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The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place

The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place

Open Geosci. 2018; 10:504–516

Research Article Open Access

Alicja Edyta Krzemińska*, Anna Dzikowska, Anna Danuta Zaręba, Katarzyna Rozalia Jarosz, Krzysztof Widawski, and Janusz Stanisław Łach The Significance of Megalithic in the Process of Place Identity Creation and in Tourism Development https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0040 Received February 28, 2018; accepted June 22, 2018 1 Introduction

Abstract: All over the world and for thousands of years, The presence of in cultural heritage is of great megaliths have been significant cultural elements, as importance for most countries throughout the world. as sacred sites and places of power. Nowadays megaliths These objects exist on all continents, creating a unique act as a strong magnet for tourists, who appreciate their network of priceless cultural geosites. Areas on which me- history, esoterica and magic. Some megaliths were used galithic are located create a uniquely mysterious for astronomical observations, so vital to maintain the aura; they intrigue, stimulate the imagination, and often continuity of harvest and crop. Other megalithic construc- evoke the feeling of communing with something supernat- tions were erected for funerary purposes, and served as ural. Since the dawn of time, these places have been sur- individual or collective chambers. Megalithic struc- rounded by a specific cult, playing an important role in tures are usually referred to as belonging to the European the development of civilization. The oldest megaliths can but it has to be stressed that some megalithic be found on the African continent, notably in the constructions date back to the Age, and some were and the Central African Republic. They are dated to the 6th also built on other continents. Megaliths are a vital ele- century B.C., and in to the 5th century B.C. In total, ment of landscape and for historical reasons they are a throughout the world, megalithic formation developed for sui generis , commemorating prehistorical cul- about 7-8 thousand years. Currently, megaliths no longer tures. At the same time, along with the remaining ele- play a decisive role in beliefs, but there are exceptions: for ments of the natural and cultural environment, they cre- example, for some African tribes, especially those who live ate a unique image of place identity, attracting large num- in the belt south of the Sahara, they are still an important bers of tourists. Interestingly, despite the strong attrac- cultural element [1, 2]. Megalithic constructions are one of tion exercised by megaliths, there are still many places the most typical features of the European Neolithic; how- where tourism does not develop as rapidly as might be as- ever, they functioned in the , being a crucial sumed. For the above-mentioned reasons, a comparative element of the landscape [3–5]. In the history of the world, analysis of several megalithic sites has been conducted the periods when megalithic structures flourished were in Poland, Sweden, and Denmark. The follow- characterized by the intensive economic, cultural and spir- ing elements have been analysed: the megaliths imme- diate surroundings, the existing and planned or under- construction tourist and communication infrastructure, *Corresponding Author: Alicja Edyta Krzemińska: as well as architectural and spatial technical solutions and Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, development. Also the key negative and positive elements University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, 50-137 Poland, E-mail: al- have been defined which influence the tourist potential of [email protected] the places in question, and constitute the tourism attrac- Anna Danuta Zaręba, Krzysztof Widawski, Janusz Stanisław Łach: Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, tiveness factors of a region. University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, 50-137 Poland Anna Dzikowska: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Keywords: megaliths, megalithic construction, megalithic Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces Wroclaw, , archaeological tourism, tourist potential, Ales Ste- MULF, Wrocław, 51-147, Poland Katarzyna Rozalia Jarosz: Faculty of Logistics and Transport, nar, Lejre, Wietrzychowice International University of Logistics and Transport in Wrocław, Wrocław, 51-168, Poland

Open Access. © 2018 Alicja Edyta Krzemińska et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation Ë 505 itual development of societies, and the creation of a spe- analysis (see Table 2). They were then evaluated in terms cific belief system and advanced living standards. This re- of: attractiveness, clarity/legibility (ease of perception), re- sulted in the creation of proto-civilization on the Iberian sources / possibilities (the number of given elements in a Peninsula, and in India, in the Age [1]. Similarly, in given area, the possibilities which they create to increase Central America, the Olmec, at the turn of the second and the attractiveness of the area), functionality and compli- first century B.C. created a civilization and also, in Japan, ance with the needs of such facilities. An interaction ma- a civilization was created in the first century A.D. [1, 6]. trix – the so-called Leopold’s matrix was used [7]. This fa- Megaliths are permanently present in the landscapes cilitated the multi-criteria evaluation of the research area, all over the world, and for years they have been attract- allowing recording both partial assessments, and the sum- ing tourists with their mysterious character. However, it mary assessment. A six-grade scale was applied, which as- is worth noting that not all such areas are equally well- sessed the impact of individual evaluation elements, from frequented - their popularity as tourist attractions differs. grade 0 (no impact) to grade 5 (very large impact). The final One may wonder whether tourists are attracted by the stage of the research was the analysis of the impact of exist- magic of megaliths themselves, because they are the main ing infrastructure and land use (very strong, average and attraction, or whether the popularity of the place is deter- weak) on the tourism potential of areas (direction mined by other factors as well, including the existing land of impacts: definitely negative, mainly negative, neutral, use, tourist facilities, accompanying events, etc. There- mainly positive, definitely positive) (see Table 3). In this fore, this article attempts to find the most important fac- part, all the research areas were taken into account. On tors that significantly affect tourist behavior. the basis of the previous analyses, the key factors which should considered in the process of planning and design- ing attractive tourist areas with megalithic constructions were identified and grouped. 2 Method

