DOCSLIB.ORG

Working Through Ambiguity: International Ngos in Myanmar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Working Through Ambiguity: International Ngos in Myanmar Working Through Ambiguity: International NGOs in Myanmar Soubhik Ronnie Saha The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations Harvard University September 2011 Executive Summary Building the capacity of local civil society is an important goal for donors and INGOs, but a disenfranchised society makes this a difficult task. Myanmar faces significant humanitarian, development INGOs must find better ways of mitigating power and political challenges. Years of international sanctions asymmetries between themselves and local NGOs, have constrained levels of foreign aid. Still, some 65 and of investing in grassroots capacity building even international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) when funding cycles are short-term. work in Myanmar in a variety of sectors, including health, agriculture and disaster response. Some are Advocacy with the Government of Myanmar is possible INGOs with global operations, while others are and, in some cases, effective. The approach endorsed smaller, sector-specific organizations. Based largely by some INGOs and donors is “non-confrontational,” on interviews with personnel from INGOs and aiming to inform and promote dialogue with the donors present in the country, this paper explores the government, not to assess blame. operational modalities INGOs use and examines how INGOs consider the impact, ethics, effectiveness and Key operational impediments faced by INGOs include accountability of their programs in Myanmar. the lack of mobility of expatriate staff, fluctuating visa approvals, limited humanitarian space, uncertain In the past five years, political shifts in Myanmar have registration status, and short-term donor funding. created some openings for civil society efforts. The Underlying these impediments is a pervasive sense Saffron Revolution (2007) and the homegrown response of ambiguity. to Cyclone Nargis (2008), have demonstrated an emergent, but still weak, civil society. Since Cyclone Several forums exist for INGOs to collaborate, Nargis, the humanitarian space has opened up coordinate and pursue joint action. Perspectives on significantly. Despite questions about the legitimacy the role of the UN varied. Some interviewees viewed of the November 2010 elections and the continuing INGO-UN relations as trustful and functional; others influence of the military, changes to the constitution urged the UN to be more assertive with the Government and political structures may offer potential for of Myanmar and show more strategic leadership. incremental reform. There is some evidence that Western governments are responding to these changes. Safeguards used by donors and INGOs to protect For example, the U.S. and U.K. have recently increased humanitarian independence include internal and development funding for programs inside Myanmar. external audits, monitoring recipients of aid, and adherence to transparency and procurement protocols. INGOs typically operate in Myanmar under various Overall, INGO interviewees felt that such safeguards framework agreements with the government, such as help maintain humanitarian independence. Some Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) or Letters of believed that safeguards that limit interaction with Agreement with a relevant ministry. Interviewees government officials could be counterproductive for stressed that the Government of Myanmar is “not long-term development. monolithic” and that receptivity to development efforts is inversely related to proximity to the military junta. Operating in Myanmar confronts INGOs with several ethical issues, including how to work with the There is no “optimal operational modality” for working government without bolstering or appeasing it, in Myanmar. INGOs choose operational approaches how to provide impartial assistance in a state where (e.g. to registration, procurement, banking) appropriate humanitarian access is still highly controlled, and for their specific missions, portfolio of projects, and how to properly monitor aid given restrictions on the organizational principles. mobility of INGO (particularly expatriate) staff. 1 INGOs believe that aid can be effectively implemented and has a positive impact in Myanmar. Analysts have also noted additional benefits of the presence of INGOs, including helping to build local capacity, acting as potential witnesses whose very presence could deter human rights violations, and helping to open up space for dialogue with the government. Key impediments to aid effectiveness include a repressive government, limited donor funding, restricted humanitarian space, weak indigenous capacity, lack of reliable data, donor restrictions on aid, a polarized political context surrounding aid, and the government’s cumbersome procedures. In addition to significant political reform, interviewees suggested that aid effectiveness could be enhanced by increasing aid levels (with a focus on more long-term, development-focused funding), continuing dialogue with the government to improve humanitarian access and reduce onerous procedures, building local capacity, improving donor coordination, and generating better data. 2 Working Through Ambiguity: Research Methodology International NGOs in Myanmar1 Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the questions in the inquiry design (see Annex Myanmar faces significant humanitarian, development 1). Interviewees included personnel from INGOs, and political challenges. International sanctions local NGOs and bilateral donors based in Myanmar. intended to punish the country’s military junta for Additional interviews were conducted with staff of human rights violations have constrained levels of INGOs, scholars and analysts based in the U.S. foreign aid. Still, many