Die Vorgeschichte Der Einhufer
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Of Vertebrate Fossils from the Middle Eocene Oil Shale of Messel, Germany: Implications for Their Taphonomy and Palaeoenvironment
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 416 (2014) 92–109 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Isotope compositions (C, O, Sr, Nd) of vertebrate fossils from the Middle Eocene oil shale of Messel, Germany: Implications for their taphonomy and palaeoenvironment Thomas Tütken ⁎ Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany article info abstract Article history: The Middle Eocene oil shale deposits of Messel are famous for their exceptionally well-preserved, articulated 47- Received 15 April 2014 Myr-old vertebrate fossils that often still display soft tissue preservation. The isotopic compositions (O, C, Sr, Nd) Received in revised form 30 July 2014 were analysed from skeletal remains of Messel's terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates to determine the condition of Accepted 5 August 2014 geochemical preservation. Authigenic phosphate minerals and siderite were also analysed to characterise the iso- Available online 17 August 2014 tope compositions of diagenetic phases. In Messel, diagenetic end member values of the volcanically-influenced 12 Keywords: and (due to methanogenesis) C-depleted anoxic bottom water of the meromictic Eocene maar lake are isoto- Strontium isotopes pically very distinct from in vivo bioapatite values of terrestrial vertebrates. This unique taphonomic setting al- Oxygen isotopes lows the assessment of the geochemical preservation of the vertebrate fossils. A combined multi-isotope Diagenesis approach demonstrates that enamel of fossil vertebrates from Messel is geochemically exceptionally well- Enamel preserved and still contains near-in vivo C, O, Sr and possibly even Nd isotope compositions while bone and den- Messel tine are diagenetically altered. -
The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume
T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203. -
Correlation Structure of the Cheek Teeth Enamel Crown Patterns in the Genus Equus (Mammalia: Equidae): an Analysis by Geometric Morphometrics with Outline Points
Russian J. Theriol. 20(1): 70–81 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2021 Correlation structure of the cheek teeth enamel crown patterns in the genus Equus (Mammalia: Equidae): an analysis by geometric morphometrics with outline points Igor Ya. Pavlinov*, Natalia N. Spasskаya ABSTRACT. Correlation structure of the cheek teeth enamel crown patterns in the genus Equus was studied by means of geometric morphometrics using outline points as descriptors to reveal the levels of morpholog- ical integration of the toothrow elements. Crown patterns in 34 upper and 31 lower toothrows (260 teeth in total) from 30 horse species were analyzed, the respective sets of 70 to 150 outline points were processed using the elliptic Fourier, principal component, and cluster analyses. The most correlated were shown to be the serial homologous crown elements within premolar and molar toothrow portions and less across the total toothrow. Correlation between occluding upper and lower teeth was shown to be low. Such correlation structure allowed identifying several levels of integration of the cheek teeth crown patterns in the genus Equus. A possibility of considering the serial homologous crown elements as the modules of the evolutionary developmental structure of the equine toothrows was discussed. Certain perspectives of similar studies in the specialized artiodactyles were emphasized. How to cite this article: Pavlinov I.Ya., Spasskаya N.N. 2021. Correlation structure of the cheek teeth enamel crown patterns in the genus Equus (Mammalia: Equidae): an analysis by geometric morphometrics with outline points // Russian J. Theriol. Vol.20. No.1. P.70–81. doi: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.20.1.08. KEY WORDS: dentition, geometric morphometrics, outline points, Equus, levels of integration, evo-devo. -
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando To cite this version: Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando. Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Annual Reviews, 2021, 9 (1), 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118. hal- 03030307 HAL Id: hal-03030307 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03030307 Submitted on 30 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2021. 9:X–X https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118 Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Librado Orlando www.annualreviews.org Equid Genomics and Evolution Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado and Ludovic Orlando Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France; email: [email protected] Keywords equid, horse, evolution, donkey, ancient DNA, population genomics Abstract The equid family contains only one single extant genus, Equus, including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations. -