In order to analyse the issue, research of two kinds was conducted. Both field work and literature and analytical 3 Megalithic monuments – studies were carried out. Literature studies consisted of analysis of 162 works that, directly or indirectly, referred to heritage of ancestors information on the structure and significance of megaliths Megaliths are large stones or large stone blocks or struc- in the development of societies and tourism. Based on this, tures made of such stone structures and systems. The de- the types of megalithic monuments, their origin, as well nomination comes from two Greek words: "megas" – big as their multidimensional contemporary meaning are de- and "logos" – stone [1, 8]. Interestingly, in all areas me- scribed. galiths exhibit similar features, such as: form, shapes, the Three areas where megaliths are located were selected ideology conditioning their use, as well as architectural for the field research in Europe according to the follow- layouts, therefore not every single stone is a megalith. Me- ing criteria: land-use and the existence of tourist infras- galithic buildings are found all over the world from tructure. A total of three sites was selected: Ales Stenar in to Asia, Europe, America, Australia and Oceania. In Eu- Sweden, Lejre in Denmark and Wietrzychowice in Poland. , the highest concentration of megaliths is observed The preliminary assessment of the three sites, consider- in the western, northern and south-western regions. In ing the said criteria, differed. Since the aim of the research countries in the south of Europe they are relatively rare, was to find out what factors influence the attractiveness of but they are abundant on Mediterranean islands (e.g. in tourist areas where megaliths are located and why, the au- ). There are several theories concerning the origin of thors asked the question, what constitutes a greater tourist megaliths; however, an important question in these the- attraction, the megaliths as such, or the tourist facilities ories is whether they were created independently of each and/or land use? The research was carried out in each area other, on different continents, or, whether they come from during the period of the highest intensity of tourism, i.e. a single centre. Most researchers believe that the cradle from the end of April to the end of September, in 2016. As a of megalithic culture in general was Sahara and Central part of the research, an inventory of the existing tourist in- Africa, from where it spread to other continents [1, 2, 6]. frastructure was made and the existing land use was eval- Among the megalithic monuments the following, among uated. Among many factors that may determine the attrac- others, can be distinguished: chamber , corridor tiveness of this type of area, 16 were selected for further tombs, gallery tombs, tholoi tombs, stone box , rock 506 Ë Alicja Edyta Krzemińska et al.

– cut tombs, transept graves, barrow graves, long barrows, tugal. Equally interesting elite tombs were discovered in circles, , menhirs statuary, covered alleys, stone and , with stones covered with signs houses and megalithic forts (Table 1) [1, 9–12]. and various symbols (e.g. , , Slieve in in Ireland, Clynnog in Caernarvonshire, [2, 43]. There was also a significant number of skele- tons in these graves, while sometimes the body of a per- son important to the local society was buried in a separate chamber, and ordinary members of the clan/community in simple box graves. In Poland, in the of funnel beaker cultures and , there were people accompanying the priest, who were to serve him in the underworld and therefore their burial was more mod- est. There were also skeletons of people who were probably sacrificed [1, 6, 10]. The aim of the memory cult of thean- cestors was to give a guarantee to the deceased’s soul that they would experience eternal life. Many elements char- acteristic for shamanic , including the shamanic posthumous initiation, can be found.

4 and versus

Figure 1: Distribution of chosen megaliths in Europe megaliths

Celestial bodies were an important element in the me- Megalithism was associated primarily with the reli- galithic religion, especially the and the Moon. En- gion of the Great Mother and the cult of ancestors. This cult trances to megalithic buildings, ceremonial centres and was present among most tribes and peoples from all conti- especially tombs, were oriented towards the rising sun, so nents. One of the most important elements of this religious that life would wake up again every day [14, 23, 44, 45]. Ori- concept was to maintain communication with the spirits of enting the megaliths towards the west is very rare (for ex- ancestors, who were identified as intermediaries and rep- ample in Balnauaran of Clava and in Gussage St. Michael resentatives with their contacts with the gods, as well as in ). Among the complexes of megalithic monu- with members of their community. The dead were present ments, huge, almost spectacular objects can be found that in the entire life of the people of that time and stayed were associated with astronomical orientation, such as in specially made corridor tombs and in the tholoi in the in England, or Callanish on the Isle of Lewis burial . The symbolism of these tombs refers to the in the – they are considered to be sui generis cal- womb of the Great Mother, where the deceased after laying endar computers, allowing the prediction of solar and lu- in the tomb awaits rebirth in her womb [6, 39, 40]. The me- nar eclipses [23]. Their true purpose is not known. They galithic tombs and graves were places of both individual could have been used either for practices, represent- and collective burial. An example of collective burial is the ing "cosmic centres" or in , as a calendar of cemetery at in Spain. The site includes a set- when to sow, plant and harvest [1, 6]. tlement, and the cemetery, which consists of a collective Numerology was also an important element, as can be burial mound and about 100 tombs, ‘tholos tombs’, where observed in the characteristic number of stones, menhirs, the remains of about 1500-2000 people were discovered. In and all kinds of stones forming megalithic structures. The the graves, not only families, but also members of a given number of entrances, chambers, symbols drawn on stones tribe or a given community were buried. There are also and walls, all had significance – everything was reflected tombs of the elite. Many additional artifacts were discov- in numbers. The number 56 had a special meaning and ered in tombs, such as clay pots, stoneware, ornaments, the numbers 12 and 7 were greatly symbolic, the number hatchets, etc. [1, 6, 39, 41, 42]. The following example of seven being one of the oldest symbolic numbers, a repre- such tombs can be listed: the tholos "Cuevera del Romeral" sentation of the total, perfect cycle. It is a holy number, in Antequera in Spain or the tholos Praia das Maçãs in Por- associated with cosmology, fate, creation, and perfection. The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation Ë 507

