DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Social Stratification with Reference to Social Class Barriers and Social Class Rigidity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Social Stratification with Reference to Social Class Barriers and Social Class Rigidity A STUDY OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CLASS BARRIERS AND SOCIAL CLASS RIGIDITY By William Cecil Headrick Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at New York State University. December 1, 1941. http://abbeyclock.com/cecil/index.html Cecil was born in Greeneville, TN. on November 1, 1904. He died in Santo Domingo on August 29, 1995. Contents Preface 6 I. AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE CLASS AND SOCIAL CLASS 8 Economic Aspect of Class and Social Class Occupational and social hierarchies Wealth and social status The uses to which wealth is put Political Aspects of Definition of Class and Social Class Social status and the class struggle Class consciousness and social class consciousness Religion, Nationality, and Race: Significance for Social Class Class aspects of religion Nationality and social class Race and social class Fame, Notoriety, and Social Class Legal Classes and Social Classes Social ranks among criminals Social differences among slaves Redemptionists of varied social status Social classes among the nobility Subjective Definitions of Social Class Common ways and ideals Social class standing a birthright Refined definitions of social class Definition II. AN ANALYSIS OF CASTE AND SOCIAL DISTANCE 32 Caste used interchangeably with class Caste used to mean hereditary status Caste used to mean hereditary function Caste given a racial base What is Caste? An introductory definition of caste Caste is not social status Caste is not identified with occupation Refined definitions of caste The relation of social class to caste The nature of social distance III. WIDESPREAD SOCIAL CLASS RIGIDITY 45 The pre-rigid stage, before the genesis of social inequality The genesis of social inequality Hereditary Status Mayas and Aztecs The Peruvians African Tribes The main line of Occidental history Early Gaul The early Teutonic tribes Other illustrations of widespread social class rigidity Conclusion IV. MECHANISMS TENDING TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL CLASS RIGIDITY 58 Retention of the gens Rules against inter-class marriage Protection Monopoly of religion Insignia Enslavement Clean and dirty Monopoly of a trade or business Wealth and Property Government and close connection with government Interests Marriage and family customs Specialization in etiquette and fashion Secrecy and snobbery Regard for genealogy Conquest and war Primogeniture and entail The use of ancient callings Education and apprenticeship Ecological factors Serfdom and peonage Prestige of all things old Soll und Haben The enemy alien Priority Charisma and other personal qualities Summary V. SOCIAL CLASS RIGIDITIES IN GREECE AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 75 Early Greece Sparta Effect of the right to vote upon social inequality Greek and modern parallels and contrasts Preliminary statement about Roman classes Early Rome Who were the patricians? Who were the plebs? The legal and political rise of plebeian elements The Republic reaches middle age The rôle of wealth -- the equites The last days of the Republic The middle classes Slaves and the Roman proletariat VI. CLASS RIGIDITIES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE 88 Proscription and death The new aristocracy and the rôle of wealth The plebs of the early Empire Slaves and ex-slaves in the early Empire The disintegration of Roman civilization Retrenchment and stabilization in the East Social class trends in the West Social mobility evaluated Social class aspects of the invasion Conclusion VII. CONQUEST AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN GAUL AND EARLY FRANCE 99 The Roman aristocracy in Gaul Rome, religion, and the bishops Roman society in the Merovingian Age The German nobility purged More proof of social class rigidity Conquest -- theory and fact Outright denial of race-conquest theory The Norman Conquest VIII. SOCIAL CLASS RIGIDITIES IN THE PERIOD FROM FEUDALISM TO INDUSTRIALISM 113 The classes at the outset of feudalism Agricultural feudalism Shifts and changes among serfs Social classes in the early towns The early gilds Entrance into gilds open to talent? The decline of the craft gilds The development of early capitalism Social class aspects of commercial enterprise The laboring classes The bourgeois classes The nobility and descendants of noblemen during the age of commercial expansion Social class rigidities at the end of the eighteenth century Conclusion IX. