DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries March 2014 Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund 257 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 Prepared by ICF International 9300 Lee Highway Fairfax, VA 22031 blank page Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries Contents 1. Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 1‐1 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2‐1 2.1. Goals and Approach of the Study .............................................................................................. 2‐1 2.2. Overview of Gas Sector Methane Emissions ............................................................................. 2‐2 2.3. Climate Change‐Forcing Effects of Methane ............................................................................. 2‐5 2.4. Cost‐Effectiveness of Emission Reductions ............................................................................... 2‐6 3. Approach and Methodology ....................................................................................................... 3‐1 3.1. Overview of Methodology ......................................................................................................... 3‐1 3.2. Development of the 2011 Emissions Baseline ........................................................................... 3‐2 3.3. Projection to 2018 ..................................................................................................................... 3‐4 3.4. Identification of Targeted Emission Sources ............................................................................. 3‐6 3.5. Selected Mitigation Technologies ............................................................................................. 3‐9 3.6. Source Categories Not Addressed ........................................................................................... 3‐23 4. Analytical Results ....................................................................................................................... 4‐1 4.1. Development of Emission Control Cost Curves ......................................................................... 4‐1 4.2. Emission Reduction Cost Curves ................................................................................................ 4‐2 4.3. Co‐Benefits .............................................................................................................................. 4‐11 5. Case Studies ............................................................................................................................... 5‐1 5.1. Wet Seal Compressor Degassing for Centrifugal Compressors ................................................. 5‐1 5.2. Dry Seal Replacement/Retrofit .................................................................................................. 5‐2 5.3. Wet Seal Degassing Capture Systems ........................................................................................ 5‐2 5.3.1. Economic Analysis of Installing Wet Seal Degassing Capture Systems ........................ 5‐3 5.4. Liquids Unloading ...................................................................................................................... 5‐6 5.4.1. Background ................................................................................................................... 5‐6 5.4.2. Plunger Lifts .................................................................................................................. 5‐7 5.4.3. Additional Options for Removing or Remediating Liquids Problems ........................... 5‐9 5.4.4. Liquids Issues in Horizontal Wells ............................................................................... 5‐12 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 6‐1 Appendix A. Additional Sensitivities .................................................................................................. A‐1 Appendix B. Development of the 2011 Emissions Baseline ................................................................ B‐1 Appendix C. Emission Projection to 2018 .......................................................................................... C‐1 Appendix D. Methane Mitigation Technologies ................................................................................. D‐1 Figures Figure 1‐1 ‐ Marginal Abatement Cost Curve for Methane Reductions by Source ................................... 1‐2 Figure 2‐1 ‐ Natural Gas Industry Processes and Example Methane Emission Sources ............................ 2‐3 Figure 3‐1 – Emission Projection to 2018 – (Including Offshore) .............................................................. 3‐5 Figure 3‐2 ‐ Distribution of Emissions in 2018 ........................................................................................... 3‐5 ICF International iii March 2014 Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries Figure 3‐3 ‐ EIA Oil and Gas Regions .......................................................................................................... 3‐6 Figure 3‐4 ‐ 2018 Projected Onshore Emissions ........................................................................................ 3‐8 Figure 3‐5 ‐ Reciprocating Compressor Rod Packing ............................................................................... 3‐13 Figure 3‐6 ‐ Wet Seal Compressor Schematic .......................................................................................... 3‐15 Figure 3‐7 ‐ Plunger Lift Schematic .......................................................................................................... 3‐17 Figure 4‐1 ‐ Example MAC Curve ............................................................................................................... 4‐2 Figure 4‐2 – National Aggregate MAC Curve for Baseline Technology Assumptions ................................ 