Table 1: The most important selected forms and types of megaliths in the world 570 Table 1. The most important selected forms and types of megaliths in the world Name Description Example Examples of publications A simple, square tomb, based on the Carrich-a-Ddirra (Great Britain), DOLMEN construction of vertical walls built of stone, (Spain), Bagneux (), , which are covered with a stone or boulders. The Gaulstown Portal Tomb (Ireland), Salento (Italy), dolmen whole construction is covered with earth. The de Pedra de Arca (, Spain), Grassi in Giurdiganano [1,6,13-17] is characteristic for the European (Italy), dolmen Trollasten (Sweden), dolmen in Neolithic. The name comes from Celtic words: Poggendorfer Forst (), from Sudakur

daul, taol, dol – table and maen men – stone. Taluk, Yair Karnataka (India). THOLOS Stone dome tomb from the Bronze Age made on Agamemnon's tomb (Greece), tomb of Genius and the plan of the circle. It is a kind of chamber Clytemnestra in (Greece), Treasury of Minyas in [1,2,6,16] topped with a dome with a long passage leading Orchomenos (Greece). to it.

A tall, unworked, large-sized stone block is in Hile, Donges (France), site with a usually placed vertically. Menhirs often reached Menhir in the Quartier de la Balance, Avignon (France), large sizes - up to 20 m and 300 tons. The name menhirs in Stantari, Sartène (Corsica, Italy), in the [1,6,13,14,18] comes from the Celtic words: mean, men – stone neighborhood of Sion (Switzerland), the largest merhir

and hir – long, high. They can be arranged in the is probably Grand Menhir Brisé "from Locmariaquer in form of stone circles (cromlech) or in a series , menhirs from Managodanahalli (India), (). Donegal (Northern Ireland). A circle of vertically arranged large stones, CROMLECH which form a more complex megalithic group, Stonehenge in Great Britain, circle in Calanais on the Isle often built around a tomb. They usually date of Lewis (), Carnac (France), in Forrières back to the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Some (Belgium), (Wiltsshire, England), stone circles in cromlechs have a complicated arrangement and Odry (Poland), Lisseyviggeen, called as [1,2,6,16,18-23] very large sizes. Probably they were important "Seven Sisters "(Irlendia), circle in Avebury (England), in astronomical observations. The name comes the Moor Stone Circle, on the , the

from the Celtic words: crom - bent, curved and (Scotland). lech, lech - stone MOUND A tomb in the form of an earth embankment, a Zeus’ mound, Olbia (Grece), mound in Sjöborg near mound. It is most often circular. Built from the Roeskilde (Denmark), ’s Hill Foxley (Wielka [1,6,16,24,25] Neolithic to the early . Brytania).

burial mounds in Sjöborg near Roeskilde (Denmark), Monse's Mound (Julianehøj) in Denmark, Golden Mound Pitches under the mound, which may be - Altyn-Oba (Crimea, ), Imperial Kurgan (Royal) covered with wood, often richly equipped, in the near Kerecz (Ukraine). [1,6,25-33] form of a chamber.

PASSAGE Tomb in Hagestad and in Owskulle and Vilhelmsberg A vaulted tomb with a passage leading to the (Sweden), tomb Grønhøj near Horsens (Denmark), tomb chamber with a Dolmen type tomb within the [2,7,15,16,24,33,34] in Fordinton, Fourknocks, Tara and Townley Hall (Great chamber. Britain), Newgrange (Ireland).

Raves in Li Lolghi, (Italy), Fjällsökla / Frändefors GALERY GRAVES The is a variation of the dolmen. It (Sweden), tombs in Stengade, Lindebjerg, Østegard has a very long and narrow burial chamber. (Denmark), tomb in Embo (Scotland, Great Britain), [2,7,16,24] Typologically, they are not uniform. gallery grave in the mound - Knowe of Rowiegar (Scotland, ).