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL CLASS 136 Opinion divided on social class implications of new age Opinion divided as to the facts of social class in the new age of industrial capitalism The social structure of the age of individualism The middle classes The upper classes: nobility and haute bourgeoisie Conclusion X. THE AMERICAN DREAM 149 Versions of the American Dream A modest appraisal of opportunity XI. SOCIAL CLASS RIGIDITIES IN COLONIAL AMERICA 161 The lower classes in the American colonies The middle classes in colonial society Social class continuity from Europe to America The upper classes in colonial times The Virginia Colony and State Virginia before 1650 Virginian social classes in the period from 1650 to 1725 Slaves and free blacks Indentured servants Misery among poor whites The middle class The aristocrats of Virginia Conclusion XII. THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT 185 The door of equal opportunity The westward movement of the different social strata The westward movement of the upper and middle classes The westward movement of the lower classes The Scotch-Irish Tenants become owners The Polish Peasant Conclusion XIII. HYPOTHESES, THEORIES, AND STATISTICS ON SOCIAL MOBILITY 205 Generalized interpretations Statistical studies in social ascent and descent Downward Circulation The élite Conclusion Supplement I. A statistical study of prominent marriages Conclusion Supplement II. Social class in smaller places Conclusion Editorial comment on social class Supplement III. Social class backgrounds of college faculty XIV. Part I. HEREDITY AND SOCIAL STATUS 227 Divergent opinions about heredity and social status Sir Francis Galton Other studies Social class transmission Conclusion Part II. EDUCATION AND THE SOCIAL CLASSES Ideas and opinions Conclusion XV. Part I. THE MIDDLE CLASS 243 The barriers between the middle classes and their superiors and inferiors Racial and nationality factors in regard to class barriers The bureaucrats Part II. WAR AND TOTALITARIAN INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL CLASS The destruction of social systems by totalitarians Exiled and crushed middle and upper classes War Social class in militarized democracies Part III. ARE SOCIAL CLASSES A GOOD THING? Opinions in favor of a system of social classes Opinions against a system of social classes Conclusion XVI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 306 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX I: THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTIES IN NORTH IRELAND APPENDIX II: SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE RISE OF BLACKS APPENDIX III: CASE HISTORIES: VIRGINIA, IOWA, OHIO Part I. Case histories of Virginians Part II. Iowa Part III. Ohio PREFACE This dissertation is dedicated to a review of the theories and history of social class barriers. Social stratification, a most ubiquitous social phenomenon, has been treated from many points of view, but the aspect of rigidity has received only abortive consideration. In general, also, it may be safely stated that research in the fields of social class has not kept pace with the recognized importance of the whole subject and its various aspects Mombert 1 is of the opinion that the problem of social stratification stands in first place among questions pertaining to society. Bauer 2 avers that class constitutes the true subject matter of social science. Fahlbeck 3 expresses surprise that this field has received so little attention. Overbergh asserts, and is supported by Ferré 4, that the study of social classes is of utmost importance to sociology. Park and Burgess refer to this as an "unworked field." 5 Confusion in classification. The chief problem confronting the investigator at the outset is confusion in terminology. Social class rigidity, as a field of study, depends upon what is meant by social class. Authorities mean different things by the same words and the same thing by different words. Research into usage and classifications becomes immediately imperative. 