Historical Aspects in the Development of the Concept of Energy
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Space Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angelo, Joseph A. Nuclear technology / Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. p. cm.—(Sourcebooks in modern technology) Includes index. ISBN 1–57356–336–6 (alk. paper) 1. Nuclear engineering. I. Title. II. Series. TK9145.A55 2004 621.48—dc22 2004011238 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004011238 ISBN: 1–57356–336–6 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To my wife, Joan—a wonderful companion and soul mate Contents Preface ix Chapter 1. History of Nuclear Technology and Science 1 Chapter 2. Chronology of Nuclear Technology 65 Chapter 3. Profiles of Nuclear Technology Pioneers, Visionaries, and Advocates 95 Chapter 4. How Nuclear Technology Works 155 Chapter 5. Impact 315 Chapter 6. Issues 375 Chapter 7. The Future of Nuclear Technology 443 Chapter 8. Glossary of Terms Used in Nuclear Technology 485 Chapter 9. Associations 539 Chapter 10. -
How Dualists Should (Not) Respond to the Objection from Energy
c 2019 Imprint Academic Mind & Matter Vol. 17(1), pp. 95–121 How Dualists Should (Not) Respond to the Objection from Energy Conservation Alin C. Cucu International Academy of Philosophy Mauren, Liechtenstein and J. Brian Pitts Faculty of Philosophy and Trinity College University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Abstract The principle of energy conservation is widely taken to be a se- rious difficulty for interactionist dualism (whether property or sub- stance). Interactionists often have therefore tried to make it satisfy energy conservation. This paper examines several such attempts, especially including E. J. Lowe’s varying constants proposal, show- ing how they all miss their goal due to lack of engagement with the physico-mathematical roots of energy conservation physics: the first Noether theorem (that symmetries imply conservation laws), its converse (that conservation laws imply symmetries), and the locality of continuum/field physics. Thus the “conditionality re- sponse”, which sees conservation as (bi)conditional upon symme- tries and simply accepts energy non-conservation as an aspect of interactionist dualism, is seen to be, perhaps surprisingly, the one most in accord with contemporary physics (apart from quantum mechanics) by not conflicting with mathematical theorems basic to physics. A decent objection to interactionism should be a posteri- ori, based on empirically studying the brain. 1. The Objection from Energy Conservation Formulated Among philosophers of mind and metaphysicians, it is widely believed that the principle of energy conservation poses a serious problem to inter- actionist dualism. Insofar as this objection afflicts interactionist dualisms, it applies to property dualism of that sort (i.e., not epiphenomenalist) as much as to substance dualism (Crane 2001, pp. -
Realizing Monads
anDrás kornai Realizing Monads ABSTrACT We reconstruct monads as cyclic finite state automata whose states are what Leibniz calls perceptions and whose transitions are automatically triggered by the next time tick he calls entelechy. This goes some way toward explaining key as- pects of the Monadology, in particular, the lack of inputs and outputs (§7) and the need for universal harmony (§59). 1. INTrODUCTION Monads are important both in category theory and in programming language de- sign, clearly demonstrating that Leibniz is greatly appreciated as the conceptual forerunner of much of abstract thought both in mathematics and in computer sci- ence. Yet we suspect that Leibniz, the engineer, designer of the Stepped reck- oner, would use the resources of the modern world to build a very different kind of monad. Throughout this paper, we confront Leibniz with our contemporary scientific understanding of the world. This is done to make sure that what we say is not “concretely empty” in the sense of Unger (2014). We are not interested in what we can say about Leibniz, but rather in what Leibniz can say about our cur- rent world model. readers expecting some glib demonstration of how our current scientific theories make Leibniz look like a fool will be sorely disappointed. Looking around, and finding a well-built Calculus ratiocinator in Turing ma- chines, pointer machines, and similar abstract models of computation, Leibniz would no doubt consider his Characteristica Universalis well realized in modern proof checkers such as Mizar, Coq, or Agda to the extent mathematical deduc- tion is concerned, but would be somewhat disappointed in their applicability to natural philosophy in general. -
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell JAMES CLERK MAXWELL Perspectives on his Life and Work Edited by raymond flood mark mccartney and andrew whitaker 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries c Oxford University Press 2014 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2014 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942195 ISBN 978–0–19–966437–5 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
Orbital Mechanics
Orbital Mechanics These notes provide an alternative and elegant derivation of Kepler's three laws for the motion of two bodies resulting from their gravitational force on each other. Orbit Equation and Kepler I Consider the equation of motion of one of the particles (say, the one with mass m) with respect to the other (with mass M), i.e. the relative motion of m with respect to M: r r = −µ ; (1) r3 with µ given by µ = G(M + m): (2) Let h be the specific angular momentum (i.e. the angular momentum per unit mass) of m, h = r × r:_ (3) The × sign indicates the cross product. Taking the derivative of h with respect to time, t, we can write d (r × r_) = r_ × r_ + r × ¨r dt = 0 + 0 = 0 (4) The first term of the right hand side is zero for obvious reasons; the second term is zero because of Eqn. 1: the vectors r and ¨r are antiparallel. We conclude that h is a constant vector, and its magnitude, h, is constant as well. The vector h is perpendicular to both r and the velocity r_, hence to the plane defined by these two vectors. This plane is the orbital plane. Let us now carry out the cross product of ¨r, given by Eqn. 1, and h, and make use of the vector algebra identity A × (B × C) = (A · C)B − (A · B)C (5) to write µ ¨r × h = − (r · r_)r − r2r_ : (6) r3 { 2 { The r · r_ in this equation can be replaced by rr_ since r · r = r2; and after taking the time derivative of both sides, d d (r · r) = (r2); dt dt 2r · r_ = 2rr;_ r · r_ = rr:_ (7) Substituting Eqn. -