ROCK-CUT GRAVE The grave is hewn or hollowed in rock or earth Tarxien grave (Malta), grave in Sant 'Andrea Priu, in the form of a window and lateral chamber. Sardinia (Italy), Hypogeum in Hal Saflieni (Malta), grave [1,6,13] Other names of the rock-cut grave are: crypt in Roaïx (France). grave, grave of the catacombs, niche's grave.

BOX GRAVE Grave in Srebrna (Poland), a box grave in Poniatówka Rectangular grave built from well-matching (Poland), a grave in Ploura, Guidfosse (France), a grave [1,6,13,35-38] chest-shaped stones. in Carenque near Lisbon (Spain).

571 572 573 574 575 576

24

508 Ë Alicja Edyta Krzemińska et al.

For the Pythagoreans it was magical, because as a sum have ability to sing. Menhirs were supposed to have great of three and four, it bonded heaven and earth – hence it power. After being pulverized they were often used as a was used as a symbol of creation. The ideas of good luck, medicine for "everything". There was also the belief that happiness and wisdom, security and stability are associ- megaliths have the power to remove infertility, bind cou- ated with seven. It can be found in almost all religions and ples, or ensure marital fidelity. So-called "Stones of love" mythologies of the world. However, it is unknown what the or "Stones of marriage" were of particular importance. Sex- number seven specifically symbolized in megalithic cir- ual intercourse often took place within close proximity cles. The number 12 has multiple meanings. It is equated of them, with the aim of strengthening a relationship or with perfection, harmony, power, for example cosmologi- to give offspring to infertile couples. Marriages were also cal – 12 months in a year, 12 hours of day (brightness), 12 made there and oaths were taken [1, 10, 25]. Of course, me- hours of night (darkness), 12 aeons in gnosis, etc. Twelve is galithic areas were conducive to divination and all magi- the product of the four sides of the world multiplied by the cal . A special magical power was attributed to the three dimensions of space. This number is also linked with so-called holey stones, where, according to a belief, if a the basic organization of societies (e.g. the 12 apostles, the child stretched through a hole in a stone he or she would be 12 tribes of Israel). Counting systems were based on 12, e.g. healthy and strong throughout their life. The " Stone" the Sumerian-Babylonian. However, the most interesting from Stennes on the Islands in Scotland is an ex- is the symbolism of the numbers 4 and 5. Four symbol- ample [47, 48]. izes the Earth, Mankind, and the material world, reason, The specific aura which spread over megalith areas spatial order, balance, concentration, but also symmetri- meant that even after the passing of their heyday, me- cal gates, the four directions of the world. Five is the sacral galithic buildings had other interesting functions. They element, situated in the centre of the world and a sacred el- were chosen as the sites of assemblies or courts (especially ement [1,6,46]. Taking the above information into account, in ), as well as places of the election of kings. it can be safely stated that megalithic buildings conceal Also fairs, feasts and occasional festivals were organized multifaceted layers of undiscovered secrets. at these sites. The power of these beliefs to this day still has Megaliths are the basis of many legends which for a huge impact on the megalithic areas and adjacent zones. centuries have been etched into the subconscious of or- Nowadays, with the revival of pagan beliefs and druidism, dinary people and of entire nations. One of the legends there has been an increased return of people to these ar- concerns megalithic builders who were resting in eas and the willingness to stay there more often. Thus their tombs. Hence, many megaliths bear names such as: the importance in shaping and creating the identity of a place bed of giants, the grave of the , the of the gi- has been growing year by year, which is reflected in the ants, the gargoyle of the giants, the mountain of the gi- number of tourists. ants. Of course, in the myths there are also dwarves, trolls, elves, gnomes, inhabiting places where megaliths stood. And in folk legends there are also fairies and witches liv- ing underground. The elements listed above can be found 5 Ales Stenar (Sweden), Lejre especially in the legends of Ireland, India and the Cauca- (Denmark), Wietrzychowice sus [1, 10]. Especially in Ireland, these legends still live their own lives, and thanks to the imagination they (Poland) – examples of are a constant element influencing the creation of the iden- megalithic tourist routes in tity of a place. It is worth noting that, over the years, these legends have evolved and nowadays they are not applica- Europe tions of the megalithic originals. Their significance could Many megaliths have survived for hundreds of years have changed significantly after the introduction Chris- thanks to beliefs, legends and archaeologists who main- tianity in these areas. Christianity had a very negative atti- tain their good condition. For centuries they have been tude towards Megalithism, which was associated with the a key element of religious practices. Currently, they form devil’s impure powers. Another aspect was belief in the su- part of many tourist routes, as an inherent tourist attrac- pernatural power of megaliths. Over the years, inspired by tor. Megaliths in Europe create a common cultural her- the aura of mystery originating in , people be- itage that should be protected, and tourism in these ar- lieved in various, most amazing powers. It was believed eas should be sustainable. The "Megalithic Routes" Project for example, that some megaliths live and move, or ro- meets this challenge. It aims to connect the oldest monu- tate on specific days throughout the year, or even that they The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation Ë 509