6 Class has to be disentangled from social class (Chapter I); and caste requires special attention because it has been used interchangeably with social stratum, hereditary occupation, and race (Chapter II). The need for research in the field of concept and usage is indicated by the fact that Page 7 chooses to write two volumes in the field of class before he tackles the intricacies of definitions and conceptual categories. The scope and aim of this study. In order to illustrate the various forms of social stratification, and therefore the many kinds of social class barriers, it is necessary to survey briefly the literature of anthropology and history. Chapter III, given over to this review, contains purely introductory material; it makes no pretenses at contributing directly or indirectly to knowledge, in form or content. It does, however, raise several points essential to the thesis concerning the origin, nature, and extent of social class rigidity. The material collected and arranged to indicate the various mechanisms whereby social classes, or classes in general, maintain their positions of advantage and privilege (Chapter IV) falls into the category of knowledge collected and presented in a more orderly and more adequate form. The data extracted from general history (Chapters V to XII), beginning with Greek civilization, fall into the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On Gaining Recognition As Middle Class in Madurai
    Apprehensions: On gaining recognition as middle class in Madurai Sara Dickey In this article, I examine everyday ways in which residents of Madurai, Tamil Nadu work to gain and maintain recognition as middle class. In the intersubjective production of identities, people dene not only what it takes to be a member of a specic local class category, but also what it means to be treated as fully human. I explore the critical importance of visibility and recognition in daily life, and the modes and meanings of the consumption through which people strive to achieve them. Focusing on two key consumption practices—presenting oneself in public according to local standards of ‘decency’ and marking class belonging through one fetishised consumer good, the cell phone—I consider the relationships among visual apprehension, counting as a social being and dignity. Keywords: middle class, consumption, class anxiety, dignity, mobile phones, south India I Introduction1 When scholars study the impacts of class, we frequently look at the ‘big’ things: the dramatic, the monumental, the long-term. We examine life chances, life histories and longitudinal data. The object of our work might be class movements, famous strikes, changing consumption patterns, the role of debt in impoverishment, the impact of educational attainment on occupation or (in my own case) the role of marriage in reproducing class 1 Small portions of this article have appeared in similar form in Dickey (2005, 2012). Here I elaborate on the topics of visibility and recognisability raised in these earlier publications. Sara Dickey is at the Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Politics of Climate Change Discourse in UK Tabloids
    Author's personal copy Political Geography 27 (2008) 549e569 www.elsevier.com/locate/polgeo The cultural politics of climate change discourse in UK tabloids Maxwell T. Boykoff* James Martin Research Fellow, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK Abstract In the United Kingdom (UK), daily circulation figures for tabloid newspapers are as much as ten times higher than broadsheet sources. Nonetheless, studies of media representations of climate change in the UK to date have focused on broadsheet newspapers. Moreover, readership patterns correlate with socio-eco- nomic status; the majority of readers of tabloids are in ‘working class’ demographics. With a growing need to engage wider constituencies in awareness and potential behavioral change, it is important to ex- amine how these influential sources represent climate change for a heretofore understudied segment of citizenry. This paper links political geographies with cultural issues of identity and discourse, through claims and frames on climate change in four daily ‘working class’ tabloid newspapers in UK e The Sun (and News of the World ), Daily Mail (and Mail on Sunday), the Daily Express (and Sunday Express), and the Mirror (and Sunday Mirror). Through triangulated Critical Discourse Analysis, investigations of framing and semi-structured interviews, this project examines representations of climate change in these newspapers from 2000 through 2006. Data show that news articles on climate change were predominantly framed through weather events, charismatic megafauna and the movements of political actors and rhetoric, while few stories focused on climate justice and risk. In addition, headlines with tones of fear, misery and doom were most prevalent.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of Middle Class Politics?
