LDF1) explained 59% of between-group variation while Linear Discriminant Function 2 (LDF2) explained 41% of between-group variation. We then correlated the linear discriminant coefficients against the habitat feature values to determine which of these features were most important in describing the difference in nest-site habitat selection between Aleutian Terns and Arctic Terns (LDF2), as well as between tern species and Mew Gulls (LDF1) (Figure 36). Percent moss cover was the most correlated habitat feature distinguishing Aleutian Tern nests from Arctic Tern nests. Aleutian Tern nests also had significantly higher values of percent dead vegetation cover compared to Arctic Tern nests, while Arctic Tern nests had significantly more woody debris, sand, tidal wrack, and gravel cover. Distance from the nest bowl to the nearest vegetation was also significantly greater for Arctic versus Aleutian Tern nests. Our results support the hypothesis that Aleutian and Arctic Terns select different nesting habitat characteristics at the nest level, with Arctic Terns nesting in more coastal, open locations than Aleutian Terns which prefer denser vegetation at more upland sites. Though Mew Gulls often nest interspersed with Aleutian Terns, they were selecting for nest sites that were different than

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

the terns. Mew Gulls nested in taller, denser vegetation with more grasses than both species of terns.

The results from the linear discriminant analysis of habitat measurements at active and former tern colony locations and Aleutian Tern nests were less clear. Separation between groups was not as defined as in the previous analysis examining differences between species nest habitat, but this could be an artifact of small sample size (Figure 37). Linear Discriminant Function 1 (LDF1) showed a very narrow separation of former colony (HAB_UN) habitat measurements from Aleutian Tern nest sites (ALTE). Linear Discriminant Function 2 (LDF2) failed to cleanly separate any of the groups. The most important habitat feature delineating the difference between the habitat at former colonies and the habitat at Aleutian Tern nests was percent moss cover (Figure 38). Moss cover was also an important feature distinguishing Aleutian Terns from their nesting associates based on our nest comparison analysis. Inactive former colony sites had less moss cover than current Aleutian Tern nest sites. There was also a significant relationship between grass, forb, sand, and water cover between Aleutian Tern nest and inactive former colony habitat.

Figure 35. Aleutian Tern (ALTE), Arctic Tern (ARTE), and Mew Gull (MEGU) nest site habitat variables mapped into two discriminating variables using linear discriminant analysis. This ordination method maximizes differences between species groups. Clear distinctions between species are evident.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 36. Positive (blue) and negative (red) correlation coefficients between habitat features and linear discriminant coefficients describing the difference in nest-site habitat selection. A) Greater values of variables positively correlated to LDF1 were associated with Mew Gull nests, rather than tern nests. B) Greater values of variables positively correlated to LDF2 were associated with Aleutian Tern nests, rather than Arctic Tern nests.

Figure 37. Aleutian Tern nest-sites (ALTE), active tern habitat (HAB_ACT), and unoccupied historic tern (HAB_UN) habitat variables mapped into two discriminating variables using linear discriminant analysis. This ordination method maximizes differences between species groups. Distinctions between groups are not well defined along Linear Discriminant Function 2. Aleutian tern nest-sites and historic tern habitat can be differentiated based on the values of Linear Discriminant Function 1.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Figure 38. Positive (blue) and negative (red) correlation coefficients between habitat features and linear discriminant coefficients describing the difference in habitat structure. Greater values of variables positively correlated to Linear Discriminant Function 1 (LDF1) were associated with habitat features at historic tern colonies, rather than Aleutian Tern nests.

Acknowledgements We sincerely thank the seasonal avian monitoring interns SJ Kwiatkowski and Eva Kwiatek who volunteered on surveys, and volunteer Jan Haaga who helped with road system surveys and vegetation data collection. We thank the staff of the Kodiak NWR for assistance with logistics, in particular Jeff Lewis, Captain of the Refuge research boat the Ursa Major II. We thank Smokey Stanton for documenting tern activity in the Pasagshak region and providing us access to the Pasagshak River colony. We appreciate constructive comments by Heather Renner, Don Lyons, Kelly Nesvacil, and Bill Pyle on an earlier version of this report. Finally, we thank Rich MacIntosh for generously sharing his survey data from road system colonies.

