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Brief Study on Microelement Contents in Topsoils of Farmlands in Xuancheng, South Anhui

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Brief Study on Microelement Contents in Topsoils of Farmlands in Xuancheng, South Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 9, 718-728 http://www.scirp.org/journal/as ISSN Online: 2156-8561 ISSN Print: 2156-8553 Brief Study on Microelement Contents in Topsoils of Farmlands in Xuancheng, South Anhui Anqi Wang1,2, Ka Lin1,2, Chengxin Ma3, Qin Gao3, Qifa Zhu3, Xuejun Ji3, Guo Zhang3, Lin Xue3, Chaolong Zu4, Chaoqiang Jiang4, Jia Shen4, Decheng Li1* 1State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China 2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3Institute of Tobacco Science, Anhui Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China 4Wannan Tobacco Co. Ltd., Xuancheng, China How to cite this paper: Wang, A.Q., Lin, Abstract K., Ma, C.X., Gao, Q., Zhu, Q.F., Ji, X.J., Zhang, G., Xue, L., Zu, C.L., Jiang, C.Q., The available contents of microelements in the topsoil can influence the yield Shen, J. and Li, D.C. (2018) Brief Study on and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng is the dominant tobac- Microelement Contents in Topsoils of co-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. In this paper, the topsoil Farmlands in Xuancheng, South Anhui. Agricultural Sciences, 9, 718-728. available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of 4197 farmlands mainly under https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2018.96050 rice-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation in 2008 and of 124 typical farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation in 2015 in Xuancheng city were analyzed in order Received: May 10, 2018 to disclose the changes and spatial distributions of these microelements and to Accepted: June 23, 2018 Published: June 26, 2018 instruct the reasonable application of the microelement fertilizers. The results showed that the topsoil average available contents in the farmlands under Copyright © 2018 by authors and rice-rice rotation or wheat-rice rotation in 2008 were 105.9 mg∙kg−1 for Fe, Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 19.6 mg∙kg−1 for Mn, 4.5 mg∙kg−1 for Cu, and 3.0 mg∙kg−1 for Zn, respectively, This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International increased by 33.14%, 64.29%, 51.11% and 36.67%, respectively, compared with License (CC BY 4.0). those in the 2nd Soil Survey in 1980s, and the historic, once intensive and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ overall application of microelement fertilizers was attributed to the great in- Open Access creases. The topsoil average available contents in the farmlands under tobac- co-rice rotation in 2015 were 31.1 mg∙kg−1 for Fe, 9.8 mg∙kg−1 for Mn, 2.1 mg∙kg−1 for Cu, and 0.3 mg∙kg−1 for Zn, respectively, decreased by 70.63%, 50.00%, 53.33% and 90.00%, respectively, compared with those of the farm- lands under rice-rice rotation or wheat-rice rotation in 2008, and the net defi- ciencies in the input and output of microelements were attributed to the sig- nificant decreases in the topsoil microelements. It is necessary to monitor the farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation dynamically and in time in order to decide whether applying microelement fertilizers or not. DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96050 Jun. 26, 2018 718 Agricultural Sciences A. Q. Wang et al. Keywords Microelement, Available Content, Topsoil of Farmland, Xuancheng City 1. Introduction Microelements are necessary for the normal growth of the crop [1] [2]. They can influence the physiological metabolism, growth and development, interior qual- ity and economic traits of the flue-cured tobacco [3]-[8], thus lots of attentions have been paid on microelement status in the tobacco-planting farmlands [9]-[14]. Xuancheng city is current dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui prov- ince since the its initial tobacco-planting in the year of 2008 with the current regular planting area of flue-cured tobacco of about 1 × 104 hm2 (constituted by 90% more of the tobacco-planting area in Anhui province) and yield of flue-cured tobacco leaves of about 1 × 104 t [15]. However, there is little or no information available on the microelements in the tobacco-planting farmlands in Xuancheng city, thus, in this paper, the data of available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the farmland topsoils (0 - 20 cm) in Xuancheng city from different sources in different periods were used to evaluate the microelement status in order to in- struct the reasonable application of the microelement fertilizers. 