    The End of Middle Class Politics? The End of Middle Class Politics? By Sotiris Rizas The End of Middle Class Politics? By Sotiris Rizas This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Sotiris Rizas All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0654-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0654-1 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 What makes the middle classes? ............................................................ 8 The middle classes in mass politics: the lower middle classes as a bone of contention ................................................................... 10 Chapter One ............................................................................................... 23 Emergence of the Middle Classes and Middle Class Politics in America and Europe, 1890–1914 The middle classes and the Progressive Movement in America, 1900–14 .......................................................................................... 28 The public policies of Progressivism ................................................... 29 Middle-class
    [Show full text]
  • Heleieth I. B. Saffioti. Women in Class Society
    Women in Class Society by Heleith I. B. Saffioti Women in Class Society by Heleith I. B. Saffioti Review by: Barbara Celarent American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 119, No. 6 (May 2014), pp. 1821-1827 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/677208 . Accessed: 12/09/2014 18:48 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Sociology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.135.12.127 on Fri, 12 Sep 2014 18:48:41 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Book Reviews describes the writings he studies as examples of the “deviance memoir genre,” with many a tall tale, much lying and self-vindication along the lines of once I was lost, now I am found and do good works. He takes the key supposed facts in a story and examines how the author rhetorically exculpates him- or herself. The fact that a distinguished historian like the late Eric Hobsbawm does not deal with the gossip Goode alleges about his private life means his memoir is of little interest and merely confirms his typically Marxist re- luctance to face up to the real issues of life, as opposed to fascism, the Ho- locaust, and the Jewish experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Centennial Bibliography on the History of American Sociology
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications Sociology, Department of 2005 Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology Michael R. Hill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Hill, Michael R., "Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology" (2005). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R., (Compiler). 2005. Centennial Bibliography of the History of American Sociology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY Compiled by MICHAEL R. HILL Editor, Sociological Origins In consultation with the Centennial Bibliography Committee of the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology: Brian P. Conway, Michael R. Hill (co-chair), Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (ex-officio), Jack Nusan Porter (co-chair), Pamela A. Roby, Kathleen Slobin, and Roberta Spalter-Roth. © 2005 American Sociological Association Washington, DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Note: Each part is separately paginated, with the number of pages in each part as indicated below in square brackets. The total page count for the entire file is 224 pages. To navigate within the document, please use navigation arrows and the Bookmark feature provided by Adobe Acrobat Reader.® Users may search this document by utilizing the “Find” command (typically located under the “Edit” tab on the Adobe Acrobat toolbar).
    [Show full text]
  • Council on Virginia Tech History Report on Barringer Hall
    Office for Strategic Affairs Council on Virginia Tech History COUNCIL ON 800 Drillfield Drive Burruss Hall, Suite 113 VIRGINIA TECH Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 HISTORY P: (540) 231-3703 F: (540) 231-3147 [email protected] July 16, 2020 To: Commemorative Tributes Committee From: The Council on Virginia Tech History, submitted on behalf of the Council by Menah Pratt-Clarke, Vice President for Strategic Affairs and Diversity Re: The residence hall currently named Barringer Hall The Council on Virginia Tech History unanimously recommends immediately removing the name Paul Barringer from the residence hall currently bearing it. Paul Brandon Barringer and Barringer Residence Hall General approach — broad considerations The Council has been asked, as part of its role, to make recommendations to the Commemorative Tributes Committee regarding the appropriateness of the University’s retaining the names of certain campus buildings. During our deliberations on Lee Hall and Barringer Hall, we used the following criteria to guide our thinking. (In future we plan to further refine these criteria and develop a process that seeks further input from the campus community.) • The connection of the individual to the institution and the appropriateness, on that basis, of honoring that individual via the monument of a building. • The value of the individual’s personal and professional contributions to the institution and society. • The alignment of the individual’s behavior and expressed values with those of the institution today; the symbolic value, positive