Perissodactyla: Tapirus) Hints at Subtle Variations in Locomotor Ecology
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 277:1469–1485 (2016) A Three-Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of Upper Forelimb Morphology in the Enigmatic Tapir (Perissodactyla: Tapirus) Hints at Subtle Variations in Locomotor Ecology Jamie A. MacLaren1* and Sandra Nauwelaerts1,2 1Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Building D, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium 2Centre for Research and Conservation, Koninklijke Maatschappij Voor Dierkunde (KMDA), Koningin Astridplein 26, Antwerp 2018, Belgium ABSTRACT Forelimb morphology is an indicator for order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates). Modern terrestrial locomotor ecology. The limb morphology of the tapirs are widely accepted to belong to a single enigmatic tapir (Perissodactyla: Tapirus) has often been genus (Tapirus), containing four extant species compared to that of basal perissodactyls, despite the lack (Hulbert, 1973; Ruiz-Garcıa et al., 1985) and sev- of quantitative studies comparing forelimb variation in eral regional subspecies (Padilla and Dowler, 1965; modern tapirs. Here, we present a quantitative assess- ment of tapir upper forelimb osteology using three- Wilson and Reeder, 2005): the Baird’s tapir (T. dimensional geometric morphometrics to test whether bairdii), lowland tapir (T. terrestris), mountain the four modern tapir species are monomorphic in their tapir (T. pinchaque), and the Malayan tapir (T. forelimb skeleton. The shape of the upper forelimb bones indicus). Extant tapirs primarily inhabit tropical across four species (T. indicus; T. bairdii; T. terrestris; T. rainforest, with some populations also occupying pinchaque) was investigated. Bones were laser scanned wet grassland and chaparral biomes (Padilla and to capture surface morphology and 3D landmark analysis Dowler, 1965; Padilla et al., 1996). was used to quantify shape. -
Redalyc.Study of Cedral Horses and Their Place in the Mexican Quaternary
Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas ISSN: 1026-8774 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Alberdi, María Teresa; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Marín-Leyva, Alejandro H.; Polaco, Oscar J. Study of Cedral Horses and their place in the Mexican Quaternary Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 31, núm. 2, 2014, pp. 221-237 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57231524006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative REVISTA MEXICANA DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS v. 31, núm. 2, 2014,Cedral p. 221-237horses Study of Cedral Horses and their place in the Mexican Quaternary María Teresa Alberdi1, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales2, Alejandro H. Marín-Leyva3, and Oscar J. Polaco2† 1 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, España. 2 Laboratorio de Arqueozoología “M. en C. Ticul Álvarez Solórzano”, Moneda 16, Col. Centro, 06060 México, D. F., Mexico. 3 Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. * [email protected] ABSTRACT tral; y un nuevo caballo de pequeño tamaño Equus cedralensis sp. nov., conocido hasta ahora sólo en localidades mexicanas. El conocimiento A detailed study has been undertaken with an unique horse de la presencia conjunta de estas tres especies en el Pleistoceno tardío de bone deposit at Cedral, San Luis Potosí, central Mexico. Morphologi- México (género Equus sp.) es importante para entender los modelos de cal and morphometrical characters are used, as well as bivariate and diversidad y extinción en los primeros tiempos de la presencia humana multivariate statistics for both cranial and postcranial elements, and en el continente. -
Critical Comments on the Genus Propachynolophus Lemoine, 1891 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equoidea)
ARTICLE Critical comments on the genus Propachynolophus Lemoine, 1891 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equoidea) JEAN A. REMY Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554 CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The validity of Propachynolophus Lemoine, 1891, supposedly an intermediate between Hyracotherium Owen, 1841 and Pachynolophus Pomel, 1847, has been questioned for a long time. A detailed analysis of features on which this genus is based further supported by a formal cladistic analysis demonstrates that Propachynolophus is not a valid taxon. The type species, “Propachynolophus gaudryi Lemoine, 1891” shall be assigned to Propalaeotherium Gervais, 1849, under the new combination Propalaeotherium gaudryi (Lemoine, 1891). “Pachynolophus maldani Lemoine, 1878”, later assigned to Propachynolophus, typifies the new genus Orolophus, under the binomen Orolophus maldani (Lemoine, 1878). The