Figure 2: The state of spatial and tourism land use of Ales Stenar (Sweden), Lejre (Denmark) and Wietrzychowice (Poland) with their location on the territory of Europe ments of Europe with cultural routes, promoting the unity Ales Stenar, located near the town of Kåseberga in of European heritage. The Cultural Route of the Council of Sweden, is a megalithic formation. Its name has a sym- Europe, (whose official website is located at http://www. bolic meaning; the words "Ale" and "Ales" in the ancient megalithicroutes.eu/ promotes tourism and the historical, Norse language mean a sanctuary or a ridge. The forma- educational and cultural values of megalithic areas. As has tion is located on a flat elevation at 37 m.a.s.l., about 500m already been emphasized above in the Methodology sec- from the seafront promenade [49]. The whole structure tion, the objects selected for research (Figure 2) are an im- symbolically "opens" onto a narrow stony sea beach. The portant element in the cultural heritage chain of Europe. formation consists of 59 standing stones (weighing ap- A short description of each is presented below, as they im- proximately 500-1800 kg), arranged in the shape of a boat portant elements of Europe’s cultural heritage. which symbolically was supposed to transport the dead across to the afterlife. The stone circle was laid around 510 Ë Alicja Edyta Krzemińska et al.

1,400 years ago. It was located at a burial site, which is In a forested area about 1km from the of dated to around 5500 years [52, 53]. In total, the circle has Wietrzychowice in central Poland in the Kuyavian- a length of about 67 m and a width of 19 m. The largest Pomeranian voivodship, are megalithic buildings com- stones – about 3.5 m high, are located on the tops of the monly called the Polish or Kuyavian , which formation (the "bow" and "stern"), and indicate the sun- are 5500 years old (3500 B.C). This is a cemetery from rise on the summer , and sunset during the winter the funnel-beaker culture period, where human skele- solstice [16, 23, 52]. According to legend, it was the rest- tons were found. It consists of five megalithic monuments ing place of the mythical King Ale the Strong (a figure from – kuyavian tombs. They have a trapezoid-triangular, Swedish myth) or another, less known, king of the Vikings. markedly elongated form, reaching 116 m. The fronts of the The stone circle was erected to commemorate his extraor- tombs are directed to the south and reach a height of about dinary achievements [49]. 2 m. The whole structure is stabilized from the outside by Lejre is located about 12 km from Roskilde on the is- stone boulders. In the middle of the front wall there is a land of Zealand in eastern Denmark. There is a group of gap in the boulders, which is the entrance to the burial megalithic monuments in the town of Lejre as well as oth- chamber. Traces of cannibalistic feasts were discovered ers only a short distance from it. The whole area is con- there [1, 6, 56–59]. Due to its uniqueness, the area is poten- nected with Viking culture. Characteristic Viking tially a crucial cultural element for the region, which can can be found there, consisting of large stones arranged in contribute to the development of archaeological tourism the shape of a boat and, in the middle of the "boat", the in the region [56, 60]. In 1968, an Archaeological Reserve deceased was buried. In Gammel Lejre, lying on the south was established in Wietrzychowice, and in 2006 the Wi- east of the village of Roskilde, at least six such burials have etrzychowice Cultural Park, with an area of 37.65 ha was set been discovered, three of which are built of stones. The up. In the Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodship program of largest of them is 83 m long. They are aligned from the Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection for the years south-east to the north-west [54]. In the vicinity of the Lejre 2000-2012, the Wietrzychowice Cultural Park was added to River, near the stone ships there is a prince’s barrow, Gry- the list of Monuments of History [61]. dehøj, dated to around the 6th century A.D. The style of burial and presence of certain artifacts, including the pres- ence of gold threads in fabrics, indicate the very high so- cial status of the deceased. The original height of the build- 6 Results and discussion ing was 4-5 m, and the diameter 37 m. A very interesting There is no doubt about the value of the archaeological and awe-inspiring area are the so called ‘centres of Power’. heritage of the megalithic sites selected for this analysis. These are two burial mounds, Ravnshøj and Hyldehøj, However, not all of the discussed areas are equally visited which so far have not been excavated and therefore can- by tourists. Despite the undoubted attractors in the form not be dated precisely. These burial mounds, visible from of megaliths, the development of archaeological tourism many kilometers away, dominate the landscape. However, in these areas is also conditioned by other factors, includ- they are not currently accessible to the public – nor is ing: adequate infrastructure, the accessibility of the area, the unexcavated Mysselhøj funerary mound. An important catering and transport infrastructure, as well as cyclical tourist attractor in this area is the mound which accord- accompanying events and –a necessity these days– a prop- ing to legend contained the remains of Harald Hildetand, erly designed website. A comparative analysis was there- the last descendant of the royal family of Lejre Scyld. The fore carried out using a sophisticated method, based on mound has the shape of a long and narrow barrow, and is selected elements describing the functionality of the areas dated to around 3500 B.C. The surroundings of Lejre are in terms of their attractiveness, conditioning the develop- famous for archaeological excavations. Settlements from ment of archaeological tourism (Table 2). the 6th-11th century were discovered there, among others. The comparison of the research objects revealed a sig- In the middle of the village a local museum was set up, nificant diversity in terms of the quality of the tourism base where tourists can visit a homestead built in 1700. How- of the discussed areas, their legibility, resources, function- ever, the place that attracts the most visitors is the histor- ality and attractiveness. Lejre in Denmark, annually vis- ical research centre Sagnlandet Lejre (Historisk Arkæolo- ited by approximately 60,000 tourists received the high- gisk Forsknings). The entire centre covers the area of 43 ha, est grades for almost every element (Table 2) [54]. In the and provides excellent facilities for archaeological tourism authors’ opinion, model infrastructural solutions were in- in the area [54]. troduced there. Also the teaching and historical research The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation Ë 511

