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Soldados Nubios En Las Cartas De Amarna Nubian Soldiers in The Soldados nubios en las cartas de Amarna Jordi Vidal Anuario Nº 27 / ISSN 1853-8835 / pp. 111-124 /2015 http://anuariodehistoria.unr.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/Anuario/index Soldados nubios en las cartas de Amarna Nubian Soldiers in the Amarna Letters JORDI VIDAL (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); España [email protected] RESUMEN El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la presencia de soldados nubios en el Levante, atestiguada en las cartas de Amarna. La discusión se centra sobre todo en determinar si dichas tropas formaban un contingente de mercenarios o, por el contrario, eran tropas auxiliares al servicio del faraón. Palabras clave: mercenarios; Rib-Adda; Abdi-Heba; Biblos; Jerusalén ABSTRACT This paper analyses the mention of Nubian troops attested in the Amarna Letters. The main aim of the article is to study the characteristics of those troops, trying to determine if they were mercenaries or auxiliary troops of the pharaoh. Esta obra está sujeta a la Licencia Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JORDI VIDAL Keywords : mercenaries; Rib-Adda; Abdi-Heba; Byblos; Jerusalem 1. Introducción El presente artículo consiste en una recopilación y posterior discusión de las menciones de tropas nubias en el corpus documental de Amarna (ca. mediados del s. XIV a.n.e.). Con relativa frecuencia dichas tropas han sido consideradas como mercenarios al servicio del faraón, destacados hasta determinados enclaves asiáticos dominados por Egipto durante el Imperio Nuevo. 1 Desde aquí, sin embargo, sospechamos que el concepto “mercenario” encaja mal con la realidad de aquellas tropas nubias desplazadas hasta Palestina. Ya en otro lugar hemos repasado la problemática conceptual relacionada con el mercenariado en el Próximo Oriente Antiguo. 2 A continuación nos referimos brevemente a dicha discusión, que resulta del todo pertinente también en el caso que ahora nos ocupa. Los estudios sobre el mercenariado en el Próximo Oriente Antiguo suelen partir de una definición excesivamente simplista de ese concepto, tomando como mercenario a todo aquel “Soldado u oficial asalariado que sirve en la guerra a un gobierno extranjero”. 3 Sin embargo, el uso de una definición como esa ha conducido a errores importantes a la hora de identificar la presencia de verdaderos mercenarios en los ejércitos próximo-orientales, tal y como veremos a continuación. El principal problema metodológico que plantea el estudio del mercenariado en el Próximo Oriente Antiguo es que no existe ninguna palabra en sumerio, en acadio o en cualquiera del resto de las lenguas usadas en la región que haga referencia inequívoca a dicho concepto. 4 Por lo tanto, si bien es posible 1 Véase, por ejemplo, Kemp, Barry J.; “Imperialism and empire in New Kingdom Egypt (c. 1575-1087 BC)”; en Garnsey, P. D. A. y Whittaker, C. R. (eds.); Imperialism in the ancient world ; Cambridge University Press; Cambridge; 1978; p. 47; Van Driel-Murray, C.; “Leatherwork and skin products”; en Nicholson, P. T. y Shaw, I. (eds.); Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology ; Cambridge University Press; Camdridge; 2000; p. 311; Martínez, J.; Historia militar de Egipto durante la dinastía XVIII ; Fundació Arqueològica Clos; Barcelona; 2003; p. 146; Rainey, A. F.; The El-Amarna Correspondence (2 vols.) ; Brill; Leiden y Boston; 2015; p. 34. 2 Vidal, Jordi; “Mercenarios en los ejércitos paleobabilónicos (ca. 2000-1600 a.n.e.)”; en Espino, A. (ed.); Nuevas fronteras de la Historia de la Guerra ; Pórtico; Zaragoza; pp. 1-14. 3 Borreguero, C.; Diccionario de Historia militar ; Ariel; Barcelona; 2000; p. 221. 4 Parpola plantea la posibilidad de traducir la palabra acadia raksu como “mercenario” (Parpola, S.; Assyrian Dictionary ; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 2007, p. 222). Sin embargo, CAD R p. 110 aclara esa cuestión al señalar que “The type of soldier denoted by raksu 112 Anuario Nº 27, Escuela de Historia Facultad de Humanidades y Artes (Universidad Nacional de Rosario), 2015 pp. 111-124 ISSN 1853-8835 Soldados nubios en las cartas de Amarna identificar con relativa facilidad la presencia de soldados extranjeros actuando en los distintos ejércitos, resulta mucho más difícil determinar si dichos soldados eran verdaderos mercenarios, o bien tropas aliadas o contingentes reclutados de forma forzosa entre los pueblos sometidos, o prisioneros de guerra... Todo ello inevitablemente nos obliga a recurrir a una definición contemporánea del fenómeno para aplicarla posteriormente a esa realidad antigua. Enfrentado a este mismo problema en el ámbito del Antiguo Egipto, Anthony Spalinger denunciaba recientemente el uso indiscriminado que ha hecho la historiografía del concepto de “mercenario”, el cual ha sido aplicado de forma claramente imprecisa a cualquier tropa extranjera atestiguada en la documentación egipcia. 