Great Physicists
Great Physicists Great Physicists The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking William H. Cropper 1 2001 1 Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota´ Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright ᭧ 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cropper, William H. Great Physicists: the life and times of leadingphysicists from Galileo to Hawking/ William H. Cropper. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–19–513748–5 1. Physicists—Biography. I. Title. QC15 .C76 2001 530'.092'2—dc21 [B] 2001021611 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi I. Mechanics Historical Synopsis 3 1. How the Heavens Go 5 Galileo Galilei 2. A Man Obsessed 18 Isaac Newton II. Thermodynamics Historical Synopsis 41 3. A Tale of Two Revolutions 43 Sadi Carnot 4. On the Dark Side 51 Robert Mayer 5. A Holy Undertaking59 James Joule 6. Unities and a Unifier 71 Hermann Helmholtz 7. The Scientist as Virtuoso 78 William Thomson 8. -
Thermodynamic Physics and the Poetry and Prose of Gerard Manley Hopkins
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English 5-11-2015 Literatures of Stress: Thermodynamic Physics and the Poetry and Prose of Gerard Manley Hopkins Thomas Mapes Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Recommended Citation Mapes, Thomas, "Literatures of Stress: Thermodynamic Physics and the Poetry and Prose of Gerard Manley Hopkins." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/134 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LITERATURES OF STRESS: THERMODYNAMIC PHYSICS AND THE POETRY AND PROSE OF GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS by THOMAS MAPES Under the Direction of Paul Schmidt, PhD ABSTRACT This dissertation examines two of the various literatures of energy in Victorian Britain: the scientific literature of the North British school of energy physics, and the poetic and prose literature of Gerard Manley Hopkins. As an interdisciplinary effort, it is intended for several audiences. For readers interested in science history, it offers a history of two terms – stress and strain – central to modern physics. As well, in discussing the ideas of various scientific authors (primarily William John Macquorn Rankine, William Thomson, P.G. Tait, and James Clerk Maxwell), it indicates several contributions these figures made to larger culture. For readers of Hopkins’ poems and prose, this dissertation corresponds with a recent trend in criticism in its estimation of Hopkins as a scientifically informed writer, at least in his years post-Stonyhurst. -
Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Robert Stirling
Stirling Stuff Dr John S. Reid, Department of Physics, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB12 3UE, Scotland Abstract Robert Stirling’s patent for what was essentially a new type of engine to create work from heat was submitted in 1816. Its reception was underwhelming and although the idea was sporadically developed, it was eclipsed by the steam engine and, later, the internal combustion engine. Today, though, the environmentally favourable credentials of the Stirling engine principles are driving a resurgence of interest, with modern designs using modern materials. These themes are woven through a historically based narrative that introduces Robert Stirling and his background, a description of his patent and the principles behind his engine, and discusses the now popular model Stirling engines readily available. These topical models, or alternatives made ‘in house’, form a good platform for investigating some of the thermodynamics governing the performance of engines in general. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2016 marks the bicentenary of the submission of Robert Stirling’s patent that described heat exchangers and the technology of the Stirling engine. James Watt was still alive in 1816 and his steam engine was gaining a foothold in mines, in mills, in a few goods railways and even in pioneering ‘steamers’. Who needed another new engine from another Scot? The Stirling engine is a markedly different machine from either the earlier steam engine or the later internal combustion engine. For reasons to be explained, after a comparatively obscure two centuries the Stirling engine is attracting new interest, for it has environmentally friendly credentials for an engine. This tribute introduces the man, his patent, the engine and how it is realised in example models readily available on the internet. -
16.346 Astrodynamics Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 16.346 Astrodynamics Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Lecture 2 The Two Body Problem Continued The Eccentricity Vector or The Laplace Vector µ µe = v × h − r r Explicit Form of the Velocity Vector #3.1 Using the expansion of the triple vector product a × (b × c)=(a · c)b − (a · b)c we have µ h × µe = h × (v × h) − h × r = h2v − (h · v)h − µh × i = h2v − µh i × i r r h r since h and v are perpendicular. Therefore: µ h × µe =⇒ v = i × (e + i ) h h r or hv = i × (e i + i )=e i × i + i × i = e i + i µ h e r h e h r p θ Then since ip = sin f ir + cos f iθ we have hv = e sin f i +(1+e cos f) i µ r θ which is the basic relation for representing the velocity vector in the Hodograph Plane. See Page 1 of Lecture 4 Conservation of Energy hv hv p p 2 1 · = v · v = 2(1 + e cos f)+e 2 − 1=2× − (1 − e 2)=p − µ µ µ r r a which can be written in either of two separate forms each having its own name: 1 µ µ 1 Energy Integral v2 − = − = c 2 r 2a 2 3 2 1 Vis-Viva Integral v 2 = µ − r a The constant c3 is used by Forest Ray Moulton, a Professor at the University of Chicago in his 1902 book “An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics” — the first book on the subject written by an American. -