577 Table 2. Assessment of the potential impact of the selected tourist infrastructure elements in: Ales Stenar (Sweden), Table 2: Assessment of the potential impact of the selected tourist infrastructure elements in: Ales Stenar (Sweden), Lejre (Denmark) and 578 Lejre (Denmark) and Wietrzychowice (Poland) in relation to the indicators of the evaluation criterion – Leopold Wietrzychowice (Poland) in relation to the indicators of the evaluation criterion – Leopold matrix 579 matrix 580 Compatibility Element Criterion of the Clarity/ Resources/ with the needs Atractivness Functionality assessment legibility possibilites of such of the assessment facilities A L W A L W A L W A L W A L W Educational base Accommodation base Gastronomic base (nutritional) Communication base Acompanying base Marking and identification of routes Information boards at the facilities Educational trains Sales of dedicated souvenirs Area accesibility Facilities for people with disabilities The presence of a museum, exhibitions Accompanying events, workshops, festivities Guiding services Website/Facebook Toilets

SUM (max 80 points.) 42 73 35 36 74 32 37 77 36 35 79 32 40 79 29 581 582 The scale of the evaluation criterion: No impact - 0 points Little impact 2 points Large impact – 4 points Vert little impact -1 points Moderate impact – 3 points Very large impact – 5 points 583 584 A – Ales Stenar (Sweden), L – Lejre (Denmark), W – Wietrzychowice (Poland) 585 586 587 centre is very well organized. The visitors have the unique and most of the information which can be found there re- 588 opportunity to encounter "living archeology”. Tourists are gards the town of Kåseberga, not the megaliths in Ales Ste- 589 encouraged to do experiments themselves e.g. to mill grain nar. Organised, preferably cyclically-themed, accompany- 590 for flour, which stimulates the children’s curiosity and ing events, festivals and educational workshops are an im- 591 gives them a lot of fun. The program is prepared for var- portant attractor in this type of area for tourists of diversi- 592 ious age groups. The attractiveness of this type of solution fied age groups. 593 is huge and in fact operates as a magnet for visitors – es- Taking into account these criteria, the Lejre research 594 pecially families with children. Neither in Ales Stenar nor centre is best prepared to serve tourists. Visitors, besides 595 596 Wietrzychowice is there a museum, but, in the planning megaliths, can also visit the very well-appointed research 597 documents for Wietrzychowice, the Museum of the funnel- centre, with reconstructed houses and infrastructure of 598 beaker culture is to be established in Kuyavia, in the years the village. A well-equipped educational base as well as 599 2018-2020 [61]. It should also be mentioned that in 2014 a educational trails for both school trips and families with 600 thematic exhibition on megaliths was held at the Munici- children increases the site’s attractiveness. In addition, 601 pal and Communal Cultural Centre in Izbica Kujawska, en- the accommodation base is well developed and there is a 602 titled "80 years of archaeological research in the area of number of souvenir shops and very good service guides – 603 the Wietrzychowice Culture Park". The exhibition was vis- including students and scientists. In this respect, Ales Ste- ited by around 3,000 people during the first three months nar and Wietrzychowice are much poorer equipped25 and [62]. In Kåseberga, near Ales Stenar, there is a museum have fewer facilities, mainly due to the poorly organised 512 Ë Alicja Edyta Krzemińska et al. educational base, and, in the case of Wietrzychowice, lack tunately, is only in Danish, therefore the group of people of accommodation and catering facilities. It is also worth able to use the information is limited. The Wietrzychow- paying attention to the accessibility of the area for peo- ice website has many drawbacks, and the key one is that ple with disabilities. In the case of Ales Stenar, problems most of the subpages are under construction. Nowadays, start after leaving the car park and passing a short section a key element is the virtual walk around the area, which with an asphalt road, leading to a path that is not adapted gives an opportunity to discover different sites thanks to to wheelchairs. In Wietrzychowice the situation is slightly modern . This is also of great importance for better due to the flat area. However, there are no such dif- people with disabilities. Interestingly, virtually none of the ficulties on the territory of Lejre. areas described has a properly made page on Facebook. Transport infrastructure leaves sometimes much to be Only Ales Stenar has one, but the information is laconic, desired – especially in the case of Wietrzychowice, with a poor and there is no formal message encouraging tourists certain difficulty in terms of orientation. It is not always to visit (Table 3). easy to get to the facility. Car parks are an indispensable According to the results of the qualitative analysis, as element of the tourist infrastructure in facilities of various presented in Table 3, tourist infrastructure is a crucial el- types. The on-site verification carried out in the course of ement affecting the functionality and use of this type of this research proved that car parks are available at all three space in terms of tourism. The direction and strength of sites under consideration, and there were also places for impacts of both infrastructure and existing land use, as the disabled. Another issue is their location, which is not well as the specific "attracting power" of the main attrac- always favorable for rapid pedestrians movement from the tor – megaliths, have to be considered (Table 3). Megalithic car park. The correct marking of artifacts and identifica- buildings have different shapes, spatial layouts, different tion of routes in such areas is also of great importance. The sizes, etc. and they are not always understandable to the authors found that the best-marked trails were in Lejre, average tourist. Therefore a lack of clear information on where not only were they very attractively made, but also a tourist trail and difficult access, which prevents explo- logically, functionally, legibly and appropriately located. ration of the area, can be considered as a major problem. Their potential has been fully exploited here, and the im- The appropriate display of megalithic buildings and the pact on tourists is very high. In the case of Ales Stenar and way they are embedded in the surrounding landscape also Wietrzychowice, the potential of proper route marking has play a significant role. Transport infrastructure, accessibil- not been fully utilized (Table 2). Also the quality and quan- ity of the area and facilities for disabled people, as well as tity of information on information boards at the megaliths the catering and accommodation facilities have a signifi- at the three sites differs. It should be added that the in- cant impact, both positive and negative depending on the formation boards were very well prepared, both in terms situation, on