4‐3 Figure 4‐3 ‐ Distribution of Emission Reduction Potential ......................................................................... 4‐5 Figure 4‐4 ‐ Emission Reduction by Industry Segment .............................................................................. 4‐6 Figure 4‐5 – Emission Reductions for the Gas Production Segment ......................................................... 4‐7 Figure 4‐6 ‐ Emission Reductions for the Oil Production Segment ............................................................ 4‐8 Figure 4‐7 ‐ Emission Reductions for the Gathering and Boosting Segment ............................................. 4‐9 Figure 4‐8 ‐ Emissions Reductions for the Gas Transmission Segment ..................................................... 4‐9 Figure 4‐9 ‐ National Aggregate MAC Curve with Baseline Technology Assumption and Economy‐Wide Value Recognition ......................................................................................... 4‐10 Figure 4‐10 ‐ National Aggregate MAC Curve by Region ......................................................................... 4‐11 Figure 4‐11 – Co‐Benefit Reductions of VOCs and HAPs ......................................................................... 4‐12 Figure 4‐12 ‐ VOC Reduction Co‐Benefits ................................................................................................ 4‐12 Figure 4‐13 ‐ Hazardous Air Pollutant Co‐Benefits .................................................................................. 4‐13 Figure 5‐1 ‐ Dry Seals on a Centrifugal Compressor .................................................................................. 5‐2 Figure 5‐2 Wet seal degassing recovery system for centrifugal compressors (Source U.S. EPA) .......................................................................................................................................... 5‐3 Figure 5‐3 ‐ Plunger Lift Schematic ............................................................................................................ 5‐7 Figure 5‐4 ‐ Installation of Velocity Tubing Serving to Reduction the Cross Section Area of the Production Tubing ............................................................................................................ 5‐11 Figure 5‐5 ‐ Different Types of Horizontal Wells ...................................................................................... 5‐13 Tables Table 3‐1 ‐ Summary of 2011 Methane Emissions Baseline ...................................................................... 3‐3 Table 3‐2 ‐ Highest Emitting Onshore Methane Source Categories in 2018 ............................................. 3‐7 Table 3‐3 ‐ LDAR Hourly Cost Calculation ................................................................................................ 3‐10 Table 3‐4 – Cost Calculation – Quarterly LDAR ........................................................................................ 3‐12 Table 3‐5 ‐ Assumptions for Rod Packing Replacement .......................................................................... 3‐14 Table 3‐6 ‐ Summary of Mitigation Measures Applied ............................................................................ 3‐21 Table 3‐7 ‐ Summary of Mitigation Measure Characteristics
Load more

Recommended publications
  • November 18, 2016 / Rules and Regulations
    83008 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 223 / Friday, November 18, 2016 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 6. Interaction With EPA and State Section 3178.10 Facility and Equipment Regulations Ownership Bureau of Land Management 7. Other Provisions Subpart 3179—Waste Prevention and 8. Summary of Costs and Benefits Resource Conservation 43 CFR Parts 3100, 3160 and 3170 III. Background Section 3179.1 Purpose A. Impacts of Waste and Loss of Gas Section 3179.2 Scope [17X.LLWO310000.L13100000.PP0000] B. Purpose of the Rule Section 3179.3 Definitions and Acronyms 1. Overview Section 3179.4 Determining When the RIN 1004–AE14 2. Issues Addressed by Rule Loss of Oil or Gas is Avoidable or 3. Relationship to Other Federal, State, and Waste Prevention, Production Subject Unavoidable Industry Activities Section 3179.5 When Lost Production is to Royalties, and Resource C. Legal Authority Subject to Royalty Conservation D. Stakeholder Outreach Section 3179.6 Venting and Flaring From IV. Summary of Final Rule Gas Wells and Venting Prohibition AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, V. Major Changes From Proposed Rule Section 3179.7 Gas Capture Requirement Interior. A. Venting Prohibition and Capture Targets Section 3179.8 Alternative Capture 1. Venting Prohibition ACTION: Final rule. Requirement 2. Capture Targets Section 3179.9 Measuring and Reporting SUMMARY: The Bureau of Land B. Leak Detection and Repair 1. Requirements of Final Rule Volumes of Gas Vented and Flared Management (BLM) is promulgating Section 3179.10 Determinations new regulations to reduce waste of 2. Changes From Proposed Rule 3. Significant Comments Regarding Royalty-Free Flaring natural gas from venting, flaring, and C.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas and Propane Gas High Efficiency (Condensing) Warm Air Furnace