2. Methods and Materials 2.1. General Situation of the Study Region Xuancheng city is located in the south of Anhui province (117˚58'E - 119˚40'E, 29˚57'N - 31˚19'N) with a total area of 1.23 × 104 km2, its mean annual sunshine duration, temperature, precipitation, dryness and frost-free period is 1784 h, 15.6˚C, 1200 - 1500 mm, 0.68 - 0.90 and 240 d, respectively; its landform is com- plex and diverse, mountains, hills and valley basins are interlaced in the south with a mean altitude of 1200 - 1800 m, hills and downlands are distributed in the middle with a mean altitude of 15 - 100 m, while alluvial plains are dominant in the north with a mean altitude of 7 - 12 m. Most farmlands in Xuancheng city are currently under the rotation of rice-rice, wheat-rice or tobacco-rice, the to- bacco compound fertilizer contains B and Zn but without accurate formula on microelements [16]. 2.2. Information of Topsoil Samples of Farmlands The data of topsoil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn of farmlands were obtained from the three sources: 1) the 2nd National Soil Survey conducted in 1980s (without information of the sample sites), 2) data of 4197 farmlands obtained in the Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization Project surveyed in 2007 (green dots in Figure 1), and 2) data of 103 typical tobacco-planting farmlands sur- veyed in 2015 (red dots in Figure 1). DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96050 719 Agricultural Sciences A. Q. Wang et al. Figure 1. Spatial distribution of topsoil sampling sites of farmlands in Xuancheng. The typical tobacco-planting farmlands were determined according to the da- tabase of tobacco farmers of Wannan Tobacco Ltd. Company in 2015 in which (see Figure 1 and Table 1), these farmlands were selected from different model tobacco farmers who are good in tobacco planting and had the planting area of 2 hm2 or more. The random multipoint method was used for sampling the topsoil (0 - 20 cm) in each typical farmland in 2007 and 2015. Soil samples were air dried, ground and passed 0.25 mm sieve, then available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after extracted by DTPA [17] [18]. 2.3. Classification of Soil Available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn Table 2 is the simplified grading standards of available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn for the typical flue-cured tobacco planting soil according to the original standards by combing “very low grade” into “low grade” and “very high grade” into “high grade” [1]. 2.4. Data Processing and Thematic Mapping Data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2013 and IBM Statistics SPSS 20.0, the DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96050 720 Agricultural Sciences A. Q. Wang et al. Table 1. Regional distribution of topsoil samples of typical tobacco planting farmlands in Xuancheng. Xuanzhou Langxi Jingde Jing Region Total district county county County 2007 sample numbers 919 914 1028 1321 4197 2015 sample numbers 46 27 27 24 124 Table 2. Simplified classification of soil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. Grade (mg∙kg−1) Available Fe Available Mn Available Cu Available Zn Low <4.5 <5 <0.2 <0.5 Middle 4.5 - 10 5 - 15 0.2 - 1 0.5 - 1 High >10 >15 >1 >1 spatial distribution of topsoil samples was mapped on the platform of Esri Arc-GIS 10.3. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1. General Statistics of Topsoil Available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in 2007 Table 3 shows the statistic information of topsoil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn of farmlands in Xuancheng surveyed in 2007. For topsoil available Fe, it ranged from the low grade to the high grade in total Xuancheng city, also ranged from the low grade to the high grade in Xuanzhou district, but ranged from the middle grade to the high grade in Langxi county and Jing county, ranged in the high grade in Jinde county. For topsoil available Mn and Zn, they ranged from the low grade to the high grade in total Xuan- cheng city, also ranged from the low grade to the high grade for all its jurisdic- tions. For topsoil available Cu, it ranged from the low grade to the high grade in total Xuancheng city, it also ranged from the low grade to the high grade in Xu- anzhou district and Jing county; but ranged from the middle grade to the high grade in Langxi county and Jingde county. 3.2. Evaluation of Contents of Topsoil Available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in 2007 Table 4 shows the sample number distribution in various grades of topsoil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. Table 4 shows that to the whole Xuancheng city, only 4 (0.10%) and 11 (0.26%) of the topsoil samples were in the low and middle grades of available Fe, respectively, only 293 (6.98%) and 1483 (35.34%) of the topsoil samples were in the low and middle of available Mn, respectively, only 7 (0.17%) and 71 (1.69%) of the topsoil samples were in the low and middle grades of available Cu, respec- tively, only 28 (0.67%) and 111 (2.64%) of the topsoil samples were in the low DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96050 721 Agricultural Sciences A.
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