other referred species, “Propachynolophus levei Hooker, 1994” and “P. remyi Checa-Soler, 1997” are poorly documented, and both species shall be provisionally referred to as “Hyracotherium” levei (Hooker, 1994) and “Hyracotherium” remyi (Checa-Soler, 1997), pending new discoveries. Keywords: Eocene, tooth morphology, Pachynolophus, Propalaeotherium, Eurohippus Submitted 8 December 2016, Accepted 3 August 2017 Published Online 27 September 2017, doi: 1018563/pv.41.1.e3 © Copyright Jean Remy September 2017 INTRODUCTION Propachynolophus gaudryi was “based upon miscellaneous isolated teeth and jaw fragments constituting a part of the fossil vertebrate sample collected in the vicinity of Epernay (Marne)” By their diversity and abundance, perissodactyls have played (Savage et al., 1965: 16), a sample known as the “Ageian a crucial role in the European Eocene mammalian faunas. -
On the Validity of Equus Laurentius Hay, 1913 Eric Scott, Division of Geological Sciences, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California Thomas W
On the Validity of Equus laurentius Hay, 1913 Eric Scott, Division of Geological Sciences, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., Stafford Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado Russell W. Graham, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Sciences, Denver, Colorado Larry D. Martin, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The species Equus laurentius Hay, 1913 has been controversial since its The species Equus laurentius was named from an associated skull and mandible recovered from a sandbar on the north side of the Kansas River near Lawrence in Douglas County, inception. Authorities have differed over the interpretation of this taxon; Kansas (Hay, 1913). The specimen (KUVP 347) was presumed to be of Pleistocene age, as it was found in apparent association with a femur assigned to Smilodon from the same some have considered it a legitimate Pleistocene horse species, while sandbar and appeared mineralized. E. laurentius was considered by Hay (1913) to be a horse similar in size to smaller domestic breeds, with rather small cheek teeth that exhibited others have proposed that the name is invalid on the basis that the relatively simple enamel infoldings or plications. Measurements provided by Hay (1913) for KUVP 347 did not distinguish the specimen from extant E. caballus (Hay, 1927). holotype specimen is a mineralized skull of a recent horse. As the taxon is still frequently employed in studies of Pleistocene equids, it is important Several subsequent authors (Matthew, 1926; Savage, 1951; Winans, 1985, 1989) considered the holotype of Equus laurentius to be a skull of a modern horse, Equus caballus to correctly assess its validity. -
La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas
La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas Edited by John M. Harris Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 42 September 15, 2015 Cover Illustration: Pit 91 in 1915 An asphaltic bone mass in Pit 91 was discovered and exposed by the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art in the summer of 1915. The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History resumed excavation at this site in 1969. Retrieval of the “microfossils” from the asphaltic matrix has yielded a wealth of insect, mollusk, and plant remains, more than doubling the number of species recovered by earlier excavations. Today, the current excavation site is 900 square feet in extent, yielding fossils that range in age from about 15,000 to about 42,000 radiocarbon years. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Archives, RLB 347. LA BREA AND BEYOND: THE PALEONTOLOGY OF ASPHALT-PRESERVED BIOTAS Edited By John M. Harris NO. 42 SCIENCE SERIES NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Luis M. Chiappe, Vice President for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Joel W. Martin Gregory Pauly Christine Thacker Xiaoming Wang K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor Go Online to www.nhm.org/scholarlypublications for open access to volumes of Science Series and Contributions in Science. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, California 90007 ISSN 1-891276-27-1 Published on September 15, 2015 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas PREFACE Rancho La Brea was a Mexican land grant Basin during the Late Pleistocene—sagebrush located to the west of El Pueblo de Nuestra scrub dotted with groves of oak and juniper with Sen˜ora la Reina de los A´ ngeles del Rı´ode riparian woodland along the major stream courses Porciu´ncula, now better known as downtown and with chaparral vegetation on the surrounding Los Angeles. -
Zebra Quiz: Questions and Answers