    GTHB NATURAL GAS AND PROPANE GAS HIGH EFFICIENCY (CONDENSING) WARM AIR FURNACE INSTALLATION, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MANUAL ECR International 2201 Dwyer Avenue • Utica • New York • 13504 • USA An ISO 9001-2000 Certified Company R www.ecrinternational.com P/N# 240005603, Rev. H [11/2009] GTHB WARM AIR FURNACE IMPORTANT: THIS MANUAL MUST BE KEPT NEAR THE FURNACE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE!! R 2 GTHB WARM AIR FURNACE 1 - Warnings And Safety Symbols ..........................................................................................................................4 2 - Furnace Dimensions And Clearance To Combustibles ....................................................................................6 3 - Installation Requirements ................................................................................................................................7 4 - Furnace Components ........................................................................................................................................8 5 - Furnace Sizing ....................................................................................................................................................9 6 - Location Of Unit .............................................................................................................................................. 10 7 - Combustible Clearances ................................................................................................................................. 12 8 - Duct work .......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How to Price Carbon to Reach Net-Zero Emissions in the UK
    How to price carbon to reach net-zero emissions in the UK Joshua Burke, Rebecca Byrnes and Sam Fankhauser Policy report May 2019 The Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) was established in 2008 to advance public and private action on climate change through rigorous, innovative research. The Centre is hosted jointly by the University of Leeds and the London School of Economics and Political Science. It is funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council. More information about the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy can be found at: www.cccep.ac.uk The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established in 2008 at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The Institute brings together international expertise on economics, as well as finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to establish a world-leading centre for policy-relevant research, teaching and training in climate change and the environment. It is funded by the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, which also funds the Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the Environment at Imperial College London. More information about the Grantham Research Institute can be found at: www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute About the authors Joshua Burke is a Policy Fellow and Rebecca Byrnes a Policy Officer at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. Sam Fankhauser is the Institute’s Director and Co- Director of CCCEP. Acknowledgements This work benefitted from financial support from the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, and from the UK Economic and Social Research Council through its support of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • ICF International, Inc. (Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in Its Charter)
    UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): December 22, 2011 ICF International, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 001-33045 22-3661438 (State or other jurisdiction (Commission (I.R.S. Employer of incorporation) File Number) Identification Number) 9300 Lee Highway, Fairfax, Virginia 22031 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 934-3000 Not Applicable (Former name or former address, if changed since last report.) Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions: ¨ Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425) ¨ Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12) ¨ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b)) ¨ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c)) Item 7.01 Regulation FD Disclosure On December 22, 2011, ICF International, Inc. (the “Company”) issued a press release in response to an Associated Press inquiry citing an announcement by the State of Louisiana’s Office of Community Development that it is seeking nearly $10 million from the Company as contractor on the Road Home program from June 2006 through June 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Getting the Most out of CHP Potential
    ICF QUICK TAKE Getting the Most Out of CHP Potential By Rick Tidball and Anne Hampson CHP Economics Driving Customer Demand Combined heat and power (CHP) plays a significant role in U.S. electricity generation—larger than many observers realize, but not anywhere near its potential. In 2014, approximately 4,400 CHP installations in the United States accounted for 12 percent of electricity production and 8 percent of power generation capacity—83 gigawatts. CHP deployment is poised to grow further in the near-to-medium term, due to increasingly compelling economics. A 10 megawatt (MW) system appropriate for many industrial and large commercial applications can reduce site energy costs by 47 percent and achieve economic payback in 3.7 years, even without including (potentially significant) tax credits or incentives (Table 1)1,2. The current low-cost environment for natural gas, which fuels 70 percent of CHP installations, is expected to be sustained in the coming years. ICF’s recent quarterly Natural Gas Strategic Forecast suggests that Henry Hub prices will rise to only $4.35/MMBtu (2014 dollars) in 2020 and remain below $5.50/MMBtu through 2030. Furthermore, there are parts of the United States (such as the Northeast and Midwest) that will continue to have lower gas prices than Henry Hub, due to shale gas production. In addition, the value of reduced emissions is expected to increase as new environmental regulations and policies are adopted, including state initiatives meant to enable greater deployment of distributed energy and the federal Clean Power Plan, which will put an implicit (or explicit) price on carbon.