Literature Cited Baird, P. A. 1986. "Arctic and Aleutian Terns." In The breeding biology and feeding ecology of marine birds in the Gulf of Alaska. edited by P. A. Baird and P. J. Gould, 349-380. Final Rep. Principal Invest.: Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf. Bibby, C.J., Burgess, N.D., Hill, D.A., and Mustoe, S.H. 2000. Bird Census Techniques, 2nd ed. Academic Press, London Burger, J. 1984. Grebes nesting in gull colonies: protective associations and early warning. Am. Nat. 123:327–337. Burger, J.and M. Gochfeld. 1991. The Common Tern: Its Breeding Biology and Social Behavior. Columbia University Press, New York.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Coates, P.S., B.E. Brussee, R.L. Hothem, K.H. Howe, M.L. Casazza, and J.M. Eadie. 2016. The effects of heterospecifics and climatic conditions on incubation behavior within a mixed- species colony. Journal of Avian Biology 47:399-408. Corcoran, R.M. 2013. Seabird Colony Report, Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska 1975-2011. Unpubl. Refuge Report 02-13. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Kodiak, Alaska. Corcoran, R.M. and J.E. Tengeres. 2015. Aleutian Tern colony surveys, Kodiak Archipelago, 2014-2015. Refuge report 2015.3, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak, AK. Corcoran, R.M. 2017. Aleutian and Arctic Tern colony monitoring, Kodiak Archipelago, 2016. Refuge report 2017.2, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak, AK. Cresswell, W. 2008. Review: Non-lethal effects of predation in birds. Ibis 150:3-17. Deeming, D.C. 2002. Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment and Evolution. Oxford University Press; Oxford. Denlinger, L.M. 2006. Alaska Seabird Information Series. Unpubl. Rept., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Migr. Bird Manage., Nongame Program, Anchorage, AK. Duffy, D.C. 1995. Apparent river otter predation at an Aleutian Tern colony. Colonial Waterbirds 18(1):91-92. Ford, G. 2009. Program Description and Users Manual V 1.0 R.G. Ford Consulting Co. dLOG3 Software for Biological Surveys: Data Entry and Real-time Mapping Program for Windows®. R.G. Ford Consulting Co., 2735 NE Weidler Street, Portland, OR. Gabrielson, I. N. and F. C. Lincoln. 1959. The birds of Alaska. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. Gerrodette, T. 1987. A power analysis for detecting trends. Ecology 68:1364-1372. Grande, M. and P. Paton. 2016. Survey Protocol: Monitoring vegetation at tern colonies in New England. Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island. Haney, J.C., J.M. Andrew and D.S. Lee. 1991. A closer look: Aleutian Tern. Birding 23: 346– 351. Hatch, Jeremy J. 2002. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/arcter DOI: 10.2173/bna.707 Kress, S.W. and C.S. Hall. 2004. Tern management handbook-coastal northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA. 195 pp. Lamb, J.S. 2015. Review of vegetation management in breeding colonies of North Atlantic terns. Conservation Evidence 12:53-59. Lima, S.L. 2009. Predators and the breeding bird: behavioral and reproductive flexibility under the risk of predation. Biological Reviews 84:485-513.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Litvinenko, N. and Y. Shibaev. 1991. Status and conservation of the seabirds nesting in southeast U.S.S.R. Pages 175-193 in Seabird status and conservation: a supplement. (Croxall, J. P., Ed.) ICBP Tech. Publ. no. 11. North, Michael R. 2013. Aleutian Tern (Onychoprion aleuticus), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/aleter1 DOI: 10.2173/bna.291 Ramos, J. A. and A.J. del Nevo. 1995. Nest-site selection by Roseate Terns and Common Terns in the Azores. Auk 112: 580-589. Renner, H.M., M.D. Romano, M. Renner, S. Pyare, M.I. Goldstein, Y. Arthukin. 2015. Assessing the breeding distribution and population trends of the Aleutian Tern Onychoprion aleutica. Marine Ornithology 43:179-187. Serreze, M.C. and R.G. Barry. 2011. Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global Planetary Change 77:85-96. Stephensen, S.W., D.C. Zwiefelhofer, and R.J. Howard. 2002. Seabird colony survey of south and east Kodiak Island, Alaska, June 2001. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report. Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK. 23pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1999. Manual for censusing seabird colonies. Beringian Seabird Colony Catalog. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK. 24pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Land protection plan for Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, Homer, Alaska. United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7, Anchorage, AK. 122pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. Alaska Coastal Program Strategic Plan, 2012- 2016. United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Conservation Partnerships Program, Anchorage, AK. 29 pp. Veen, J. 1977. Functional and causal aspects of nest distribution in colonies of the sandwich tern (Sterna s. sandvicencis Lath.). – Behaviour (Suppl.) 20:1–193.