5 Así, Spalinger exponía una serie de objeciones sobre esta cuestión que podemos resumir a continuación en cuatro puntos básicos: ● Un soldado extranjero que presta servicios a cambio de una remuneración no puede ser automáticamente considerado como un mercenario. ● Un soldado que vive y posee R rras d la1or n l pa2s n l Bu pr sta su s rvicio d armas, aunBu n la docum ntaci7n s a calificado a partir d un marcador ;tnico distintivo, no pu d s r tiBu tado d forma m cAnica como m rc nario. Q Un m rc nario, por natural 3a, d 1 dispon r d pl na capacidad para s r contratado por cualBui ra Bu pu da pagarl , sin mostrar ninguna clas d l altad nacional. app ars to hav 1 n a skill d prof ssional, x mpt d from tax s and oth r civilian o1ligations, and s rving full-tim in cavalry and chariotry units h ld in constant r adin ss, particularly thos of th rab ša rēši . It is lik ly that th m aning of th t rm was S(soldi r) .rakkasu and raksu D, n )otta, A. N. ( d.), In the Shadow of Bezalel , רכש hir d with a contract ( riksu )TD (v;as tam1i;n Nal s, N. M., COn Aramaic, Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Bezalel Porten , )rill, 4 id n / )oston, 2013, pp. 71-88). Ad mAs, ca1 notar Bu s trata d una pala1ra at stiguada Unicam nt n l p riodo n oasirio. Tam1i;n n ugar2tico s ha plant ado la posi1ilidad d Bu l t;rmino ḫpṯ pudi ra traducirs como m rc nario (DU4AT p. 401: Cl gionary or m rc nary of som kindD, dif. Iatson: Cp asant (conscript), a low l v l p asant class, agrarian and pastorally 1as d, 1ut su1j ct to corv; and military conscriptionD) (Iatson, I. H. E., Lexical Studies in Ugaritic , AUSA, Sa1ad ll, 2007, p. 10). Sin m1argo, los t xtos d Alalah d mu stran Bu l t;rmino ḫpṯ / hupšu n r alidad hac r f r ncia a una clas o strato social concr to y no a un tipo d m rc nario, tal y como s apunta1a n DU4AT (v;as , por j mplo, Von Dassow, E., State and Society in the Late Bronze Age. Alalah under the Mittani Empire , CD4 Pr ss, ) th sda, 2008, pp. 340ss.). 5 Spaling r, A. J., War in Ancient Egypt , )lackw ll, Mald n, 2005, p. 7s. 113 Anuario Nº 27, Escuela de Historia Facultad de Humanidades y Artes (Universidad Nacional de Rosario), 2015 pp. 111-124 ISSN 1853-8835 JORDI VIDA4 Q Un m rc nario d 1 pod r a1andonar su acRvidad militar n caso d Bu s r tras o s susp nda la paga conv nida a priori, o 1i n cam1iar d 1ando si s l ofr c n m jor s condicion s para l d s mp .o f ctivo d su tar a. En st s ntido, Spaling r n r alidad s sta1a limitando a r clamar a sus col gas una mayor pr cisi7n n l uso d l conc pto d m rc nario, a partir d l mpl o d una d finici7n mAs coh r nt d l mismo. D h cho, las pala1ras d Spaling r ncajan 1i n con, por j mplo, la d finici7n d Cm rc narioD Bu s propuso n l art2culo 47 d l Protocolo adicional a la Conv nci7n d Hin 1ra d 1949, sta1l cido n 1977. En s docum nto, ntr otras cu stion s, s sp cifica1an las sigui nt s caract r2sticas Bu r sulta1an inh r nt s a la figura d l m rc nario: Q Toma part n las hostilidad s animado s ncialm nt por l d s o d o1t n r un prov cho p rsonal y s l hac f ctivam nt la prom sa, por una Part n conflicto o n nom1r d lla, d una r tri1uci7n mat rial consid ra1l m nt sup rior a la prom tida o a1onada a los com1ati nt s d grado y funcion s similar s n las fu r3as armadas d sa Part , Q Vu no s nacional d una Part n conflicto ni r sid nt n un t rritorio controlado por una Part n conflicto, Q Vu no s mi m1ro d las fu r3as armadas d una Part n conWicto. A partir d las consid racion s ant rior s, Spaling r anali3a1a dos j mplos concr tos at stiguados n l Antiguo Egipto, l d los maryannu y l d los šerden , dos grupos a m nudo d finidos como m rc narios al s rvicio d l stado gipcio durant l Imp rio Nu vo. 114 Anuario Nº 27, Escuela de Historia Facultad de Humanidades y Artes (Universidad Nacional de Rosario), 2015 pp.
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