    [Show full text]
  • Circular 17 of Double Check)
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION operations, (Courtesy of NL Shaffer)................................7 Figure 12. Time/pressure chart of BOP system test. (Courtesy Circular 17 of Double Check) .............................................................9 BLOWOUT PREVENTION Figure 13. Pressure test of blind rams and outer valves on Equipment, Use and Testing spool. (Courtesy of NL Shaffer).......................................9 by Figure 14. Pressure test of blind rams and inner valves on Daniel T. Bertalan spool. (Courtesy of NL Shaffer).....................................10 Lansing, Michigan 1979 Figure 15. Test plug set on drill pipe and pipe rams closed. (Courtesy of NL Shaffer) ................................................10 Figure 16. Pressure test of annular preventer closed on drill Contents pipe. (Courtesy NL Shaffer)...........................................10 INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Figure 17. Example of BOP Test Report. (Courtesy of Double Check)............................................................................11 BLOWOUTS ..................................................................... 1 Figure 18. Trip Tank Work Sheet. .........................................12 BLOWOUT PREVENTERS - FUNCTION ........................ 3 Figure 19. Tables for use with Trip Tank Work Sheet. ..........12 RAM PREVENTERS......................................................... 3 Figure 20. 24-hour chart from Pit Volume Totalizer...............13 ANNULAR PREVENTERS..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Uk Cost Abatement Curve
    APPENDIX: UK COST ABATEMENT CURVE Summary The Task Force commissioned McKinsey to undertake what is currently the first comprehensive study of its kind for the United Kingdom. The study took as its starting point a previous McKinsey study on global greenhouse gas emissions. It then tailored that work to the UK, using a methodology developed over the past two years with the assistance of leading institutions and experts. A research team from McKinsey constructed a baseline forecast for UK emissions to 2030, drawing on a number of government and public sources. Working with Task Force members and other leading companies, the team then estimated the potential benefits and cost for over 120 different greenhouse gas abatement options that could help the UK meet its targets. These options were then represented in graphical form, illustrating the cumulative potential for emission reduction on the horizontal axis, and the cost per ton of emissions avoided on the vertical axis. This graph represents the first comprehensive UK marginal cost abatement curve. We do not expect this study to be the final word on how to meet the targets, and fully expect that further analysis will be necessary to guide policy choices. However, the level of detail obtained by this study is higher than anything produced before in the UK, and offers some important insights on the task that faces us. While considerable improvements have been achieved, the UK targets will not be met without significant additional effort. All abatement options must be considered if we are to meet the targets. Meeting the 2020 target will be extremely challenging, requiring nothing less than a full implementation of all the options.
    [Show full text]
  • Externalities and Public Goods Introduction 17
    17 Externalities and Public Goods Introduction 17 Chapter Outline 17.1 Externalities 17.2 Correcting Externalities 17.3 The Coase Theorem: Free Markets Addressing Externalities on Their Own 17.4 Public Goods 17.5 Conclusion Introduction 17 Pollution is a major fact of life around the world. • The United States has areas (notably urban) struggling with air quality; the health costs are estimated at more than $100 billion per year. • Much pollution is due to coal-fired power plants operating both domestically and abroad. Other forms of pollution are also common. • The noise of your neighbor’s party • The person smoking next to you • The mess in someone’s lawn Introduction 17 These outcomes are evidence of a market failure. • Markets are efficient when all transactions that positively benefit society take place. • An efficient market takes all costs and benefits, both private and social, into account. • Similarly, the smoker in the park is concerned only with his enjoyment, not the costs imposed on other people in the park. • An efficient market takes these additional costs into account. Asymmetric information is a source of market failure that we considered in the last chapter. Here, we discuss two further sources. 1. Externalities 2. Public goods Externalities 17.1 Externalities: A cost or benefit that affects a party not directly involved in a transaction. • Negative externality: A cost imposed on a party not directly involved in a transaction ‒ Example: Air pollution from coal-fired power plants • Positive externality: A benefit conferred on a party not directly involved in a transaction ‒ Example: A beekeeper’s bees not only produce honey but can help neighboring farmers by pollinating crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
    Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement A GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE ON A NATIONAL DISASTER By Chris Kromm and Sue Sturgis Institute for Southern Studies January 2008 SPECIAL REPORT volume xxxvi, no. 1 & 2, 2008 Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement is a special report by the Institute for Southern Studies and Southern Exposure, produced in collaboration with the Brookings-Bern Project on Internally Displaced Persons at the Brookings Institution. Special thanks to the following for their assistance in the creation of this report: Elizabeth Ferris and Khalid Koser with the Brookings-Bern Project; Monique Harden and Nathalie Walker of Advocates for Environmental Human Rights in New Orleans; Ajamu Baraka and Tonya Williams of the U.S. Human Rights Network; Malcolm Suber of the People’s Hurricane Relief Fund and Oversight Coalition; and Walter