DOCSLIB.ORG

A Systematic Review of the Relation Between Species Traits And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Systematic Review of the Relation Between Species Traits And bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/408096; this version posted September 4, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 A systematic review of the relation between species traits and 2 extinction risk 3 4 Filipe Chichorro 1*, Aino Juslén2 and Pedro Cardoso1 5 1LiBRE – Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University 6 of Helsinki, PO Box 17 (Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13), 00014 Helsinki, Finland 7 2Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 17 (Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13), 00014 8 Helsinki, Finland 9 *Address for correspondence (Tel: +358 469 508 202; E-mail: [email protected]) 10 11 ABSTRACT 12 13 Biodiversity is shrinking rapidly, and despite our efforts only a small part of it has been assessed for 14 extinction risk. Identifying the traits that make species vulnerable might help us to predict the outcome for 15 those less known. We gathered information on the relations of traits to extinction risk from 173 publications, 16 across all taxa, spatial scales and biogeographical regions, in what we think is the most comprehensive 17 compilation to date. The Palaearctic is the most represented biogeographical realm in extinction risk studies, 18 but the other realms are also well sampled for all vertebrate groups. Other taxa are less well represented and 19 there are gaps for some biogeographical realms. Many traits have been suggested to be good predictors of 20 extinction risk. Among these, our meta-analyses were successful in identifying two as potentially useful in 21 assessing risk for the lesser-known species: regardless of the taxon, species with small range and habitat 22 breadth – two of the three classic dimensions of rarity – are more vulnerable to extinction. On the other hand, 23 body size (the most studied trait) did not present a consistently positive or negative response. Large species 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/408096; this version posted September 4, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 24 can be more, or less, threatened than their smaller counterparts, depending on the taxon and spatial setting. In 25 line with recent research, we hypothesize that the relationship between body size and extinction risk is 26 shaped by different aspects, namely body size is a proxy for different phenomena depending on the 27 taxonomic group, and there might be relevant interactions between body size and the specific threat that a 28 species faces. With implications across all traits, a particular focus in future studies should be given to the 29 interaction between traits and threats. Furthermore, intraspecific variability of traits should be part of future 30 studies whenever data is available. We also propose two complementary paths to better understand extinction 31 risk dynamics: (i) the simulation of virtual species and settings for theoretical insights, and (ii) the use of 32 comprehensive and comparable empirical data representative of all taxa and regions under a unified study. 33 Keywords: biological traits, functional diversity, IUCN, machine learning, meta-analysis, threat status. 34 Contents 35 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 36 I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 37 II. Material and Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 6 38 (1) Bibliography selection.................................................................................................................................. 6 39 (2) Statistical analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 8 40 (a) Data collection ......................................................................................................................................... 8 41 (b) Trait classes ............................................................................................................................................. 9 42 (c) Exploratory analysis .............................................................................................................................. 10 43 (d) Meta-analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 10 44 III. Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 45 (1) Bibliography selection................................................................................................................................ 11 46 (2) Exploratory analysis ................................................................................................................................... 12 47 (a) Studies ................................................................................................................................................... 12 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/408096; this version posted September 4, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 48 (b) Traits ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 49 (3) Meta-analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 13 50 IV. Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 51 (1) Relation between traits and extinction risk ................................................................................................ 15 52 (2) Generalization............................................................................................................................................. 20 53 (3) Next steps ................................................................................................................................................... 21 54 V. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 23 55 VI. Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 25 56 VII. References ................................................................................................................................................... 26 57 VIII. Supporting Information ............................................................................................................................. 53 58 Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. 54 59 Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. 59 60 61 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/408096; this version posted September 4, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 62 I. Introduction 63 64 The last annual checklist of the Catalogue of Life reports 1.7 million (eukaryote) species described on this 65 planet (Roskov et al., 2017). Describing the remaining estimated 7 million might still take 1,200 years if the 66 rates of description, average number of new species described per taxonomist’s career, and average cost to 67 describe species remain constant (Mora et al., 2011). This latency in describing species is put into a typical 68 crisis context if, as predicted, 3,000 species fall into extinction every year (Wilson, 2003; González-Oreja, 69 2008), many of them undescribed. 70 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) compiles and keeps updated a database with 71 assessments of risk of extinction for species. As of August 2018, 26 197 (28%) of all 93 577 species in this 72 list were either Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable to extinction and 14 616 (16%) were Data 73 Deficient (IUCN, 2018). Yet, species in the IUCN database mostly comprise well-known taxa (e.g. 67% of 74 vertebrates have been assessed versus 0.8% of insects (IUCN, 2018)), and it will probably take decades until 75 a reasonable