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. Records of Aleutian and Arctic Tern counts at seabird colonies on Kodiak Island, Alaska, from 1975-2017. Sources of data include: 1) NPSCD – North Pacific Seabird Colony Database, 2) KNWR_CoastalSurvey - Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Bird Surveys, 3) KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey - Kodiak Seabird Colony Surveys, 4) KNWR_NMBS - Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge Nearshore Marine Bird Surveys, and Kodiak NWR – Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. ALTE = Aleutian Tern; ARTE = Arctic Tern; HY = Hatch Year. Counts conducted during the 2017 breeding season are highlighted. Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/16/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/14/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/12/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/14/2000 0 0 6 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/12/2000 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey New 11 West 10011 6/20/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Kaiugnak Bay Pt 6/22/2009 20 0 47 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/15/2014 0 0 6 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/15/2014 7 0 89 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/12/2017 4 0 11 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/25/2017 1 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/19/2017 0 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/19/1993 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/19/2001 0 0 10 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2001 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/20/2002 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 32003 Egg Island 6/16/2002 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2002 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/23/2003 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/2003 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/21/1976 probable 0 600 0 NPSCD 8/9/1977 1000 0 2000 0 NPSCD (AKMNWR) 5/19/2001 0 0 20 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 32004 Akhiok Bay 6/14/2001 2 0 56 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/13/2001 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/2001 15 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/20/2002 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/21/2002 105 0 118 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2002 2 0 63 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/16/2002 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/23/2003 61 0 41 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Akhiok Bay 8/15/2003 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 32004 (cont.) 6/21/2014 20 0 80 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/18/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/14/2017 13 0 150 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/6/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/26/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/27/1977 50 0 150 0 NPSCD 6/14/2001 120 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 32015 Aiaktalik Marsh 8/21/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 1976 present 700 Baird & Moe 1978 1977 735 825 Baird & Moe 1978 7/24/1994 1500 unidentified terns Stephensen et al. 2002 5/14/1998 0 0 24 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/7/1998 0 0 10 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/13/1999 1 0 67 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/1999 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/13/2000 0 0 102 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34004 Sheep Island 8/11/2000 0 0 20 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/22/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/21/2009 70 0 30 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/15/2009 32 0 10 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/14/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/13/2014 5 0 75 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/10/2017 8 0 36 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/10/2017 5 0 50 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/11/2017 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 6/24/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Sheep Island 6/26/2017 4 0 62 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34004 (cont.) 8/18/2017 0 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/20/2017 0 0 18 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/22/1976 10 2000 Stephensen et al. 2002 6/5/1994 50 unidentified terns Stephensen et al. 2002 6/23/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34007 Ladder Island 6/20/2009 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/24/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/18/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/12/1994 0 44 NPSCD 8/17/1994 0 0 19 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/17/1995 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 7/31/1995 0 0 20 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/13/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/1997 0 0 7 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/1997 0 0 69 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/18/2002 0 0 7 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/24/2002 0 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34011 Alf Island 8/10/2005 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/2006 0 0 80 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/12/2007 0 0 79 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/2009 0 0 12 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2010 0 0 5 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/14/2013 0 0 48 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/22/2013 0 0 5 2 KNWR_NMBS 6/12/2016 0 0 13 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/13/2016 0 0 24 2 KNWR_NMBS 6/16/2017 0 0 47 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/6/2017 present Aerial Survey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 34011 Alf Island (cont.) 8/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/10/1976 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/14/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/19/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/2/1995 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1997 0 0 3 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34019 Bird Rock 8/14/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/27/2016 0 0 86 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/12/2016 0 0 8 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/16/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/17/2017 0 0 19 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/11/2017 0 0 9 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/10/1976 0 40 NPSCD 5/14/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/19/1995 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34020 Chief Point 8/2/1995 0 0 7 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/17/1996 0 0 12 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/1996 0 0 44 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1997 0 0 7 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2002 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/14/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34020 Chief Point (cont.) 8/9/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2009 0 0 8 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/16/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/16/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/21/1995 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/3/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/6/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/19/1997 0 0 5 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34023 SE of Rock Point 6/6/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/15/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2010 0 0 8 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/9/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/10/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/18/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/19/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count SE of Rock Point 6/17/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34023 (cont.) 8/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/14/1975 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 8/10/1976 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 5/16/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/21/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/6/1995 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/19/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34024 Village Islands 6/6/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/15/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/2005 0 0 3 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2010 0 0 3 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/29/2016 0 0 3 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/17/2017 0 0 5 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/14/1975 0 0 NPSCD 5/17/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/25/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/23/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Naugolka Point 34034 8/7/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Island 5/20/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/1996 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/27/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 6/22/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/16/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Naugolka Point 6/24/2013 0 0 50 3 KNWR_NMBS 34034 Island (cont.) 8/15/2013 0 0 44 12 KNWR_NMBS 6/8/2016 0 0 26 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/30/2016 8 0 55 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/10/2016 12 0 45 25 KNWR_NMBS 8/22/2016 12 1 74 16 KNWR_NMBS 6/18/2017 1 0 3 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/6/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/10/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/18/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/24/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/5/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/19/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/18/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/20/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34039 South Noisy Island 8/26/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/22/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/17/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2010 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count South Noisy Island 34039 8/11/2017 0 0 8 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey (cont.) 5/19/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/14/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/2000 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34050 Middle Triangle 8/14/2000 4 0 17 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/23/2009 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/19/2017 0 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 1976 0 0 0 0 Baird and Moe 1978 1977 0 0 80 0 Baird and Moe 1978 6/4/1994 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 7/24/1994 150 unidentified terns Stephensen et al. 2002 7/24/1994 50 1 Duffy 1995 5/13/1998 0 0 12 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/7/1998 0 0 64 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/12/1999 0 0 35 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/1999 0 0 10 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/13/2000 0 0 18 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34053 Cub Island 8/11/2000 0 0 55 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/22/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/21/2009 0 0 50 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/11/2014 0 0 2 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/12/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/12/2014 0 0 4 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/10/2017 0 0 58 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/11/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/24/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/26/2017 2 0 33 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/18/2017 0 0 62 4 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34053 Cub Island (cont.) 8/20/2017 0 0 42 4 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/23/1976 3000 0 5000 0 Baird & Moe 1978 1977 330 0 370 0 Baird & Moe 1978 6/4/1994 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 7/24/1994 present 0 present 0 NPSCD 5/13/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/6/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/12/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/12/2000 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2000 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/22/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34054 Amee Island 6/21/2009 120 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/15/2009 60 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/18/2011 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/11/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/12/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/12/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/13/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/9/2017 1 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/10/2017 4 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/11/2017 5 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/24/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/18/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/22/1994 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 6/25/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34064 Cat Triangle 6/25/2009 0 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/28/2017 0 0 15 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/20/1993 0 2 NPSCD 34070 Kaiugnak Bay 5/16/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/8/1998 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/14/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/12/1999 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/14/2000 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/12/2000 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Kaiugnak Bay 34070 6/20/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey (cont.) 6/22/2009 0 0 45 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/15/2014 0 0 1 1 KNWR_NMBS 6/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/25/2017 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/19/2017 0 0 20 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/11/1976 0 0 NPSCD 5/13/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/1994 0 0 73 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1995 0 0 120 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/2/1995 0 0 180 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/1996 0 0 95 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/1996 0 0 87 27 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey S. Shore Spiridon 34076 6/19/2002 0 0 18 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Bay Is. 8/14/2004 0 0 2 1 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2007 0 0 97 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2010 0 0 8 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/27/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/16/2017 0 0 3 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/12/2017 0 0 39 15 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/13/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/14/1994 0 0 NPSCD 8/19/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/2/1995 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/1996 0 0 43 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Island S. of Ditto 6/19/2002 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34078 Islands 8/14/2004 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/11/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/27/2016 0 0 1 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/16/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/12/2017 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/14/1994 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/14/1994 0 0 NPSCD 8/19/1994 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/18/1995 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/2/1995 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34079 Anguk Islands 8/10/1996 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/14/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/10/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/13/2009 0 0 13 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2010 0 0 70 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Anguk Islands 34079 6/27/2016 0 0 12 0 KNWR_NMBS (cont.) 6/16/2017 0 0 24 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/11/2017 0 0 9 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey June 1975 50 90 Nysewander & Barbour 1979 June 1977 54 260 Nysewander & Barbour 1979 June 1978 40 170 Nysewander & Barbour 1979 34085 Mary Island 6/15/2001 0 0 25 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/27/2009 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/29/2017 0 0 22 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/24/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey June 1975 60 30 Nysewander & Barbour 1979 June 1977 0 0 Nysewander & Barbour 1979 June 1978 0 0 Nysewander & Barbour 1979 6/29/1990 0 0 NPSCD 8/9/1995 0 0 NPSCD 6/27/2009 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/13/2011 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 34086 Blodgett Island 8/31/2011 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/25/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/27/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/27/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/28/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 7/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/16/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/21/1975 0 216 NPSCD Anton Larsen Bay 34097 6/23/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Islands 6/22/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count Anton Larsen Bay 34097 6/17/2012 0 0 30 0 eBird (S11086454 – SR) Islands (cont.) June 1977 50 8 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 June 1978 60 4 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 6/15/2001 0 0 Stephensen et al. 2002 6/4/2012 80 0 6 0 eBird (S10948685 – RM) 5/27/2013 80 0 0 0 eBird (S14260697 – RM) 7/9/2013 69 0 8 0 Kodiak NWR 7/30/2015 127 0 12 0 Kodiak NWR 5/4/2016 1 0 18 0 eBird (S29412369 – RM) 5/18/2016 1 0 42 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S29798091 5/22/2016 10 0 24 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S29859994 6/3/2016 92 0 NC 0 Kodiak NWR 6/14/2016 82 0 38 0 Kodiak NWR 6/18/2016 100 0 1 0 eBird (S30414916 – RM) 7/2/2016 40 0 20 0 eBird (S30687277 – RM) Head of Middle 34100 7/7/2016 25 0 1 0 Kodiak NWR Bay 7/21/2016 78 0 4 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S30937349 7/28/2016 60 1 7 0 Kodiak NWR 8/3/2016 42 0 18 0 Kodiak NWR 8/9/2016 20 1 3 0 Kodiak NWR 8/15/2016 18 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/11/2017 0 0 26 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S37027265 5/14/2017 0 0 25 0 eBird (S36865854 – RM) 5/19/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/21/2017 0 0 30 0 Kodiak NWR 5/21/2017 0 0 25 0 eBird (S37100695 – RM) 5/25/2017 3 0 52 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S37257176 5/26/2017 5 0 15 0 eBird (S37170381 - RM) 5/30/2017 37 0 50 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S37301680 6/5/2017 20 0 50 0 Kodiak NWR