the areas in question. Also the atmosphere of of content, and in terms of way they were prepared tech- mystery, mysticism, legends, and awareness of local resi- nically, which made them an additional attractor on the dents regarding the history of megaliths has without doubt tourist trail. a positive effect on the development of tourism in this type Nowadays, a critical informational as well as mar- of area. Table 4 presents, in a synthetic way, the key factors keting element is a properly edited dedicated website, common for megalithic areas. They influence, positively containing all necessary information, not only about and negatively, development possibilities in areas of this the attractor (in this case, megaliths), but also about character. the existing tourist base. The official websites of the As the result of the analysis, the elements of both in- described sites, www.pkwietrzychowice.eu, www.lejre- frastructure and land use were distinguished and grouped center.dk, www.alesstenar.com (Table 3) were evaluated, in terms of the strength of their impact. This resulted in and the website of Lejre had the highest rating, with Ales the creation of a universal set of factors which should Stenar having the second rating. It is worth noting that be considered in the process of tourist land use planning the opportunities currently offered by new technologies in the vicinity of megalithic buildings. The authors, af- have not been fully exploited, e.g. a virtual walk around ter having conducted a careful analysis of both the land the site. After the analysis of the website content regarding use and tourist infrastructure of Ales Stenar, Lejre and Wi- the tourist information and land-use, Lejre and, to some etrzychowice, raise the question whether, in these areas extent, Ales Stenar were the highest rated website. It is of cultural and tourist significance, a template or modus worth mentioning that additional information on Ales Ste- operandi should be established when defining the direc- nar can be found on the official website of Kåseberga http: tion in which tourist land use planning should develop. //www.kaseberga.se/, but it is not complete and, unfor- The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation Ë 513 604 605 Table 3: Analysis of information from the Ales Stenar, Lejre and Wietrzychowice websites 606 Table 3. Analysis of information from the Ales Stenar, Lejre and Wietrzychowice websites Name of the site Lejre Megaliths Kujawskie Cultural Ales Stenar Park in Wietrzychowice Website address www.alesstenar.com www.lejre-center.dk www.pkwietrzychowice.eu − The information is given in three − The information is given in two − A situational map of the area with marked languages: Swedish, English and German. languages: Danish and English tombs has been given. − Detailed information about megaliths, the − A huge amount of data on megaliths, history of their creation, destination, etc. associated facilities and land-use. The site provides a lot of interesting facts. − Additional information on the − The text is written in clear, understandable availability of educational facilities and language. events related to education. Positive elements − Additional information on the astronomical − The text is written in clear, included on the significance of the megaliths from the site. understandable language. websites of the − Comprehensive information about the studied areas accommodation and catering facilities. − Research in this area has been described. − Added photos and short films show land development and educational base as well as the megaliths. − The site is easy to use, navigating through subpages in the intuitive way. − Insufficient information on tourist routes − Lack of a dedicated telephone − Most subpages are under reconstruction and infrastructure availability. application that facilitates visiting this and unavailable. − Lack of information on accommodation and area. − website is not functional. catering services. − Insufficient information for tourists. − Lack of information on ticket prices, − the information is only in Polish. availability of car parks, and facilities for − Lack of a dedicated telephone application Negative elements the disabled. which might be helpful during the included on the − Not enough pictures of the site and the exploration of the area. websites of the tourist and accompanying infrastructure. − Lack of information on accommodation studied areas − Lack of a dedicated telephone application and catering services. which might be helpful during the − Lack of information on car parks and exploration of the area. access. − No possibility of a ‘virtual walk’ around the − Lack of information on improvements and area. facilities for the disabled. − No photographic documentation. No official Facebook page dedicated to the There is no official Facebook page for the There is a FB page for Ales Stenar: megaliths of Lejre. Additional information, Cultural Park in Wietrzychowice. Additional https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ales- Facebook i.e. short descriptions and photos, as well as information on the subject, such as photos or tenar/956411594372921?ref=br_rs. The short videos, can only be found on private short descriptions, can only be found on information on it is incomplete and very poor. websites. private websites. 607 608 609 tructure, accessibility, accommodation and catering facili- 610 7 Conclusion ties as well as facilities for the disabled can have a positive 611 or negative impact on the tourist development of a given Archaeological excavations, megalithic areas, artifacts 612 area. They constitute important elements which should be dating back thousands of years – all attract tourists and 613 considered in properly designed tourist and land infras- 614 provide a base on which to create tourist trails with the tructure. The newest can be used in megalithic 615 aim of promoting historical and cultural heritage [63]. Me- formations areas in order to activate them, such as for ex- 616 galiths’ mysteriousness, mysticism, their legends and the ample "megalithic smart parks", enabling people to visit 617 historical awareness of local residents can positively influ- 618 the areas in question with the appropriate telephone ap- ence tourism development. Megalithic formations are of 619 plication or to visit them in virtual reality. Nowadays ar- different shapes, spatial layout or size and create signifi- 620 chaeological tourism is becoming more and more popular cant landmarks which attract tourists, but lack of proper 621 and because of this it is possible to create new tourist prod- information and the poor technical state of the objects can 622 ucts that improve the cultural awareness not only of visi- 623 create obstacles on a tourist trail. The way in which ob- tors, but also of local communities or entire nations, and 624 jects are displayed and embedded into the landscape are of by doing so enhance knowledge of the historical heritage 625 great significance. It should be noted that transport infras- 626 and place identity of megalithic areas. 627 26