Leibniz' Dynamical Metaphysicsand the Origins
LEIBNIZ’ DYNAMICAL METAPHYSICSAND THE ORIGINS OF THE VIS VIVA CONTROVERSY* by George Gale Jr. * I am grateful to Marjorie Grene, Neal Gilbert, Ronald Arbini and Rom Harr6 for their comments on earlier drafts of this essay. Systematics Vol. 11 No. 3 Although recent work has begun to clarify the later history and development of the vis viva controversy, the origins of the conflict arc still obscure.1 This is understandable, since it was Leibniz who fired the initial barrage of the battle; and, as always, it is extremely difficult to disentangle the various elements of the great physicist-philosopher’s thought. His conception includes facets of physics, mathematics and, of course, metaphysics. However, one feature is essential to any possible understanding of the genesis of the debate over vis viva: we must note, as did Leibniz, that the vis viva notion was to emerge as the first element of a new science, which differed significantly from that of Descartes and Newton, and which Leibniz called the science of dynamics. In what follows, I attempt to clarify the various strands which were woven into the vis viva concept, noting especially the conceptual framework which emerged and later evolved into the science of dynamics as we know it today. I shall argue, in general, that Leibniz’ science of dynamics developed as a consistent physical interpretation of certain of his metaphysical and mathematical beliefs. Thus the following analysis indicates that at least once in the history of science, an important development in physical conceptualization was intimately dependent upon developments in metaphysical conceptualization. 1. -
Estimation of the Dissipation Rate of Turbulent Kinetic Energy: a Review
Chemical Engineering Science 229 (2021) 116133 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ces Review Estimation of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy: A review ⇑ Guichao Wang a, , Fan Yang a,KeWua, Yongfeng Ma b, Cheng Peng c, Tianshu Liu d, ⇑ Lian-Ping Wang b,c, a SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Turbulence Research and Applications, Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research and Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China c Department of Mechanical Engineering, 126 Spencer Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3140, USA d Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA highlights Estimate of turbulent dissipation rate is reviewed. Experimental works are summarized in highlight of spatial/temporal resolution. Data processing methods are compared. Future directions in estimating turbulent dissipation rate are discussed. article info abstract Article history: A comprehensive literature review on the estimation of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy is Received 8 July 2020 presented to assess the current state of knowledge available in this area. Experimental techniques (hot Received in revised form 27 August 2020 wires, LDV, PIV and PTV) reported on the measurements of turbulent dissipation rate have been critically Accepted 8 September 2020 analyzed with respect to the velocity processing methods. Traditional hot wires and LDV are both a point- Available online 12 September 2020 based measurement technique with high temporal resolution and Taylor’s frozen hypothesis is generally required to transfer temporal velocity fluctuations into spatial velocity fluctuations in turbulent flows. -
Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budgets and Dissipation Rates in Disturbed Stable Boundary Layers
4.9 TURBULENCE KINETIC ENERGY BUDGETS AND DISSIPATION RATES IN DISTURBED STABLE BOUNDARY LAYERS Julie K. Lundquist*1, Mark Piper2, and Branko Kosovi1 1Atmospheric Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550 2Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Colorado at Boulder 1. INTRODUCTION situated in gently rolling farmland in eastern Kansas, with a homogeneous fetch to the An important parameter in the numerical northwest. The ASTER facility, operated by the simulation of atmospheric boundary layers is the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) dissipation length scale, lε. It is especially Atmospheric Technology Division, was deployed to important in weakly to moderately stable collect turbulence data. The ASTER sonic conditions, in which a tenuous balance between anemometers were used to compute turbulence shear production of turbulence, buoyant statistics for the three velocity components and destruction of turbulence, and turbulent dissipation used to estimate dissipation rate. is maintained. In large-scale models, the A dry Arctic cold front passed the dissipation rate is often parameterized using a MICROFRONTS site at approximately 0237 UTC diagnostic equation based on the production of (2037 LST) 20 March 1995, two hours after local turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and an estimate of sunset at 1839 LST. Time series spanning the the dissipation length scale. Proper period 0000-0600 UTC are shown in Figure 1.The parameterization of the dissipation length scale 6-hr time period was chosen because it allows from experimental data requires accurate time for the front to completely pass the estimation of the rate of dissipation of TKE from instrumented tower, with time on either side to experimental data.