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 6/7/2017 41 0 27 0 Kodiak NWR 6/20/2017 NC NC NC NC Kodiak NWR 6/30/2017 15 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S37903653-RM 7/5/2017 25 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/12/2017 27 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR 7/15/2017 17 0 2 0 eBird (S38187951 – RM) Head of Middle 34100 7/19/2017 34 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR Bay (cont.) 7/24/2017 24 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR 7/29/2017 23 0 6 0 eBird (S38411536 – RM) 8/1/2017 20 0 2 0 eBird (S38476417– RM) 8/2/2017 18 1 1 0 Kodiak NWR 8/16/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 8/23/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR June 1977 240 160 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 June 1978 320 92 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 8/11/1991 12 0 150 many eBird (S35863055 – RM) 6/25/1992 300 0 125 0 eBird (S35680083 – RM) 6/15/2001 22 0 0 0 Stephensen et al. 2002 5/26/2003 100 0 10 0 eBird (S28707905 – RM) 7/12/2007 7 0 16 0 eBird (S28771268 – RM) 5/31/2009 10 0 15 0 eBird (S5050616 – RM) Head of Kalsin 6/9/2012 0 0 1 0 eBird (S10957226– RM) 34101 Bay 7/15/2012 0 0 26 0 eBird (S11160860 – RM) 8/7/2012 0 0 12 0 eBird (S11309247– RM) 5/23/2013 4 0 4 0 eBird (S14223865 – RM) 5/26/2013 25 0 20 0 eBird (S14259526 – RM) 6/3/2013 18 0 8 0 eBird (S14333857 – SB) 6/6/2013 19 0 2 0 eBird (S14373562 – RM) 6/19/2013 40 0 20 0 eBird (S14461806 – RM) 7/9/2013 22 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR 5/15/2015 0 0 16 0 eBird (S23465914 – RM)