    [Show full text]
  • The Lower Class and the Future of Inequality. INSTITUTION Bryn Mawr Coll., Pa.; Swarthmore Coll., Pa
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 057 390 CG 006 817 AUTHOR Van Til, Sally Bould; Van Till Jon TITLE The Lower Class and the Future of Inequality. INSTITUTION Bryn Mawr Coll., Pa.; Swarthmore Coll., Pa. PUB DATE Aug 71 NOTE 22p.; Paper presented at Meetings of American Sociological Association, Denver, Colo., August 30 - September 2, 1971 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Cultural Disadvantagement; Cultural Environment; *Cultural Factors; Economic Disadvantagement: *Economic Factors; *Equal Opportunities (Jobs); *Lower Class; Policy; Policy Formation; Public Policy; Social Class; *Social Factors; Social Influences; Subculture ABSTRACT Two common perspectives regarding lower-class behavior are examined. The authors find little empirical support either for the "culture of poverty" position, with its singular emphasis on retained and transmitted cultural modes, or for the "blocked opportunity" or "situational" hypothesis. Recent evidence is adduced which shows a 3rd perspective, adaptive drift, to be the most adequate conceptualization. In this perspective, the poor are able to drift between lower-class and mainstream cultural ways because they are marginal to society, and are treated as less than full members of it. The policy implications of all 3'positions are extrapolated. The adaptive drift model is viewed as most clearly related to policies aimed at reducing inequalities by guaranteeing basic rights to the market, to governmental services, and to the control of institutions. (TL) THE LOWER CLASS AND THE FUTURE OF INEQUALITY Sally Bould Van Til Bryn Mawr College and Jon Van Til Swarthmore College U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCA"-^". THIS DOCUMENT H, DUCED EXACTLY AS I RCi THE PERSON OR ORGANILAHON ORIG- INATING IT.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Middle Class Revolution: Our Long March Toward a Professionalized Society Melvyn L
    Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University KSU Press Legacy Project 1-2006 The Great Middle Class Revolution: Our Long March Toward a Professionalized Society Melvyn L. Fein Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ksupresslegacy Part of the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Fein, Melvyn L., "The Great Middle Class Revolution: Our Long March Toward a Professionalized Society" (2006). KSU Press Legacy Project. 5. http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ksupresslegacy/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in KSU Press Legacy Project by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GREAT MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION Our Long March Toward A Professionalized Society THE GREAT MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION Our Long March Toward A Professionalized Society Melvyn L. Fein 2005 Copyright © 2005 Kennesaw State University Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without prior written consent of the publisher. Kennesaw State University Press Kennesaw State University Bldg. 27, Ste. 220, MB# 2701 1000 Chastain Road Kennesaw, GA 30144 Betty L. Seigel, President of the University Lendley Black, Vice President for Academic Affairs Laura Dabundo, Editor & Director of the Press Shirley Parker-Cordell, Sr. Administrative Specialist Holly S. Miller, Cover Design Mark Anthony, Editorial & Production Assistant Jeremiah Byars, Michelle Hinson, Margo Lakin-Lapage, and Brenda Wilson, Editorial Assistants Back cover photo by Jim Bolt Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fein, Melvyn L.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Rising Middle Class: a Case Study of Shanghai College Students
    Morreale, J.C., Shostya, A., & Villada, M. (2018). China’s rising middle class: A Journal case study of Shanghai college students. Journal of International Studies, 11(2), 9-22. of International doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/1 Studies © Foundation China’s rising middle class: A case study of International Studies, 2018 of Shanghai college students © CSR, 2018 Scientific Papers Joseph C. Morreale Department of Economics, Pace University USA [email protected] Anna Shostya Department of Economics, Pace University USA [email protected] Mariana Villada Department of Economics, Pace University USA [email protected] Abstract. One of the hotly debated questions in socio-economic literature is the one Received: December, 2017 pertaining the rise of the middle class in China and its potential influence on 1st Revision: political and social structures. This paper is a study of the perceptions of Chinese