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Sidney-Pollard This page intentionally left blank FICHA CATALOGRAFICA POLLARD, Sidney La conquista pacifica: la indusuializaci6n de Europa., 1760-1970/ Sidney Pollard; traducci6n de Jordi Pascual. - Zaragoza: Universidad, Prensas Universitarias, 1991 467 p. ; 22 cm. - (Ciencias sociales ; 19) ISBN: 84-7733-308-4 1. Desarrollo industrial- Europa - 1760-1970.1. Universidad de Zaragoza. Prensas Universitarias, ed. II. Titulo. 338.45(4)"1760/1970" © De la presente edici6n Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza I' edici6n espanola, diciembre 1991, 1.000 ejemplares 2' edici6n espanola, octubre 1992, 1.000 ejemplares Originally published in English under the title PEACEFUL CONQUlEST ©Oxford University Press 1981 Edita: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza Secretariado de Publicaciones Ciudad Universitaria (Geo16gicas) 50009 ZARAGOZA (Espana) Diseiio de cubierta: Jose Luis Cano Coordinaci6n: M! Canoen Juan Electronic version Maquetaci6n: Flor Rinc6n published by Imprime: ARPlrelieve, S.A . ISBN: 84-7733-308-4 D.L.: Z-2.766-91 INDICE Mapas ....................................................................................................................... 9 y 10 Prólogo....................................................................................................................... 11 Introducción.............................................................................................................. 19 Capítulo 1. La Revolución Industrial en Gran Bretaña ............................................. 21 Especialización regional y diferenciación en la economía tradicional............... 22 Primera fase: 1760-1800 .................................................................................... 32 Ultimas fases ...................................................................................................... 42 Algunas hipótesis previas................................................................................... 55 Primera parte. La fase de integración económica. Del siglo XVIII a la crisis de la década de 1870 Capítulo 2. El escenario preindustrial de la Europa interior .................................... 69 Sociedad agraria e industrialización................................................................... 70 Industria tradicional: oficios y gremios urbanos ............................................... 84 Industria rural y “protoindustrialización”........................................................... 89 La manufactura centralizada .............................................................................. 105 Capítulo 3. Los primitivos industrializadores ............................................................ 111 Las primeras regiones industriales ..................................................................... 114 Las primeras industrias....................................................................................... 136 El papel de la región en la industrialización....................................................... 141 El papel del transporte........................................................................................ 155 Desarrollos nacionales........................................................................................ 168 Capítulo 4. Vías de transmisión ................................................................................. 175 La transferencia de tecnología............................................................................ 177 Aumento de la población y migración laboral ................................................... 182 La exportación de capital ................................................................................... 188 8 SIDNEY POLLARD El papel del gobierno.......................................................................................... 194 Comercio e industrialización.............................................................................. 200 El diferencial de contemporaneidad ................................................................... 224 Capítulo 5. La Europa periférica en la primera fase ................................................. 231 Agricultura: emancipación, mercados y dinámica ............................................. 232 Centros industriales ............................................................................................ 242 Nuevas tesis sobre el atraso económico ............................................................. 249 Segunda parte. La fase de desintegración económica desde la década de 1870 hasta 1945 Capítulo 6. La industrialización de la periferia hasta 1914 ...................................... 261 El imperio de los Habsburgo .............................................................................. 264 Italia.................................................................................................................... 272 Escandinavia y Holanda ..................................................................................... 276 El imperio ruso ................................................................................................... 283 La periferia exterior: la Península Ibérica y la Península Balcánica.................. 288 La segunda generación de industrializadores..................................................... 291 Capítulo 7. El ascenso del neomercantilismo, de la década de 1870 a 1914 ............ 299 Aranceles y políticas comerciales ...................................................................... 302 El comercio de cereales...................................................................................... 313 Una economía mundial en ascenso .................................................................... 319 La guerra por medios económicos...................................................................... 323 Capítulo 8. La guerra y los años de entreguerras...................................................... 327 Las consecuencias económicas de la guerra....................................................... 329 La periferia europea y la industrialización ......................................................... 338 La desintegración de la economía europea......................................................... 351 Conclusión Capítulo 9. Reintegración en dos Europas................................................................. 363 Los efectos de la guerra y la recuperación económica....................................... 365 La reintegración económica y la terminación de la industrialización en el oeste 370 Industrialización e integración en la Europa oriental......................................... 380 Nuevas perspectivas y algunas conclusiones ..................................................... 388 Bibliografía................................................................................................................. 391 Indice de autores y materias....................................................................................... 445 Prólogo This page intentionally left blank Tal vez lo mejor sea empezar con algunas palabras de advertencia sobre lo que no es este libro. Ante todo, no es una historia económica completa de Europa, en el sentido de una relación equilibrada de los últimos doscientos años en la que se prestase la debida atención a cada uno de los desarrollos que pudieran calificarse de económicos, y a cada uno de los países o regiones implicados. Por el contrario, esta historia se refiere solamente al proceso de industrialización, tal como va apareciendo en Europa, transformando y siendo a su vez transformado por el marco geográfico cambiante y por la secuencia histórica en que se produce. Esto significa, por una parte, que una vez que un país o una región se han industrializado, van desapareciendo de estas páginas, salvo en lo que afecta a la industrialización de otros países. También significa que la industrialización de Europa se contempla como un proceso singular y no repetitivo. Este proceso comenzó en Gran Bretaña y la industrialización de Europa tuvo lugar según el modelo británico; fue, en lo que se refiere al continente, un proceso pura y deliberadamente de imitación. Incluso después de la década de 1860, cuando las innovaciones tecnológicas y organizativas procedían cada vez más de otros países adelantados, y el proceso en marcha podría describirse correctamente como un proceso europeo o incluso noratlántico, a fin de incluir el creciente impacto de la originalidad norteamericana, todavía era un desarrollo que tenía como base el modelo británico. Plantearse la posibilidad de un modelo alternativo es, sin duda, una cuestión interesante1, pero un principio básico de este libro es que la industrialización de Europa se produjo como consecuencia de una sola raíz con mutaciones causadas por diversas circunstancias. El núcleo esencial del proceso que aquí se describe fue tecnológico y consistió en una mejora del modo de producir los bienes o en la producción de nuevos bienes. Algunas 1 Peter Mathias (1972), pp. 503, 508; y capítulo 4. 14 SIDNEY POLLARD de las innovaciones técnicas conllevaron necesariamente algunos otros cambios: fábricas, grandes concentraciones de capital, nuevas formas de disciplina laboral. Estas se consideran aquí, pero sólo en la medida en que fueran una parte esencial de la transformación tecnológica básica. Esta parece ser una manera estrecha de describir el proceso de industrialización, demasiado limitada para comprender la decisiva transformación de Europa que es el tema de este libro. Pero el mundo europeo fue, durante la mayor parte del período
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