Kälin, Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons. The views expressed in this report are those of the report’s co-authors. Thank you to the following foundations for their support of the Institute’s Gulf Watch project: the Gulf Coast Fund of Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, Jewish Funds for Justice, Oxfam America, and Skyline Public Works, as well as individual supporters of the Institute’s Bob Hall Investigative Fund. Southern Exposure is published twice a year by the Institute for Southern Studies, a non-profit research and education center founded in 1970 to advance democracy and justice in the South. For ongoing coverage of the Gulf Coast and other issues of Southern interest, please visit the Institute website: www.southernstudies.org Report design by Jan Martell © 2008 Institute for Southern Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Methane Emissions: Best Practice Guide Venting November 2019 Disclaimer This Document Has Been Developed by the Methane Guiding Principles Partnership
    Reducing Methane Emissions: Best Practice Guide Venting November 2019 Disclaimer This document has been developed by the Methane Guiding Principles partnership. The Guide provides a summary of current known mitigations, costs, and available technologies as at the date of publication, but these may change or improve over time. The information included is accurate to the best of the authors’ knowledge, but does not necessarily reflect the views or positions of all Signatories to or Supporting Organisations of the Methane Guiding Principles partnership, and readers will need to make their own evaluation of the information provided. No warranty is given to readers concerning the completeness or accuracy of the information included in this Guide by SLR International Corporation and its contractors, the Methane Guiding Principles partnership or its Signatories or Supporting Organisations. This Guide describes actions that an organisation can take to help manage methane emissions. Any actions or recommendations are not mandatory; they are simply one effective way to help manage methane emissions. Other approaches might be as effective, or more effective in a particular situation. What readers choose to do will often depend on the circumstances, the specific risks under management and the applicable legal regime. Contents Summary .............................................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Q1 2018 ICF International Inc Earnings Call on May 02, 2018 / 8
    Client Id: 77 THOMSON REUTERS STREETEVENTS EDITED TRANSCRIPT ICFI - Q1 2018 ICF International Inc Earnings Call EVENT DATE/TIME: MAY 02, 2018 / 8:30PM GMT THOMSON REUTERS STREETEVENTS | www.streetevents.com | Contact Us ©2018 Thomson Reuters. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Thomson Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is prohibited without the prior written consent of Thomson Reuters. 'Thomson Reuters' and the Thomson Reuters logo are registered trademarks of Thomson Reuters and its affiliated companies. Client Id: 77 MAY 02, 2018 / 8:30PM, ICFI - Q1 2018 ICF International Inc Earnings Call CORPORATE PARTICIPANTS James C. Morgan ICF International, Inc. - CFO & Executive VP John Wasson ICF International, Inc. - President and COO Lynn Morgen AdvisIRy Partners Sudhakar Kesavan ICF International, Inc. - Executive Chairman & CEO CONFERENCE CALL PARTICIPANTS Christian Francisco Herbosa NOBLE Capital Markets, Inc., Research Division - Government Services and Defense Technology Associate Analyst Joseph Anthony Vafi Loop Capital Markets LLC, Research Division - Analyst Kevin Mark Steinke Barrington Research Associates, Inc., Research Division - MD Lucy Guo Cowen and Company, LLC, Research Division - VP Timothy John McHugh William Blair & Company L.L.C., Research Division - Partner & Global Services Analyst Tobey O'Brien Sommer SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Research Division - MD PRESENTATION Operator Welcome to the ICF International First Quarter 2018 Results Conference Call. My name is Vanessa, and I will be your operator for today's call. (Operator Instructions) As a reminder, this conference is being recorded on Wednesday, May 2, 2018, and cannot be reproduced or rebroadcast without permission from the company. I will now turn the program over to Lynn Morgen of AdvisIRy Partners.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Water Well Casing and Screen Selection
    A Guide To Water Well Casing and Screen Selection A Note About Roscoe Moss Company Roscoe Moss Company, publisher of this guide, has been engaged in the development of ground water since the 1890's. Originating as a water well drilling contractor operating in the Southwest, the firm has constructed thousands of wells throughout the United States and in ten foreign countries. In 1926, Roscoe Moss began the manufacture of water well casing and screens. Emphasis on the development of these products has brought the company to the forefront of specialists in the marketing of these materials. Completing its uniqueness as a firm engaged in all phases of ground-water development, Roscoe Moss has an active interest in two large California water utilities serving 1.8 million people. Included in their supply sources are over 500 high capacity water wells. The material contained in this pamphlet is in based on a broad practical knowledge of water well design, construction, operation and maintenance, as well as steel products manufacture. These resources are enhanced by an ongoing systematic research and evaluation program. We are pleased to share the information following, some of which represents proprietary company knowledge and has never before been published. A Guide To Water Well Casing and Screen Selection Table of Contents 1.0..INTRODUCTION ...............................…....................................................... 4 2.0 METHODS OF WELL CONSTRUCTION ...…............................................ 6 2.1 Cable Tool ................................................….....................................
    [Show full text]