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/17/2015 1 0 20 0 eBird (S23512195 – RM) 5/19/2015 0 0 20 0 eBird (S23720004 – RM) 5/23/2015 2 0 14 0 eBird (S23719788 – RM) 6/2/2015 6 0 17 0 eBird (S23761076 – RM) 6/20/2015 22 0 12 0 eBird (S24291268– RM) 6/23/2015 35 0 12 0 eBird (S24291234 – RM) 6/27/2015 16 0 20 0 eBird (S24291079 – RM) 7/4/2015 0 0 18 0 eBird (S24290919 – RM) 7/13/2015 5 0 35 0 eBird (S24290860 – RM) 7/15/2015 4 1 17 3 Kodiak NWR/ eBird S24289615 7/30/2015 1 0 16 1 Kodiak NWR 5/8/2016 0 0 13 0 eBird (S29546418 – RM) 5/11/2016 0 0 25 0 eBird (S29601409 – RM) 5/17/2016 0 0 18 0 eBird (S29754562 – RM) 5/18/2016 2 0 24 0 Kodiak NWR/ eBird S29794642 Head of Kalsin 34101 5/22/2016 8 0 20 0 Kodiak NWR/ eBird S29859601 Bay (cont.) 6/3/2016 6 0 24 0 Kodiak NWR 6/7/2016 6 0 35 0 eBird (S30130236 – RM) 6/12/2016 4 0 19 0 eBird (S30414696 – RM) 6/14/2016 6 0 80 0 Kodiak NWR 6/19/2016 50 0 20 0 eBird (S30437561 – RM) 6/22/2016 6 0 104 4 Kodiak NWR 6/25/2016 50 0 16 0 eBird (S30416942 – RM) 6/27/2016 50 0 40 0 eBird (S30431413– RM) 7/7/2016 4 0 83 3 Kodiak NWR 7/9/2016 10 0 45 0 eBird (S30686368 – RM) 7/21/2016 5 0 82 4 Kodiak NWR/ eBird S30937696 7/23/2016 1 0 118 0 eBird (S31962107 – RM) 7/26/2016 8 0 65 0 eBird (S30877190 – RM) 7/28/2016 6 0 56 2 Kodiak NWR 7/29/2016 2 0 60 0 eBird (S30919487 – RM)

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/1/2016 1 0 40 0 eBird (S31961828 – RM) 8/3/2016 5 0 62 3 Kodiak NWR 8/15/2016 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/2/2017 0 0 1 0 eBird (S36509479 – RM) 5/4/2017 0 0 12 0 eBird (S36579364 – RM) 5/11/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/14/2017 0 0 3 0 eBird (S36865947 – RM) 5/16/2017 0 0 34 0 eBird (S36925989 – RM) 5/19/2017 1 0 8 0 Kodiak NWR 5/21/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/25/2017 1 0 32 0 Kodiak NWR 5/28/2017 17 0 32 0 Kodiak NWR 5/30/2017 4 0 32 0 Kodiak NWR Head of Kalsin 6/7/2017 2 0 47 0 Kodiak NWR 34101 Bay (cont.) 6/8/2017 14 0 82 0 Kodiak NWR 6/9/2017 0 0 2 0 eBird (S37508386 – RM) 6/14/2017 1 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR/ eBird (S37604143 ) 6/30/2017 0 0 1 0 eBird (S37903228 – RM) 7/7/2017 0 0 8 0 Kodiak NWR 7/12/2017 1 0 1 0 Kodiak NWR 7/19/2017 0 0 14 0 Kodiak NWR 7/24/2017 0 0 44 0 Kodiak NWR 7/27/2017 0 0 3 0 eBird (S38355439 – RM) 7/29/2017 0 0 5 0 eBird (S23720004 – RM) 8/1/2017 0 0 5 0 eBird (S38444372 – RM) 8/2/2017 0 0 3 0 Kodiak NWR 8/9/2017 0 0 80 0 eBird (S38566533 – RM) 8/23/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 1975 50 0 NPSCD Kodiak/Burton 34104 1978 70 0 NPSCD Ranch 5/25/1986 150 0 NPSCD