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spatial Criteria Used in IUCN Assessment Overestimate Area of Occupancy for Freshwater Taxa
    Spatial Criteria Used in IUCN Assessment Overestimate Area of Occupancy for Freshwater Taxa By Jun Cheng A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright Jun Cheng 2013 Spatial Criteria Used in IUCN Assessment Overestimate Area of Occupancy for Freshwater Taxa Jun Cheng Masters of Science Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2013 Abstract Area of Occupancy (AO) is a frequently used indicator to assess and inform designation of conservation status to wildlife species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The applicability of the current grid-based AO measurement on freshwater organisms has been questioned due to the restricted dimensionality of freshwater habitats. I investigated the extent to which AO influenced conservation status for freshwater taxa at a national level in Canada. I then used distribution data of 20 imperiled freshwater fish species of southwestern Ontario to (1) demonstrate biases produced by grid-based AO and (2) develop a biologically relevant AO index. My results showed grid-based AOs were sensitive to spatial scale, grid cell positioning, and number of records, and were subject to inconsistent decision making. Use of the biologically relevant AO changed conservation status for four freshwater fish species and may have important implications on the subsequent conservation practices. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank many people who have supported and helped me with the production of this Master’s thesis. First is to my supervisor, Dr. Donald Jackson, who was the person that inspired me to study aquatic ecology and conservation biology in the first place, despite my background in environmental toxicology.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting Patterns of Species Diversification in the Presence of Both Rate Shifts and Mass Extinctions
    Version dated: August 3, 2021 Detecting patterns of species diversification in the presence of both rate shifts and mass extinctions Sacha Laurent12, Marc Robinson-Rechavi12, and Nicolas Salamin12 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (Keywords: Phylogeny, Diversification, Mass Extinctions) Abstract Background: Recent methodological advances allow better examination of speciation and extinction processes and patterns. A major open question is the origin of large discrepancies in species number between groups of the same age. Existing frameworks to model this diversity either focus on changes between lineages, neglecting global effects such as mass arXiv:1404.5441v3 [q-bio.PE] 31 Aug 2015 extinctions, or focus on changes over time which would affect all lineages. Yet it seems probable that both lineages differences and mass extinctions affect the same groups. Results: Here we used simulations to test the performance of two widely used methods under complex scenarios of diversification. We report good performances, although with a tendency to over-predict events with increasing complexity of the scenario. Conclusion: Overall, we find that lineage shifts are better detected than mass extinctions. This work has significance to assess the methods currently used to estimate changes in diversification using phylogenetic trees. Our results also point toward the need to develop new models of diversification to expand our capabilities to analyse realistic and complex evolutionary scenarios. Background The estimation of the rates of speciation and extinction provides important information on the macro-evolutionary processes shaping biodiversity through time (Ricklefs 2007). Since the seminal paper by Nee et al: Nee et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Prominent Role of Invasive Species in Avian Biodiversity Loss
    Biological Conservation 142 (2009) 2043–2049 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Prominent role of invasive species in avian biodiversity loss Miguel Clavero a,b,*, Lluís Brotons a, Pere Pons b, Daniel Sol c a Grup d’Ecologia del Paisatge, Àrea de Biodiversitat, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Pujada del Seminari s/n. 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, Spain b Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain c CREAF-CSIC (Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries—Spanish National Research Council), Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain article info abstract Article history: The rise of extinction rates associated with human activities has led to a growing interest in identifying Received 20 January 2009 extinction-prone taxa and extinction-promoting drivers. Previous work has identified habitat alterations Received in revised form 23 March 2009 and invasive species as the major drivers of recent bird extinctions. Here, we extend this work to ask how Accepted 29 March 2009 these human-driven impacts differentially affect extinction-prone taxa, and if any specific driver pro- Available online 28 April 2009 motes taxonomic homogenization of avifauna. Like most previous studies, our analysis is based on global information of extinction drivers affecting threatened and extinct bird species from the IUCN Red List. Keywords: Unlike previous studies, we employ a multivariate statistical framework that allows us to identify the Extinction risk main gradients of variation in extinction drivers. By using these gradients, we show that bird families Extinction drivers Biotic homogenization with the highest extinction risk are primarily associated with threats posed by invasive species, once spe- Invasive species cies richness and phylogeny are taken into account.
