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The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Entomology EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT ON ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES IN ORGANIC AND CONSERVATION AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN PENNSYLVANIA AND MEXICO A Dissertation in Entomology and International Agriculture and Development by Ariel N. Rivers 2016 Ariel N. Rivers Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 The dissertation of Ariel N. Rivers was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mary E. Barbercheck Professor of Entomology Dissertation Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Edwin Rajotte Professor of Entomology Co-Chair of Committee William Curran Professor of Weed Science John Tooker Professor of Entomology Gary Felton Professor of Entomology Head of the Department of Entomology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Conservation agriculture, a system relying on crop rotations, mulch, and minimal soil disturbance, is widely recognized for benefits to soil quality, stabilizing crop yields, and altering plant-insect interactions. In particular, each of these practices affects the soil-dwelling arthropod assemblage in a particular way by influencing the microenvironment at the soil surface, with potential consequences for predatory and pest arthropods. To better understand the effects of conservation agriculture practices on local arthropod assemblages, biological control potential, and crop damage, here I compare two North American conservation agriculture cropping systems: a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) rotation grown under organic management in central Pennsylvania, U.S.A, and a rotation of corn and wheat in central Mexico. In both systems, primary inversion tillage was reduced compared to conventional practices for the area. In Pennsylvania, the cash crops were no-till planted into a rolled cover crop mulch of either hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) planted together preceding corn, or cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) preceding soybean. Additionally, in Pennsylvania, the cover crops were managed by a roller-crimper at three dates (early, middle, or late) relative to standard dates for the area to allow for cash crop planting. In Mexico, the cash crops were planted into the previous years’ crop residue, which was cut and left in the field after harvest. In both systems, we measured arthropod activity-density by pitfall trap, biological control potential (predation) by implementing sentinel traps baited with live waxworms (Galleria mellonella F.), density of herbivorous arthropods at the soil surface, and damage by herbivorous invertebrates to the cash crops. Predatory arthropods in particular were affected by the conservation agriculture practices in both systems, with the type of residue affecting the activity- density, diversity, and function of particular predators, including ground and tiger beetles iv (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Pennsylvania, and ants in Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Predation rates were relatively high in both systems, with differences within systems depending on year, crop, and residue. Herbivore density and plant damage also depended on crop, but lower herbivore density correlated with higher predator activity-density in Pennsylvania. Likewise, certain types of crop damage, in particular cutting by lepidopteran larva, decreased with increased activity-densities of predatory arthropods. In Pennsylvania in particular, certain practices had a stronger influence on results than others; for instance, predatory arthropod activity-density was significantly greater in corn planted into a rolled mat of hairy vetch-triticale as compared to soybean planted into a rolled mat of cereal rye. In contrast, shallow high residue cultivation in corn and soybean was not a strong factor influencing the local arthropod assemblage at the time we sampled in Pennsylvania. The comparison of these two systems allows for an opportunity to understand the complexities of conservation agriculture and the potential for this system to conserve and augment predatory arthropods while contributing to pest control in low-input agricultural systems in North America. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Invertebrate crop pests in cover crop-based rotational no-till .......................................... 4 Arthropod generalist predators in agroecosystems .......................................................... 9 Outline .............................................................................................................................. 12 References ........................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 2 Cover crop-based rotational no-till augments predators and reduces plant damage during transition to organic management ........................................................... 22 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 22 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 24 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 28 Site description ......................................................................................................... 28 Experimental design and field operations ................................................................ 28 Predatory arthropod community ............................................................................... 30 Biological control potential ...................................................................................... 31 Plant damage and herbivores .................................................................................... 32 Data analysis ............................................................................................................ 33 Results .............................................................................................................................. 36 Predatory arthropod community ............................................................................... 36 Biological control potential ...................................................................................... 37 Plant damage and herbivores .................................................................................... 38 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 43 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 49 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 50 References ........................................................................................................................ 51 Tables ............................................................................................................................... 56 Figures .............................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 3 Cover crop management effects on Carabidae (Coleoptera) in a rotational no- till system in transition to organic production .................................................................. 66 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 66 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 68 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 71 Site Description ........................................................................................................ 71 Experimental Design and Field Operations.............................................................. 71 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 73 vi Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 75 Results .............................................................................................................................. 77 Time in organic management ................................................................................... 77 Cover crop identity and management ....................................................................... 78 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 81 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................
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