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/9/1987 100 0 NPSCD 6/20/1988 140 0 NPSCD 6/21/2013 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/9/2013 109 0 3 0 Kodiak NWR 8/12/2013 15 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/30/2015 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR Kodiak/Burton 5/18/2016 0 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR 34104 Ranch (cont.) 6/2/2016 0 0 4 0 Kodiak NWR 6/15/2016 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 6/22/2016 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/11/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/25/2017 0 0 2 0 Kodiak NWR 7/12/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/24/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/4/1973 30 0 100 0 eBird (S38320510 - RM) 7/9/1975 20 0 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 1976 0 0 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 1977 0 0 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 6/1/1978 40+ 0 Nysewander and Barbour 1979 8/30/1977 0 0 0 0 eBird (S35731467 – RM) 5/11/1984 2 0 25 0 eBird (S35668826 – RM) 6/15/2001 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey S. Shore Womens 34106 6/2/2004 15 0 40 0 eBird (S37471767 – RM) Bay 5/31/2011 15 0 60 0 eBird (S8390835 – RM) 6/4/2012 0 0 30 0 eBird (S10948684 – RM) 6/9/2012 1 0 8 0 eBird (S10957180 – RM) 8/1/2012 0 0 8 0 eBird (S11249026 – RM) 5/20/2013 6 0 25 0 eBird (S14192653 – RM) 5/23/2013 0 0 26 0 eBird (S14223978 – RM) 5/24/2013 0 0 25 0 eBird (S14233701 – RM) 5/26/2013 0 0 40 0 eBird (S14260889 – RM)