    [Show full text]
  • David M. Raup 1933–2015
    David M. Raup 1933–2015 A Biographical Memoir by Michael Foote and Arnold I. Miller ©2017 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. DAVID MALCOLM RAUP April 24, 1933–July 9, 2015 Elected to the NAS, 1979 David M. Raup, one of the most influential paleontolo- gists of the second half of the 20th century, infused the field with concepts from modern biology and established several major lines of research that continue today: Theoretical morphology. Why, despite eons of evolution, is the spectrum of realized biological forms such a tiny fraction of those that are theoretically possible? First-order patterns in the geologic history of biodiversity. Has biodiversity increased steadily over time? What does the answer imply about the biosphere and the nature of the fossil record? Mathematical modeling of evolution. What By Michael Foote patterns result, for example, from the structure of evolu- and Arnold I. Miller tionary trees? And what is the apparent order that emerges from stochastic processes? Biological extinction. What temporal patterns are evident in the history of life and what are their implications for the drivers of extinction and for Earth’s place in the cosmos? The pilot and the paleontologist In The Right Stuff(1979), author Tom Wolfe observed that the calm West Virginia drawl of the renowned test pilot and World War II ace Chuck Yeager could still be heard in the voices of virtually all commercial pilots, decades after Yeager became the first to break the sound barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish-Movement Ecology in High-Gradient Headwater Streams: Its Relevance to Fish Passage Restoration Through Stream Culvert Barriers
    Fish-Movement Ecology in High-Gradient Headwater Streams: Its Relevance to Fish Passage Restoration Through Stream Culvert Barriers Hoffman, R., and Dunham, J. Open-File Report 2007–1140 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 Revised and reprinted: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Hoffman, R., and Dunham, J., 2007, Fish Movement Ecology in High Gradient Headwater Streams: Its Relevance to Fish Passage Restoration Through Stream Culvert Barriers: U.S. Geological Survey, OFR 2007- 1140, p. 40. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Contents ..............................................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Long Term Evolutionary Responses to Whole Genome Duplication
    Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2016 Long term evolutionary responses to whole genome duplication Sacha Laurent Sacha Laurent, 2016, Long term evolutionary responses to whole genome duplication Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_8E5536BAC6042 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Conservation and Phylogenetic Systematics Preserving Our Evolutionary Heritage in an Extinction Crisis Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation
    Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation Roseli Pellens Philippe Grandcolas Editors Biodiversity Conservation and Phylogenetic Systematics Preserving our evolutionary heritage in an extinction crisis Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation Volume 14 More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7488 Roseli Pellens • Philippe Grandcolas Editors Biodiversity Conservation and Phylogenetic Systematics Preserving our evolutionary heritage in an extinction crisis With the support of Labex BCDIV and ANR BIONEOCAL Editors Roseli Pellens Philippe Grandcolas Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB – UMR 7205 Biodiversité, ISYEB – UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités Sorbonne Universités Paris , France Paris , France ISSN 1875-1288 ISSN 1875-1296 (electronic) Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation ISBN 978-3-319-22460-2 ISBN 978-3-319-22461-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015960738 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 . The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com. Chapter 15 was created within the capacity of an US governmental employment. US copyright protection does not apply. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyprinidae): Contributes to the Restocking of Wild Populations
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Habitat use, growth and reproductive behaviour of the western ruivaco (Cyprinidae): contributes to the restocking of wild populations Mestrado em Biologia da Conservação Daniel Chagas Roquette Mameri Dissertação orientada por: Doutora Carla Sousa Santos (ISPA–MARE) Doutora Maria Filomena Magalhães (FCUL–CE3C) 2015 This page was intentionally left in blank 2015 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Habitat use, growth and reproductive behaviour of the western ruivaco (Cyprinidae): contributes to the restocking of wild populations Mestrado em Biologia da Conservação Daniel Chagas Roquette Mameri Dissertação orientada por: Doutora Carla Sousa Santos (ISPA–MARE) Doutora Maria Filomena Magalhães (FCUL–CE3C) 2015 INDEX Collaborations ............................................................................................................................. 2 Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................................... 3 Resumo ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 8 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are the Best Correlates of Predicted Extinction Risk?