international NGOs (INGOs) Interviewees received the inquiry design ahead of time, implement programs in Myanmar. This paper seeks to and interviews were conducted by phone between April describe the humanitarian and development landscape and June 2011. The paper draws from these interviews in Myanmar, explore the operational modalities INGOs while maintaining anonymity so as not to jeopardize use, and examine how INGOs think about the impact, ongoing work in Myanmar. ethics, effectiveness and accountability of their programs in Myanmar. It is being written at an At the outset, it is important to draw a distinction interesting time for three reasons: despite serious doubts between two sets of INGOs working in Myanmar. The as to whether the November 2010 elections (the first first group focuses on human rights and political reform; in more than a decade) were free and fair, recent these organizations tend to work “underground” in constitutional and political changes may present an Myanmar or from abroad. The second group might be opportunity for further reform; Western countries2 considered “traditional” humanitarian and development seem to be rethinking their policies toward Myanmar; organizations; these organizations work “above the and recent citizen action, including the homegrown radar” and provide services or technical assistance response to Cyclone Nargis, indicates an emergent in sectors such as agriculture, education, health or civil society in Myanmar. microfinance. Since the focus of this paper is on understanding how organizations work in the Myanmar The paper is divided into four parts: first, a description context, including how they navigate government of the research methodology; second, a discussion of restrictions and rules, most of those interviewed for this the humanitarian and development landscape; third, an project were from the latter group. The paper, therefore, exploration of questions pertaining to the operations, largely reflects their perspectives. effectiveness, and ethical considerations of INGOs working in Myanmar; and finally some conclusions and Another limitation of this research is that several key takeaways. interviewees were asked to both describe and evaluate the operations of their own organizations. The author sought to balance this out by garnering opinions of a 1 This paper was written by Soubhik Ronnie Saha, on behalf of the Humanitarian & Development NGOs domain of practice of the diverse set of actors, including INGO staff from various Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Harvard University. sectors, INGOs based in Western and Asian countries, This research was supported by the China Medical Board. The staff of bilateral donors, local NGOs, and the diaspora/ author thanks Peter Bell and Sherine Jayawickrama for their review, guidance and edits. exile community. In addition to interviews, the author 2 In this paper, the term “Western” is used as shorthand to refer consulted relevant academic and policy analytic to Western European, Nordic, Australian and U.S. donors and literature. governments. “Asian” refers to Northeast and Southeast Asian governments and donors. 3 Understanding the Context New Government Despite concerns regarding the legitimacy of the The Political Landscape November 2010 elections and the continuing influence In the past five years, political shifts in Myanmar have of the military4, some analysts believe that positive presented some openings for civil society efforts. changes have taken place and that they could lead to In September 2007, mass protests were initiated incremental reforms. These changes include: i) the following a sharp increase in fuel prices. First led by establishment of a bicameral national assembly; ii) pro-democracy groups and then by Buddhist monks, newer, younger and more diffuse leadership; iii)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Kachin Case Study
    MUSEUMS, DIASPORA COMMUNITIES AND DIASPORIC CULTURES A KACHIN CASE STUDY HELEN MEARS PHD 2019 0 Abstract This thesis adds to the growing body of literature on museums and source communities through addressing a hitherto under-examined area of activity: the interactions between museums and diaspora communities. It does so through a focus on the cultural practices and museum engagements of the Kachin community from northern Myanmar. The shift in museum practice prompted by increased interaction with source communities from the 1980s onwards has led to fundamental changes in museum policy. Indeed, this shift has been described as “one of the most important developments in the history of museums” (Peers and Brown, 2003, p.1). However, it was a shift informed by the interests and perspectives of an ethnocentric museology, and, for these reasons, analysis of its symptoms has remained largely focussed on the museum institution rather than the communities which historically contributed to these institutions’ collections. Moreover, it was a shift which did not fully take account of the increasingly mobile and transnational nature of these communities. This thesis, researched and written by a museum curator, was initiated by the longstanding and active engagement of Kachin people with historical materials in the collections of Brighton Museum & Art Gallery. In closely attending to the cultural interests and habits of overseas Kachin communities, rather than those of the Museum, the thesis responds to Christina Kreps’ call to researchers to “liberate our thinking from Eurocentric notions of what constitutes the museum and museological behaviour” (2003, p.x). Through interviews with individual members of three overseas Kachin communities and the examination of a range of Kachin-related cultural productions, it demonstrates the extent to which Kachin people, like museums, are highly engaged in heritage and cultural preservation, albeit in ways which are distinctive to normative museum practices of collecting, display and interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Security Implications of Sri Lanka's LTTE