February, 2018 young adults on the rise of the middle class in China. We address such questions Accepted: May, 2018 as: How do university students in China define the middle class and perceive its growth? How do they see future economic, political and social changes in China? DOI: We conducted the survey case study of 204 Chinese undergraduate students at a 10.14254/2071- major university in Shanghai. Our results show that the students have a strong 8330.2018/11-2/1 belief in the rise of the middle class in China. They expect this rise to affect China’s economic structure to a larger extent than the social and political order. We conclude that the surveyed Chinese college students may belong to what is called – “Generation 2”: they are confident, independent minded and determined to display that independence through their consumption of Western products.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Abbreviations for Nixon White House Tapes
    -1- NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM Name Abbreviations List (rev. January-2013) ACC Anna C. Chennault ACD Arthur C. Deck A ACf Ann Coffin AA Alexander Akalovsky ACH Allen C. Hall AAD* Mrs. and Mrs. Albert A. ACN Arnold C. Noel Doub ACt Americo Cortese AAF Arthur A. Fletcher AD Andrew Driggs AAG Andrei A. Gromyko ADahl Arlene Dahl AAhmed Aziz Ahmed ADavis Alan Davis AAL Gen. Alejandro A. Lanusse ADM Anthony D. Marshall AAM Arch A. Moore ADn Alan Dean AANH Abdel Aziz Nazri Hamza ADN Antonio D. Neto AAR Abraham A. Ribicoff Adoub Albert Doub AAS Arthur A. Shenfield ADR Angelo D. Roncallo AAW A. A. Wood ADram Adriana Dramesi AB Ann Broomell ADRudd Alice D. Rudd ABakshian Aram Bakshian, Jr. ADS* Mr. and Mrs. Alex D. ABC Anna B. Condon Steinkamp ABCh Alton B. Chamberlain ADuggan Ann Duggan ABH A. Blaine Huntsman ADv Ann Davis ABible Alan Bible AE Alan Emory Abll Alan Bell AED Arthur E. Dewey ABog Mr. and Mrs. Archie Boggs AEG Andrew E. Gibson ABw Ann Brewer AEH Albert E. Hole AC Arthene Cevey AEN Anna Edwards Hensgens ACag Andrea Cagiatti AEO'K Alvin E. O'Kinski ACameron Alan Cameron AES Arthur E. Summerfield ACBFC Anne C.B. (Finch) Cox AESi Albert E. Sindlinger -2- NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM Name Abbreviations List (rev. January-2013) AF Arthur Fagan AHS Arthur H. Singer AFB Arthur F. Burns AIS Armistead I. Selden, Jr. AFBr Andrew F. Brimmer AJ Andrew Jackson AFD Anatoliy F. Dobrynin AJaffe Ari Jaffe AFD-H Sir Alexander F. Douglas- AJB A.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico: a Middle Class Society, Poor No More, Developed Not
    Poor No More, Developed Not Yet LUIS DE LA CALLE Managing Director and Founding Partner of De la Calle, Madrazo, Mancera, S.C. (CMM). Before joining the private sector, he served as undersecretary of International Trade Negotiations in the Mexican Ministry of Economy; he was Minister of Trade Issues for the Mexican Embassy in Washington, D.C.; and worked for the World Bank as Chief Economist for the Czech and Slovac Republics, Poland and former Zaire. He is a member of various businesses councils, civil and professional associations. He is a regular speaker on subjects ranging from international trade, to the state of the Mexican economy and other topics of academic research. He has extensive teaching experience. His column “¿Qué más?” is published biweekly in the newspaper El Universal. He has a degree in economics by Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), and a Master and PhD in Economics from the University of Virginia. LUIS RUBIO President of the Center of Research for Development, A.C. (CIDAC). He writes a weekly column in the newspaper Reforma and is a frequent writer for The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times. In 1985 he received the best book award “APRA”, in 1993 the “Award Dag Hammarksjold” and in 1998 the “National Journalism Award” for his op-ed pieces. He is the author and editor of forty two books, including El acertijo de le legitimi- dad, México 2025: el futuro se construye hoy, El poder de la competitividad, Políticas Económicas del México Contemporáneo, Tres ensayos. Fobaproa, Privatización y TLC, El dilema de México: los orígenes políticos de la crisis económica, Reforma del sistema político mexicano: componente necesario de la modernidad, ¿Cómo va a afectar a México el Tratado de Libre Comercio?, and A la puerta de la ley: el estado de derecho en México.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: the Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System
    Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System Eugene E. Ruyle Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 5. (Dec., 1973), pp. 603-63 1. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=OO1 1-3204%28 1973 12%29 14%3A5%3C603%3ASSASOT%3E2.O.CO%3B2-S Current Anthropology is currently published by The University of Chicago Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org/ SatJul22 17:49:41 2006 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Vol. 14, No. 5, December 1973 © 1973 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification Systeml by Eugene E.
    [Show full text]