514 Ë Alicja Edyta Krzemińska et al.

Table 4: Directions and strength of the impact of existing infrastructure and land use on the development of tourism in the megalithic areas 628 AlesTable Stenar, 4. Directions Lejre and Wietrzychowiceand strength of the impact of existing infrastructure and land use on the development of tourism 629 in the megalithic areas Ales Stenar, Lejre and Wietrzychowice Impact Impact strength direction Very strong Moderate Weak − Complete lack of information on − Poor condition of megalithic − Too much isolation of megalithic buildings. buildings. megalithic buildings from the − Lack of adequate accessibility for − There are no educational trails main routes. people with disabilities. and paths. − Lack or incorrect marking of − Organisational chaos manifested in − Incorrect or partial marking of entry to the area and car park. Definitely the layout of communication and trails. negative tourist infrastructure. − Lack or wrong location of car − Total lack of tourist trail marking. parks. − Lack of any sanitation facilities. − There is no information about archaeological objects in several languages. − Lack of possibility to enter tombs − Entrance fees to the area. − Lack of accommodation and other megalithic buildings. − Additional fees for visiting facilities in areas with − Excessive saturation of additional attractions, museum entrance, megaliths or in their vicinity. attractions in the area which are not etc. − Lack of possibility to get to the Mainly thematically related to megalithic − lack of extensive and objects by car. negative buildings (f e.g. amusement parks, comprehensive descriptions of amusement parks, etc.). megaliths at facilities. − No catering facilities. − No dedicated website. − Lack of a well-organised Neutral − Guide services educational base. − Underlining the religious meaning − Supporting legends and − Awareness of residents of megaliths for a given community. creating an atmosphere of regarding cultural and − Explaining the symbolism of mystery and magic related to historical significance and megalithic buildings. megalithic constructions mystical megaliths in a given − Coupling various areas with − Opportunity to participate in area. megaliths in the cultural heritage craft workshops (, − Appropriate display of Mainly routes. agricultural, etc.) promoting megaliths in the landscape. positive − Information boards in several culture from the period of origin languages. and use of megaliths. − Visualizations, depicting the life of − The possibility of obtaining residents and their relationship badges afer the completion of a with megaliths (e.g. shamanic, given route. burial rites, etc.). − Sale of souvenirs. − Megalithic buildings kept in very − Supporting old cultural and − Possibility to organise good condition. shamanic customs related to reconstruction groups and − An attractive message, related to megaliths in a given area. creating a "living history" of legends of megalithic buildings. − Proper location of car parks. the place. − Clear and functional − Creating additional attractions − Fanpage on Facebook. communication system. for visitors closely related to Definitely − Appropriate availability of the area megalithic culture e.g positive for people with disabilities. reconstruction of , farms − Cyclical theme events, festivals, of former inhabitants of these exhibitions, etc.. areas). − An extensive website with information on the history and cultural heritage of megalithic buildings and tourist facilities. 630 27

The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation Ë 515

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