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La Couronne Et Le Parlement 46 © 2015 Thomson Reuters Canada Limitée MISE EN GARDE ET AVIS D’EXONÉRATION DE RESPONSABILITÉ : Tous droits réservés. Il est interdit de reproduire, de mémoriser sur un système d’extraction de données ou de transmettre, sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, photocopie, enregistrement ou autre, tout ou partie de la présente publication, à moins d’en avoir préalablement obtenu l’autorisation écrite de l’éditeur, Éditions Yvon Blais. Ni Éditions Yvon Blais ni aucune des autres personnes ayant participé à la réalisation et à la distribu- tion de la présente publication ne fournissent quelque garantie que ce soit relativement à l’exactitude ou au caractère actuel de celle-ci. Il est entendu que la présente publication est offerte sous la réserve expresse que ni Éditions Yvon Blais, ni l’auteur (ou les auteurs) de cette publication, ni aucune des autres personnes ayant participé à son élaboration n’assument quelque responsabilité que ce soit relativement à l’exactitude ou au caractère actuel de son contenu ou au résultat de toute action prise sur la foi de l’information qu’elle renferme, ou ne peut être tenu responsable de toute erreur qui pourrait s’y être glissée ou de toute omission. La participation d’une personne à la présente publication ne peut en aucun cas être considérée comme constituant la formulation, par celle-ci, d’un avis juridique ou comptable ou de tout autre avis profes- sionnel. Si vous avez besoin d’un avis juridique ou d’un autre avis professionnel, vous devez retenir les services d’un avocat, d’un no taire ou d’un autre professionnel. Les analyses comprises dans les présentes ne doivent être interprétées d’aucune façon comme étant des politiques offi cielles ou non offi cielles de quelque organisme gouvernemental que ce soit. Catalogage avant publication de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and Library and Archives Canada Québec et Bibliothèque et Archives Canada cataloguing in publication Vedette principale au titre : Main entry under title: La Couronne et le Parlement = The Crown La Couronne et le Parlement = The Crown and Parliament and Parliament Textes présentés lors d’une conférence Papers presented at a conference held in présentée à Ottawa le 23 mai 2014. Ottawa on May 23rd 2014. Comprend des références bibliographiques. Includes bibliographical references. Textes en français et en anglais. Texts in French and English. ISBN 978-2-89730-129-3 ISBN 978-2-89730-129-3 1. Canada. Parlement. Chambre des com- 1. Canada. Parliament. House of Com- munes - Congrès. 2. Pouvoir législatif - Can- mons - Congresses. 2. Legislative power - ada - Congrès. 3. Monarchie constitutionnelle Canada - Congresses. 3. Monarchy - Congresses. - Congrès. 4. Canada - Politique et gouverne- 4. Canada - Politics and government - Congresses. ment - Congrès. I. Groupe canadien d’étude des I. Canadian Study of Parliament Group. II. Title: questions parlementaires. II. Titre : Crown and Crown and Parliament. Parliament. KE4535.C68 2014 328.7105 KE4535.C68 2014 328.7105 C2015-940902-0F C2015-940902-0E Nous reconnaissons l’aide fi nancière du gouvernement du Canada accordée par l’entremise du Fonds du livre du Canada (FLC) pour nos activités d’édition. Dépôt légal : 2e trimestre 2015 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec Bibliothèque et Archives Canada ISBN : ISBN 978-2-89730-129-3 Éditions Yvon Blais, une division de Thomson Reuters Canada Limitée 75, rue Queen, bur. 4700 Service à la clientèle : Montréal (Québec) H3C 2N6 Téléphone : 1-800-363-3047 Canada Télécopieur : 450-263-9256 Site Internet : www.editionsyvonblais.com PRÉFACE Les institutions ont toutes leur importance. Au Canada, aucune institution n’est plus importante pour le bon fonctionnement de notre démocratie que le Parlement, qui est composé de la Chambre des communes, du Sénat et de Sa Majesté la reine Elizabeth II, laquelle incarne personnellement la Couronne canadienne. À titre de représentant de la Reine au Canada, j’exerce les fonctions essentielles de la Couronne au Parlement : convoquer et dissoudre le Parlement, accorder la sanction royale aux projets de loi adoptés par les parlementaires et m’assurer que le Canada a toujours un premier ministre et un gouvernement en place. Depuis mon installation en tant que gouverneur général, en 2010, j’ai appris à mieux comprendre la symbiose qui existe entre ma fonction et celles des élus et des autres fonctionnaires. Bref, le Parlement est essentiel à la Couronne, tout comme la Couronne est au cœur du Parlement. Le régime canadien de gouvernement responsable est unique. Il comporte plusieurs niveaux et évolue constamment. Je me réjouis donc du présent volume de dissertations portant sur la relation his- torique et contemporaine entre la Couronne et le Parlement. Remar- quablement, cette histoire commence avant la Grande Charte et remonte à plus d’un millénaire, tout en étant demeurée dynamique et évolutive. Cet héritage vivant nous rappelle que lorsqu’il s’agit de la Couronne et du Parlement, nous sommes tous