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/27/2013 0 0 40 0 eBird (S14265735 – RM) 6/5/2013 0 0 40 0 eBird (S14373632 – RM) 6/19/2013 0 0 34 0 eBird (S14461883 – RM) 6/23/2013 0 0 1 0 eBird (S14487582 – RM) 8/13/2013 0 0 0 0 eBird (S15139146 – RM) 5/10/2015 0 0 17 0 eBird (S23398428 – RM) 5/17/2015 0 0 40 0 eBird (S23511979 – RM) 7/13/2015 0 0 16 0 eBird (S24290802 – RM) 5/11/2016 0 0 36 0 eBird (S29637292 – RM) 5/30/2016 2 0 35 0 eBird (S30013816 – RM) 5/22/2016 0 0 35 0 Kodiak NWR/eBird S29860334 S. Shore Womens 34106 6/24/2016 0 0 0 0 eBird (S30436051 – RM) Bay (cont.) 6/26/2016 0 0 0 0 eBird (S30435827 – RM) 5/13/2017 0 0 0 0 eBird (S37023640 – RM) 5/17/2017 0 0 22 0 eBird (S36999866 – RM) 6/8/2017 0 0 0 0 eBird (S37487512 – RM) 7/10/2017 10 0 0 0 eBird (S38280597 – RM) 7/20/2017 13 0 0 0 KodiakNWR/eBird S38249295 7/21/2017 7 0 0 0 eBird (S38258699 – RM) 7/25/2017 1 0 0 0 eBird (S38325237– RM) 8/1/2017 29 0 0 0 eBird (S38444123 – RM) 8/2/2017 29 1 0 0 KodiakNWR/eBird S38543571 8/5/2017 15 0 0 0 eBird (S38500070 – RM) 6/13/1994 0 42 NPSCD 8/17/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/17/1995 0 0 12 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Small Island 7/31/1995 0 0 34 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34117 Amook Pass 5/14/1996 0 0 14 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/1996 0 0 12 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/15/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/1997 0 0 6 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 6/18/2002 0 0 8 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/9/2009 0 0 3 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Small Island 6/19/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 34117 Amook Pass 6/16/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey (cont.) 8/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/13/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/17/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 7/31/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/18/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/11/2004 0 0 28 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2005 0 0 42 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34129 SE of Alf Island 8/9/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/16/2013 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/20/2013 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/22/2013 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/25/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/14/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/16/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/19/1994 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/25/1994 0 0 58 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/23/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey SE Viekoda Bay 34132 8/7/1995 0 0 6 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Islands 5/21/1996 0 0 25 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/1996 0 0 14 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1997 0 0 49 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/27/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/22/2002 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/16/2004 0 0 30 7 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/17/2005 0 0 230 61 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/19/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/18/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey SE Viekoda Bay 34132 6/21/2010 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Islands (cont.) 6/8/2016 0 0 97 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/20/2016 0 0 68 NC KNWR_NMBS 8/22/2016 0 0 65 28 KNWR_NMBS 6/18/2017 1 0 116 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/6/2017 0 0 60 tern spp. 0 Aerial Survey 8/1/2017 0 0 21 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/10/2017 0 0 13 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/11/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/18/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/17/1995 0 0 3 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/1/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/15/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Small Island 8/16/1997 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 34133 offshore N. 6/18/2002 0 0 190 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Amook Is. 8/13/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/11/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/19/2010 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/11/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 6/12/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS Small Island 8/16/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 34133 offshore N. 6/16/2017 0 0 1 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Amook Is. (cont.) 8/12/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Island by Camp 6/23/1977 0 0 1 0 NPSCD 35002 Island Karluk 6/26/2017 0 0 1 0 eBird (S37833690 – DH) Lake 7/22/2017 0 0 2 0 eBird (S38442928 – BP) 6/20/2017 0 0 6 0 eBird (S37833897 – DH) 35022 Frazer Lake Island 8/1/2017 0 0 11 1 KNWR-photo count 6/17/1993 54 34 NPSCD 5/18/2001 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/2001 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/2002 0 0 14 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/11/2002 0 0 34 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/17/2002 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey North Anchor 5/16/2003 0 0 20 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 35028 Cove 8/16/2003 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 7/13/2009 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/27/2011 3 0 3 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/21/2011 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/19/2014 1 0 50 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/19/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/17/1993 24 0 16 0 NPSCD 5/18/2001 0 0 10 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/15/2001 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey South Anchor 5/22/2002 0 0 3 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 35029 Cove 6/11/2002 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/17/2002 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/16/2003 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/16/2003 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 6/27/2011 4 0 1 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/21/2011 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS South Anchor 35029 6/19/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS Cove (cont.) 8/19/2014 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/14/2017 0 0 3 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/30/1976 0 0 120 0 NPSCD 43075 Too Triangle 6/17/2008 0 0 16 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/21/2012 4 0 72 0 KNWR_NMBS 7/30/1976 40 0 0 0 NPSCD 43076 Island 10 6/17/2008 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/21/2012 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 7/29/1976 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 43080 Gull Island Group 6/17/2008 0 0 22 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey Western Inlet 7/27/1976 0 0 25 0 NPSCD 43081 Island 6/20/2008 0 0 9 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/24/1992 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 8/26/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/26/1995 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/10/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1996 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/24/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/24/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/28/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43093 Bluefox Bay Islets 8/23/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/22/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/26/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2008 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/15/2010 0 0 12 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2012 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS/Duck Banding 8/25/2015 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 7/16/1976 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 43096 Alligator Island 6/20/2008 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/22/2015 2 0 22 0 KNWR_NMBS 7/16/1976 0 0 0 0 NPSCD 5/26/1994 0 0 9 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/26/1994 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/26/1995 0 0 15 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/1995 0 0 15 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/24/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/24/1997 0 0 8 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/27/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43097 Grassy Island 8/24/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/22/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/21/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/25/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/20/2008 8 0 6 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/27/2012 2 0 55 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/15/2012 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/19/2012 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/22/2015 0 0 13 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/3/1976 0 90 NPSCD 5/26/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/28/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/25/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43102 Foul Bay 2 5/24/1996 0 0 6 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/23/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/31/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 9/1/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 8/21/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/22/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43102 Foul Bay 2 6/21/2008 7 0 31 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/13/2010 0 0 14 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/23/2015 0 0 9 0 KNWR_NMBS 7/19/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/3/1976 0 10 NPSCD 5/27/1994 0 0 26 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/28/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/25/1995 0 0 14 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/8/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/24/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/1996 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43105 Foul Bay 5 5/23/1997 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/31/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/21/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/21/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2008 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/20/2017 0 0 5 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/2/1976 0 0 NPSCD 5/27/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/28/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/25/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43107 Foul Bay 7 8/8/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/24/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/23/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 9/1/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/22/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/21/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43107 Foul Bay 7 (cont.) 8/24/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2008 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/12/2010 0 0 4 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 7/19/2017 0 0 61 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/2/1976 0 20 NPSCD 5/27/1994 0 0 21 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/27/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/25/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/1995 0 0 64 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/24/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/1996 0 0 1 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1997 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 9/1/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43109 Foul Bay 9 8/22/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/21/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/24/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2008 2 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/23/2015 10 0 33 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/29/2015 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 7/19/2017 2 0 25 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/3/1976 0 14 NPSCD 5/27/1994 0 0 3 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43110 Foul Bay 10 8/27/1994 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/25/1995 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/9/1995 0 0 6 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/24/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/1996 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 5/22/1997 0 0 2 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/31/1997 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey Foul Bay 10 8/22/2004 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 43110 (cont.) 8/21/2005 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/20/2006 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 8/23/2007 0 0 0 0 KNWR_CoastalSurvey 6/21/2008 0 0 2 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/20/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/3/1976 0 0 40 0 NPSCD 6/25/1992 0 0 1 0 NPSCD 43113 Paramanof Bay 3 6/21/2008 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/21/2017 0 0 3 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/26/1990 0 0 58 0 NPSCD Island B Malina 43118 6/25/1992 0 0 62 0 NPSCD Bay 6/22/2008 0 0 4 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 5/14/2016* 0 0 present 0 First sighting Coast Guard 6/11/2016* 0 0 70 0 Partial Photo Count NA Marginal Pier 5/26/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 7/10/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 6/1/2012 11 30 R. MacIntosh 6/9/2012 8 0 6 0 R. MacIntosh 8/19/2012 150 present 4 0 R. MacIntosh 5/21/2013 40 0 6 0 R. MacIntosh 7/9/2013 0 0 15 0 Kodiak NWR NA Pasagshak River 6/20/2014 61 0 Kodiak NWR 7/11/2015 88 0 2 0 eBird (S24226479 – KC) 7/15/2015 109 0 8 0 Kodiak NWR 7/30/2015 81 5 8 0 Kodiak NWR 5/18/2016 6 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix A. (Continued)