    No. 104 The LTTE’s Online Network and its Implications for Regional Security Shyam Tekwani JANUARY 2006 With Compliments Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore This Working Paper is part of a series of studies on Non-Traditional Security in Southeast Asia. It has been produced under a grant from the Ford Foundation, for which the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies gratefully acknowledges. The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University. Its objectives are to: • Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues. • Provide general and graduate education in strategic studies, international relations, defence management and defence technology. • Promote joint and exchange programmes with similar regional and international institutions; organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia-Pacific. Constituents of IDSS include the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) and the Asian Programme for Negotiation and Conflict Management (APNCM). Research Through its Working Paper Series, IDSS Commentaries and other publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The Institute’s researchers are also encouraged to publish their writings in refereed journals. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and their implications for Singapore and other countries in the region. The Institute has also established the S. Rajaratnam Professorship in Strategic Studies (named after Singapore’s first Foreign Minister), to bring distinguished scholars to participate in the work of the Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Bridges and Promoting People to People Interaction in South Asia
    Building Bridges and Promoting People to People Interaction in South Asia EDITORS Nishchal N. Pandey Kumar Shrestha 2012 I Published by Centre for South Asian Studies, Kathmandu www.csas.org.np ©Publisher Year of Publication 2012 ISBN 978-9973-2-5165-6 Printed at Jagadamba Press Hattiban Lalitpur, 5250017-19 Email: [email protected] II PREFACE This publication is an outcome of a regional conference on “Building Bridges and Promoting People to People Interaction in South Asia” jointly organized in Kathmandu by the Centre for South Asian Studies (CSAS), the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Confl ict (GPPAC) and the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) in October 2011. South Asia is one of the least connected regions. Political and security cruxes have for long impacted on regional cooperation endeavors even as trade, connectivity and travel have become helpless victims in the face of bilateral problems. Despite these hurdles, the civil society of South Asia has continued not only to advocate for peace and amity in the region, but also to recommend measures to strengthen SAARC, taking cue from the success story of ASEAN and the European Union. The South Asian civil society is a robust and enthusiastic group of people from every profession that has time and again demanded that SAARC must become a fl exible alliance that is effective and effi cient. While SAARC is an inter- governmental association, successive Summits have emphasized on the importance of promoting people-to-people contacts at all levels outside the State sector. The community of academics, CSOs, women leaders, NGO representatives and media persons that participated in this roundtable turned out to be an illustrious community with shared values championing peace, freedom and greater economic integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Responding to Violence in the Homeland: Identity and Transnational Activism Within the Indian Christian Diaspora
    1 RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE IN THE HOMELAND: IDENTITY AND TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM WITHIN THE INDIAN CHRISTIAN DIASPORA A dissertation presented By Autumn L. Mathias to The Department of Sociology & Anthropology In partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the field of Sociology Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts October 2017 2 RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE IN THE HOMELAND: IDENTITY AND TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM WITHIN THE INDIAN CHRISTIAN DIASPORA A dissertation presented By Autumn L. Mathias ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology in the College of Social Sciences and Humanities of Northeastern University October 2017 3 ABSTRACT Within the last twenty years, instances of violence against Christian minorities in India have drawn international attention. The rise of the Hindu nationalist movement and concordant political shifts are often cited as precipitating factors to what many deem as systematic religious persecution. However, few sociological studies have investigated how Indian Christians in diaspora have reacted to these significant events. To explore this topic, I employed a qualitative, phenomenological approach including in-depth interviews with forty-seven individuals residing in the United States and Canada, participant observation at six events, and a review of diasporic and India-based media. Throughout this dissertation, I advance the argument that diaspora Indian Christians’ perceptions of and responses to persecution are connected in a nuanced way to translocational positionality. More specifically, remembrances of persecution events, perceptions of the causes of these events, types of transnational responses, motivations for spiritual and/or political forms of activism, and engagement in ecumenical and/or interreligious networks are inherently linked and best understood within an integrated theoretical framework including translocational positionality, transnational social fields, memory, and the social ecological model.