des étudiants qui avons beaucoup à apprendre. À la lecture de ces dissertations, qui contribuent à former notre pensée actuelle et éclairent un certain nombre de débats courants, nous constatons pourquoi nous devons porter une attention particu- lière à ce sujet très important. Alors que la Confédération s’apprête à vii LA COURONNE ET LE PARLEMENT / THE CROWN AND PARLIAMENT célébrer son 150e anniversaire en 2017, j’encourage tous les Canadiens à étudier, à enseigner et à célébrer notre système de gouvernement unique, ainsi qu’à comprendre comment la Couronne et le Parlement sont les clés permettant de faire de ce pays un pays meilleur. Le gouverneur général et commandant en chef du Canada, Son Excellence le très honorable David Johnston Avril 2015 viii FOREWORD Institutions matter and, in Canada, no institution matters more to the proper functioning of our democracy than Parliament— itself comprised of the House of Commons, the Senate and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who personally embodies the Cana- dian Crown. As The Queen’s representative in Canada, I perform the Crown’s essential duties in Parliament: summoning and dissolving our leg- islature, granting Royal Assent to bills passed by parliamentarians, and ensuring Canada always has a prime minister and government in place. Since my installation as governor general in 2010, I have devel- oped a deeper appreciation for the symbiotic relationship between the offi ce I hold and those held by our elected representatives and other public servants. Simply put, Parliament is central to the Crown, just as the Crown is vital to Parliament. Canada’s system of responsible government is unique, layered and continually evolving. I therefore welcome the present volume of essays on the historical and contemporary relationship between the Crown and Parliament. Remarkably, it is a history that predates the Magna Carta and can be traced back more than a thousand years. Yet it remains dynamic, adapting to the changes of the present day. This living legacy reminds us that when it comes to the Crown and to Parliament, we are all students with much to learn. These essays, which make valuable contributions to our cur- rent thinking and illuminate a number of contemporary debates, highlight why we should pay close attention to this important sub- ject. As we approach the 150th anniversary of Confederation in ix LA COURONNE ET LE PARLEMENT / THE CROWN AND PARLIAMENT 2017, I encourage all Canadians to study, teach and celebrate our unique system of government, and to grasp how the Crown and Parliament are the keys to unlocking the possibilities of a better country. His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada April 2015 x TABLE DES MATIÈRES / TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction (français) Michel Bédard . 1 Introduction (English) Michel Bédard . 3 Chapitre 1 L’évolution de la relation entre la couronne et le parlement anglais André Émond . 5 Chapter 2 Parliament and the Crown: A Canadian Perspective David E. Smith . 49 Chapter 3 The Legislative Process and Judicial Review: Royal Functions and their Justiciability John Mark Keyes . 61 Chapter 4 The Role of the Crown-in- Parliament: A Matter of Form and Substance Charles Robert . 95 Chapter 5 The Royal Recommendation Rob Walsh . 133 Chapter 6 The ‘Convention’ to Consult Parliament on Decisions to Deploy the Military: a Political Mirage? Alexander Bolt . 145 Chapter 7 Recovering the Royal Prerogative Paul Benoit . 173 xi LA COURONNE ET LE PARLEMENT / THE CROWN AND PARLIAMENT Chapter 8 The Crown and Constitutional Amendment in Canada Philippe Lagassé & Patrick Baud . 203 Chapter 9 Subtle yet signifi cant innovations: The Advisory Committee on Vice- Regal Appointments and the Secretary’s new Royal powers Christopher McCreery . 241 Chapter 10 Succession to the Throne and the Architecture of the Constitution of Canada Mark D. Walters . 263 Chapitre 11 La monarchie constitutionnelle au Canada : une institution stable, complexe et souple L’honorable Serge Joyal . 293 Chapter 12 Succession to the Crown of Canada Anne Twomey . 319 Chapitre 13 L’abdication du roi Édouard VIII en 1936 : « autopsie » d’une modifi cation de la Constitution canadienne Julien Fournier, Patrick Taillon, Geneviève Motard et André Binette . 353 Conclusion (français) Philippe Lagassé . 405 Conclusion (English) Philippe Lagassé . 411 xii INTRODUCTION Michel Bédard* Le Groupe canadien d’étude des parlements (GCEP) a été fondé en 1978. Organisme sans but lucratif et apolitique, le GCEP a pour mission d’encourager et de favoriser l’étude du Parlement du Canada et des législatures canadiennes ainsi que le processus parlementaire en général. Le GCEP permet le rassemblement d’un groupe varié d’individus : universitaires, fonctionnaires, parlementaires, étudiants ; partageant tous néanmoins ce même intérêt pour le processus et les institutions parlementaires. Le Groupe s’attèle à sa mission d’encourager et de favoriser l’étude des questions parlementaires par différents programmes et activités.
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