kupidonia.com Zebra Quiz: questions and answers Zebra Quiz: questions and answers - 1 / 4 kupidonia.com 1. What color are zebras? Black and white Black and yellow Red and white 2. How many species of zebras exist? 3 2 1 3. In terms of their scientific classification, to which subgenus do plain zebra and mountain zebra belong? Amerhippus Hippotigris Dolichohippus 4. Which zebra species resembles an ass? Mountain zebra Grévy's zebra Plains zebra 5. Where are zebras native to? South America Africa Zebra Quiz: questions and answers - 2 / 4 kupidonia.com Asia 6. Grévy's zebra is an inhabitant of the semi-arid grasslands of: Ethiopia and Kenya Morocco and Libya Ivory Coast and Nigeria 7. How long is a plain zebra's tail? 0.25 m 0.5 m 0.75 m 8. When did the quagga become extinct? Late 18th cenruty Mid-19th century Late 19th century 9. Plain zebra's diet is estimated to be: 90% grass, 7% herbs and 3% shrubs 92% grass, 5% herbs and 3% shrubs 94% grass, 4% herbs and 2% shrubs 10. What is the current population of plain zebras? 900,000 700,000 750,000 Zebra Quiz: questions and answers - 3 / 4 kupidonia.com Zebra Quiz: questions and answers Right answers 1. What color are zebras? Black and white 2. How many species of zebras exist? 3 3. In terms of their scientific classification, to which subgenus do plain zebra and mountain zebra belong? Hippotigris 4. Which zebra species resembles an ass? Grévy's zebra 5. Where are zebras native to? Africa 6. -
06 Recabarren.Indd
A NEW RECORD OF EQUUS (MAMMALIA: EQUIDAE) IN CHILE 535 REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 84: 535-542, 2011 © Sociedad de Biología de Chile RESEARCH ARTICLE A new record of Equus (Mammalia: Equidae) from the Late Pleistocene of central-south Chile Un nuevo registro de Equus (Mammalia: Equidae) para el Pleistoceno Superior de Osorno, Chile OMAR P. RECABARREN1, *, MARIO PINO1 & INÉS CID2 1Laboratorio de Paleoecología, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile 2Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fourteen dental and bone parts of a horse excavated from the Pilauco paleontological site, Osorno (40º39’ S-73º07’ W) are analysed and interpreted. This site was formed in association with a peat bog located on the banks of the old Damas River and has conserved abundant late Pleistocene mammalian fauna and fl ora materials. A date of 11457 ± 140 14C yrs B.P. was obtained from a molar and agrees with our stratigraphic age model. We have identifi ed the fossils as pertaining to the species Equus (Amerhippus) andium, which confi rms its presence in central-south Chile. Furthermore, the recorded geographic location indicate that the metapodial adaptations of the specimens previously described agree with the reconstructed late Pleistocene landscape of Pilauco, dominated by soft volcanic soils and isolated forest patches over large extensions of grasslands. Key words: Equus, Equus (Amerhippus) andium, late Pleistocene, Pilauco. RESUMEN Se analizan e interpretan 14 fósiles correspondientes a dientes y huesos de caballo registrados en el sitio Pilauco, Osorno (40º39’ S-73º07’ W). -
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References
Samuels et al. Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References Supplementary Table S1: Mammals$ Higher taxa Genus sp. Estimated. age of Patellar Comments# (partial) specimen, location state 0/1/2 (absent/ ‘patelloid’/ present) Sinoconodonta Sinoconodon Jurassic 0 Patellar groove absent, suggests no rigneyi (Kielan- patella Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo, Sinoconodon is included on our 2004) phylogeny within tritylodontids. Morganucodonta Megazostrodon Late Triassic, southern 0 rudnerae (Jenkins Africa & Parrington, 1976) Morganucodonta Eozostrodon sp. Late Triassic, Wales 0 Asymmetric patellar groove, (Jenkins et al., specimens disarticulated so it is hard 1976) to assess the patella but appears absent Docodonta Castorocauda 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 Semi-aquatic adaptations lutrasimilis (Ji, China Luo, Yuan et al., 2006) Docodonta Agilodocodon 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 scansorius China (Meng, Ji, Zhang et al., 2015) Docodonta Docofossor 160 Mya 0 brachydactylus (Luo, Meng, Ji et al., 2015) Docodonta Haldanodon 150-155 Mya, Late 0 Shallow patellar groove exspectatus Jurassic, Portugal (Martin, 2005b) Australosphenida Asfaltomylos Mid-Jurassic, South ? Postcranial material absent patagonicus America (Martin, 2005a) Australosphenida Ornithorhynchus Extant 2 Platypus, genome sequenced Monotremata anatinus (Warren, Hillier, Marshall Graves et (Herzmark, 1938; al., 2008) Rowe, 1988) Samuels et al. Australosphenida Tachyglossus + Extant 2 Echidnas Monotremata Zaglossus spp. (Herzmark, 1938; Rowe, 1988) Mammaliaformes Fruitafossor 150 Mya, Late Jurassic, 0 Phylogenetic status uncertain indet. windscheffeli (Luo Colorado & Wible, 2005) Mammaliaformes Volaticotherium Late Jurassic/Early ? Hindlimb material incomplete indet. antiquus (Meng, Cretaceous Hu, Wang et al., 2006) Eutriconodonta Jeholodens 120-125 Mya, Early 0 Poorly developed patellar groove jenkinsi (Ji, Luo Cretaceous, China & Ji, 1999) Eutriconodonta Gobiconodon spp.