    [Show full text]
  • (MYA0007) Introduction 1 FREE MYANMAR Is a Collaborative Organisation of Overseas Burmese
    Written evidence from Free Myanmar (MYA0007) Introduction 1 FREE MYANMAR is a collaborative organisation of overseas Burmese professionals, scholars and intellectuals dedicated to the establishment of a free, just and democratic society in Myanmar. We are a cohesive network of Burmese diaspora, pooling our skills and expertise to develop robust evidence base on which effective policies and strategies can be developed. Free Myanmar originated in North America in response to the Myanmar coup of 1 February. We now have chapters in the UK, Europe and the Indo-Pacific, doing research, advocacy and targeted media work. 2 We support the Committee Representing the Pyithu Hluttaw (CRPH), and the newly formed National Unity Government (NUG), which represent the legislative and executive branches of the elected government of Myanmar. We provide sanctions-related information, research and advice to like-minded organisations, to engage on these issues internationally. 3 We will focus our submission on the economic aspects, especially targeted sanctions, as we believe that they are crucial in denying the military junta the revenue it needs to survive. We will also make comments on the diplomatic context, given the remit of the Committee and the UK’s unique roles as an ASEAN dialogue partner and a permanent member of the UN Security Council with penholder role on Myanmar. ASEAN 4 Following an ASEAN leaders’ meeting, ASEAN produced a five-point consensus plan. While deplore that the ASEAN’s plan was more notable for what was omitted than what was included. The leaders invited the head of the military junta but did not invite the NUG, thus undermining their own call for a ‘constructive dialogue among all parties concerned to seek a peaceful solution’.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract the Search for 'Home': Anglo-Burman
    ABSTRACT THE SEARCH FOR ‘HOME’: ANGLO-BURMAN IDENTITY AT THE END OF EMPIRE Katrina Chludzinski, PhD, Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2019 Trude Jacobsen, Director The study of mixed race populations and their identity formation have become important fields of historical research over the past few decades within the larger scope of colonialism. This dissertation explores how Anglo-Burmans formed and redefined their own place in the twentieth century as a consequence of conflicting perspectives on race and ‘belonging’ in the British Empire on the one hand, and majority Burman policies in the post-independence era on the other. These views are largely derived from archival records in the United Kingdom and Myanmar. Minutes from meetings as well as correspondence with Anglo-Burmans, British officials, and Burmese officials illustrated the complex situation the Anglo-Burman community found themselves in. Memoirs from Anglo-Burmans as well as contemporaneous print media help augment these perspectives. In this dissertation I show that Anglo-Burmans had different perspectives on their futures across temporal periods and often disagreed about how they should position themselves to best survive. The growth of the population in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shaped how Anglo-Burmans understood their place and the degree to which they belonged in Burma. Complex British reactions to miscegenation between British men and Burmese women and the mixed-race offspring that arose from these relations left Britons in fear of their own futures in the colony. Given their connections to the colonial regime and consequent economic advantages, Anglo-Burmans thought of themselves as being superior to the Burmese population.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Essays on the Development of the Labor Market and the Private Sector in Burma (Myanmar)
    Dissertation Three Essays on the Development of the Labor Market and the Private Sector in Burma (Myanmar) Saw Htay Wah This document was submitted as a dissertation in December 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and approved the dissertation consisted of Arie Kapteyn (Chair), Joanne Yoong, and David Powell. PARDEE RAND GRADUATE SCHOOL For more information on this publication, visit http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD367.html Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Abstract Prior research suggests that access to credit, access to electricity, access to public services, access to skilled labor, and ethnic discrimination in the labor market are the top constraints inhibiting the development of the labor markets and the private sector in Burma.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Self-Determination Movements in Burma
    QEH Working Paper Series – QEHWPS94 Page 1 Working Paper Number 94 ‘External’ Aspects of Self-Determination Movements in Burma Sandra Dudley Based on secondary resources and long term anthropological field research, this paper explores some of the ‘external’ factors involved in the pro-democracy and ethnic struggles for self- determination currently being experienced in Burma. The analysis draws in cultural, economic and political aspects to demonstrate that a number of macro- and micro-level external or external- origin influences are at play, at a number of different ‘inside’, ‘outside’ and marginal sites. The paper argues in particular that ‘cultural’ factors such as computer-mediated communication and contacts with outsiders when living in exile, serve as means by which real, virtual and imaginary connections are drawn between these different sites and the actors who inhabit them. In the context of Burma, this paper thus presents a glimpse into this complexity of origin and substance of external influences, of interactions between the external and the internal, and of the multidirectional pathways along which they operate. After an introductory overview, it does so by first reviewing some pertinent macro-political and macro-economic external factors, including international views and strategic interests. The paper then focuses on micro-level social and cultural issues, examining aspects of new media as utilised by the Burmese exile community and international activists. External influences on exiled communities living in the margins on the Thai- Burma border (characterised by the paper as neither ‘inside’ nor ‘outside’ proper), including Christianity and foreign non-governmental organisations, are then explored. The paper concludes that inside views, reactions and experiences of outside influences are presently just as important in determining outcomes as are the outside influences themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Yangon University of Economics Master of Public Administration Programm
    YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMM A STUDY ON DIASPORA ENGEGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF MYANMAR YAUNG NI OO EMPA - 73 (16th BATCH) AUGUST, 2019 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMME A STUDY ON DIASPORA ENGEGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF MYANMAR A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Administration (MPA) Supervised By Submitted by U Thein Naing Yaung Ni Oo Associate Professor Roll No. 73 Department of Applied Economics EMPA 16th Batch Yangon University of Economics 2017 - 2019 AUGUST, 2019 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMME This is to certify that this thesis entitled “A STUDY ON DIASPORA ENGEGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF MYANMAR” submitted as a partial fulfillment towards the requirement for the degree of Master of Public Administration has been accepted by the Board of Examiners. BOARD OF EXAMINERS 1. Professor Dr. Tin Win Rector Yangon University of Economics (Chief Examiner) 2. Professor Dr. Ni Lar Myint Htoo Pro-Rector Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 3. Professor Dr. Phyu Phyu Ei Programme Director and Head of Department Department of Applied Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 4. Daw Khin Chaw Myint Associate Professor (Retired) Department of Applied Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 5. Professor Dr. San Tun Professor and Head (Retired) Department of Philosophy University of Dagon (Examiner) AUGUST, 2019 ABSTRACT When people leave their home country for reasons, they usually take their identity, culture, tradition, and custom with them. In many cases the emotional connection with their country of origin grows even stronger.