Colony ALTE ALTE HY ARTE ARTE HY Colony Date Data Source/Comments No Adult Count Count Adult Count Count 5/22/2016 1 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 6/2/2016 146 0 4 0 Kodiak NWR 6/7/2016 175 0 20 0 Kodiak NWR 6/14/2016 1 0 0 0 eBird (S30273723 – RM) 6/15/2016 2 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 6/22/2016 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/11/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 5/19/2017 3 0 8 0 Kodiak NWR NA Pasagshak River 5/25/2017 0 0 5 0 Kodiak NWR 5/25/2017 0 0 26 0 Kodiak NWR 5/28/2017 50 0 18 0 Kodiak NWR 5/30/2017 212 0 6 0 Kodiak NWR 6/5/2017 191 0 15 0 Kodiak NWR 6/7/2017 28 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 6/20/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/12/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 7/24/2017 0 0 0 0 Kodiak NWR 6/17/2013 0 0 33 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/18/2013 0 0 30 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/17/2013 0 0 20 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/9/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS NE Arm Uganik 6/10/2016 0 0 38 0 KNWR_NMBS NA Bay 6/28/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/18/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 8/19/2016 0 0 0 0 KNWR_NMBS 6/17/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey 8/14/2017 0 0 0 0 KOD_SeabirdColonySurvey * Denise Link data – June count from photograph of flock in flight with the majority of birds in view eBird Observers: BP = Bill Pyle (KNWR); DH = Danny Hernandez (KNWR); KC = Keith Confer; RM = Rich MacIntosh; SB = Shirley Burns; SR = Sharon Richardson

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix B. Location, date found, and egg number of Aleutian and Arctic Tern nests in colonies on the west side of Kodiak Island and the Kodiak road system, Alaska, June-August, 2017. Species Site Date Found Egg Number Latitude Longitude Comments 06/08/2017 2 57.59135 -152.4585 NEST CAMERA K1 Kalsin Bay 06/08/2017 3 57.591 -152.45769 NEST CAMERA K2 06/20/2017 1 57.64869 -152.50168 M4 06/20/2017 2 57.64897 -152.50204 M5 Middle Bay 06/20/2017 57.6486 -152.50143 M6 Arctic Tern 06/20/2017 2 57.64799 -152.50046 M7 06/05/2017 0 57.47571 -152.47522 P5 – found depredated Pasagshak River 06/05/2017 0 57.47562 -152.47533 P8 – found depredated 06/14/2017 1 Akhiok Bay 06/14/2017 1 06/14/2017 1 South Spiridon Island 08/13/2017 1 06/05/2017 2 57.64928 -152.50307 NEST CAMERA M1 06/05/2017 2 57.64914 -152.50296 NEST CAMERA M2 06/05/2017 2 57.64907 -152.50235 NEST CAMERA M3 06/22/2017 1 57.6475 -152.50186 NEST CAMERA M8 Middle Bay 06/22/2017 1 57.64866 -152.50476 NEST CAMERA M9 Aleutian Tern 06/22/2017 1 57.64919 -152.50595 NEST CAMERA M10 07/05/2017 2 57.64903 -152.5036 NEST CAMERA M18 (1 egg when found) 07/05/2017 2 57.64929 -152.50284 NEST CAMERA M20 07/05/2017 1 57.6492 -152.5029 Abandoned when found Kaiugnak Island 06/12/2017 1 57.07201 -153.65926 NEST CAMERA KGK1

Refuge Report 2018.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Appendix B. (Continued)

Species Site Date Found Egg Number Latitude Longitude Comments 06/05/2017 1 57.47615 -152.46965 NEST CAMERA P1 06/05/2017 1 57.47715 -152.47293 NEST CAMERA P2 06/05/2017 2 57.47568 -152.47502 NEST CAMERA P3 Pasagshak River 06/05/2017 2 57.47548 -152.4735 NEST CAMERA P6 Aleutian Tern 06/07/2017 0 57.47563 -152.4751 P4 – found depredated 06/07/2017 0 57.47569 -152.4745 P7 – found depredated 06/07/2017 0 57.47617 -152.47047 P9 – found depredated 06/14/2017 1 56.9439 -154.13866 NEST CAMERA AHI1 Ahkiok Bay 06/14/2017 1 56.94393 -154.13875 NEST CAMERA AHI2 OTHER SPECIES: 07/07/2017 3 57.5929 -152.45648 K3 Kalsin Bay 07/07/2017 0 57.59133 -152.45845 K11 – found depredated Middle Bay 07/05/2017 1 57.64867 -152.50398 M16 Mew Gull 06/10/2017 2 57.21569 -153.24338 NEST CAMERA S11 06/24/2017 1 57.21575 -153.24327 S12 Sheep Island 06/24/2017 3 57.21562 -153.24347 S13 06/24/2017 2 57.21573 -153.24359 S14