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Biological Conservation 118 (2004) 513–520 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon What are the best correlates of predicted extinction risk? Julian J. OÕGrady a, David H. Reed a,1, Barry W. Brook b, Richard Frankham a,c,* a Department of Biological Sciences, Key Centre for Biodiversity and Bioresources, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia b Key Centre for Tropical Wildlife Management, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia c School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld. 4811, Australia Received 25 March 2003; received in revised form 1 October 2003; accepted 1 October 2003 Abstract Direct estimates of extinction risk are frequently unavailable, so surrogate indicators are used in threatened species categori- zations, but there is inadequate information on which best predict vulnerability. We compared the ability of 16 frequently-used factors to predict extinction risk for 45 vertebrate taxa. Median times to extinction were estimated using taxon-specific stochastic population models. Population size (N) and trend were clearly the best correlates of extinction risk in our data set. Stepwise multiple regression with additive and interaction terms identified N, N  trend, plus taxonomic level, number of sub-populations  N  trend, number of offspring (O) and N  O as predictors, and explained 70% of the variation. Trend was important in large, but not in small populations. Population size is the most important data to collect for threatened species and with trend should be the major focus in endangered species categorization and state of the environment reporting. Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Extinction risk; Population size; Population trend; State of the environment; Vertebrates 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Yukon and Kuskokwim Whitefish Strategic Plan
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Whitefish Biology, Distribution, and Fisheries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim River Drainages in Alaska: a Synthesis of Available Information Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2012-4 Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office Fairbanks, Alaska May 2012 The Alaska Region Fisheries Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts fisheries monitoring and population assessment studies throughout many areas of Alaska. Dedicated professional staff located in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Kenai Fish and Wildlife Offices and the Anchorage Conservation Genetics Laboratory serve as the core of the Program’s fisheries management study efforts. Administrative and technical support is provided by staff in the Anchorage Regional Office. Our program works closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and other partners to conserve and restore Alaska’s fish populations and aquatic habitats. Our fisheries studies occur throughout the 16 National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska as well as off- Refuges to address issues of interjurisdictional fisheries and aquatic habitat conservation. Additional information about the Fisheries Program and work conducted by our field offices can be obtained at: http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/index.htm The Alaska Region Fisheries Program reports its study findings through the Alaska Fisheries Data Series (AFDS) or in recognized peer-reviewed journals. The AFDS was established to provide timely dissemination of data to fishery managers and other technically oriented professionals, for inclusion in agency databases, and to archive detailed study designs and results for the benefit of future investigations. Publication in the AFDS does not preclude further reporting of study results through recognized peer-reviewed journals.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Dynamics of Speciation and Extinction
    Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2015 Evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction Dawn Michelle King Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Biophysics Commons Department: Physics Recommended Citation King, Dawn Michelle, "Evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 2464. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2464 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION by DAWN MICHELLE KING A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Faculty of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT SAINT LOUIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in PHYSICS 2015 Approved by: Sonya Bahar, Advisor Ricardo Flores Nevena Marić Paul Parris Thomas Vojta 1 iii ABSTRACT Presented here is an interdisciplinary study that draws connections between the fields of physics, mathematics, and evolutionary biology. Importantly, as we move through the Anthropocene Epoch, where human-driven climate change threatens biodiversity, understanding how an evolving population responds to extinction stress could be key to saving endangered ecosystems. With a neutral, agent-based model that incorporates the main principles of Darwinian evolution, such as heritability, variability, and competition, the dynamics of speciation and extinction is investigated. The simulated organisms evolve according to the reaction-diffusion rules of the 2D directed percolation universality class.
    [Show full text]
  • Ranked Tree Shapes, Non-Random Extinctions and the Loss Of
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/224295; this version posted November 23, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Version dated: November 23, 2017 2 NON-RANDOM EXTINCTIONS AND PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY 3 Ranked tree shapes, non-random extinctions and the loss of 4 phylogenetic diversity 1;2;3;y 1;2;3 1;4 5 Odile Maliet , Fanny Gascuel , and Amaury Lambert 1 6 Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, 7 PSL Research University, Paris, France; 2 8 Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole´ Normale Sup´erieure (IBENS), Ecole´ Normale Sup´erieure, CNRS, 9 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France; 3 10 Sorbonne Universit´es,UPMC Univ Paris 06, ED 227, Paris, France; 4 11 Sorbonne Universit´es,UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Probabilit´eset Mod`eles 12 Al´eatoires, Paris, France; y 13 Corresponding author: Odile Maliet, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole´ Normale Sup´erieure, 14 ´equipe `Mod´elisationde la biodiversit´e', Ecole´ Normale Sup´erieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, 15 France; E-mail: [email protected]. 16 Abstract.| 17 Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a measure of the evolutionary legacy of a group of 18 species, which can be used to define conservation priorities. It has been shown that an 19 important loss of species diversity can sometimes lead to a much less important loss of PD, 20 depending on the topology of the species tree and on the distribution of its branch lengths.
    [Show full text]