    [Show full text]
  • Hansen 2015 MDS.Pdf (2.422Mb)
    The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master thesis are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Julie Marie Hansen, December 2015 Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.nmbu.no/noragric Declaration I, Julie Marie Hansen, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature……………………………….. Date………………………………………… Everything passes away - suffering, pain, blood, hunger, pestilence. The sword will pass away too, but the stars will remain when the shadows of our presence and our deeds have vanished from the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • New Burmese Language Materials from John Okell
    ________________________ BULLETIN OF THE BURMA STUDIES GROUP ________________________ Sitting for exams, Kya Khet Wain monaster, Pegu. Photo by Jake Carbine Number 75 March 2005 Bulletin of the Burma Studies Group Southeast Asia Council Association for Asian Studies Number 75, May 2005 Editor Ward Keeler Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 email: [email protected] Assistant Editor CONTENTS Jake Carbine ____________________________________ College of the Holy Cross email: [email protected] Recent Contributions to the Study of Burmese Buddhism ..................................... 2 Book Review Editor Leedom Lefferts Exploring Theravada Studies ..................... 3 Department of Anthropology Drew University Renunciation and Power in Burmese Madison, NJ 07940-4000 Buddhism .................................................... 4 email: [email protected] An Ethic of Continuity ................................ 7 Subscription Manager Catherine Raymond Notes Toward the Study of Dhammathat The Center for Burma Studies Maunscripts ............................................... 10 Northern Illinois University DeKalb, 60115-2853 Ledi Sayadaw and a Controversial Pali office: (815) 753-0512 Text ........................................................... 12 fax: (815) 753-1776 email: [email protected] Monastic Reform and the Writing of web: www.grad.niu.edu/burma Buddhist History ....................................... 13 Subscriptions Buddhist Organizations and Buddhist Individuals and Institutions:
    [Show full text]
  • The Conflictual Politics of Diaspora Return in the Burmese Women's Movement Asian Ethnicity, 20(2): 148-167
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Asian Ethnicity. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Olivius, E. (2019) Time to go home? The conflictual politics of diaspora return in the Burmese women's movement Asian Ethnicity, 20(2): 148-167 https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2018.1519387 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-153341 Asian Ethnicity ISSN: 1463-1369 (Print) 1469-2953 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/caet20 Time to go home? The conflictual politics of diaspora return in the Burmese women’s movement Elisabeth Olivius To cite this article: Elisabeth Olivius (2019) Time to go home? The conflictual politics of diaspora return in the Burmese women’s movement, Asian Ethnicity, 20:2, 148-167, DOI: 10.1080/14631369.2018.1519387 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2018.1519387 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 15 Sep 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 444 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=caet20 ASIAN ETHNICITY 2019, VOL. 20, NO. 2, 148–167 https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2018.1519387 ARTICLE Time to go home? The conflictual politics of diaspora return in the Burmese women’s movement Elisabeth Olivius Department of Political Science, Biblioteksgränd, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The initiation of political reforms and a peace process in Received 15 August 2018 Myanmar has fundamentally altered the conditions for Accepted 31 August 2018 Burmese diasporic politics, and diaspora groups that have KEYWORDS ’ mobilized in Myanmar s neighbouring countries are beginning Diaspora return; post- to return.
    [Show full text]