STUDY E F IM O T I R R U
A M
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MISSION POSSIBLE Transforming to Blue Society
Dr. Aneel Salman Amjad Ali
Research Study 2021 MISSION POSSIBLE Transforming to Blue Society
Research Study, 2021
Dr. Aneel Salman Amjad Ali STUDY E F IM O T I R R U
A M
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“Whoever rules the waves, rules the world” -Alfred Thayer Mahan (The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1890)
Pakistan’s location at the crossroads of civilizations gives it a geo strategic position that About the Authors has allowed it to play an important role as a global player. Pakistan is blessed with 2,90,058 square kilometers of sea waters and a 1047 kilometers long coast. Annually, about 36,000 Dr Aneel Salman is an Ecological Economist from the ships sail through its waters, about 40 per cent of total global ship that sail between Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, USA. His industrialized Europe, Hydrocarbon Rich Middle East and the Energy Transporting Asia- areas of research expertise include climate change, behavioural, Pacific Region pass by. This makes Pakistani waters and coastline in general and Port of energy and marine economics, institutional governance, Gwadar in particular, a most viable route of the Belt and Road Initiative. international trade, and public policy.
In this respect, Pakistan is in need of a bold and efficient maritime policy-making that can Amjad Ali is an Environmental Economist based in Islamabad. broaden the prospects of our maritime, create much needed awareness on maritime affairs, and rid the nation of ‘National Sea Blindness’ and oblivion, and towards the need of a strong and outreaching navy to complement maritime affairs.
Maritime security and prosperity mean not only protecting our ocean of non-traditional threats like terrorism, piracy and other crimes, but also the safeguard of our economic, military and scientific interests. In addition to these, aggressive maritime strategies of our immediate neighbors, that tend to influence and exploit the whole Indian Ocean littoral and beyond, means Pakistan needs to start thinking on the same lines for the sake of both survival and progress.
In order to mitigate the gaps in national maritime domain, a need was felt to establish an informal yet professional research and outreach body to focus on the above aspects titled “Marine Echo”. The envisioned body named as “Maritime Study Forum (MSF)”, is established as an informal, independent and non-partisan research institute dedicated to study the emerging role of maritime in international relations, focusing on Indian Ocean and beyond, and on issues having direct/indirect influence or significance for Pakistan.
Transforming to Blue Society Research Study, 2021 Acknowledgement
Authors: Dr. Aneel Salman, Amjad Ali This paper could not have been developed without the in-depth Designer: Muhammad Umar Zaryab Sadiq and meticulous editorial support of Ms. Zehra Afreen Sayyid. Cover Graphics: Designed by Freepik
Islamabad, 2021 Table of Contents
Abstract 6
Introduction 7
Pakistan And Blue Economy 13
System of National Accounting (SNA) Framework of Pakistan 18
Sustainability Framework of Blue Economy for Pakistan 25
Way Forward 26
Conclusion 26
Recommendations 27 to increase the economic growth and create jobs opportunities (Wenhai et al., Abstract Introduction 2019) ocean is becoming the new focal point of economy in the discourse on The concept of Blue Economy is based on the idea of welfare economics and is 1.1 Importance of Blue Economy growth & sustainable development at presented as an inclusive model of a sustainable economy. However, the idea the national & international levels. occupied the center stage of the mainstream Economics only after it received Currently the world is facing so many high acclamation in the Rio+20 Conference in 2012. The policymakers, thereafter, problems related to the economic According to United Nations (UN) started promoting the concept of blue growth, especially in the island economies development like hunger, poverty, assessed the economic value of ocean and in the countries that have significant coastlines and maritime areas. The geometric progression of population, around $ 3 to 6 trillion per annual and Ocean is becoming a new focal point in the discourse on growth and sustainable security issues, food security and the seventh largest economy ever development at the national & international levels where shifting resources from climate change. To overcome since. It is contributing in many sectors scarcity to abundance. A Sustainable Ocean Economy emerges when economic these problems, the exploitation of of the economy including more than activity is in balance with the long-term capacity of ocean ecosystems to support natural and economic resources has 300 billion people who are directly this activity and remain resilient and healthy. When it comes to the blue economy, it drastically increased over the time, dependent upon coastal and marine has many sectors in Pakistan such as shipping, ports, seafaring, fishing, aquaculture, which upsurges the pressure on it. resources for their livelihood and 200 shipbreaking, coastal tourism and offshore basins. Pakistan is already on the road million people who are employed of blue development as a signatory of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Now, the world communities are directly and indirectly in the marine In this respect, SDG goal has 14 calls for the steps towards the conservation and looking forward and moving towards fisheries. Ocean also helps to mitigate sustainable use of ocean resources. Pakistan has fully acknowledged this goal and “Blue Economy” and try to achieve the climate change impact and 50 included it in its vision 2025. This vision 2025 recognizes the need for sufficient and the sustainable economic growth. percent of anthropogenic carbon cost-effective resource building for sustainable growth. However, the idea occupied the center dioxide (CO2) are absorbed and stage of the mainstream economics captured by the ocean. Unfortunately, however, the world economy is yet to take account of ocean-based only after it received high acclimation and ocean-related activities in the national income accounting system. First of in the Rio+20 Conference in 2012. The 1.3 Historical Importance of Blue all it requires a proper development of the evaluation methodology of marine policymakers, thereafter, started Economy ecosystem services. It also requires an effective administrative structure in this promoting the concept of blue growth, regard. Since South Asian countries possess enormous ocean resources, they have especially in the island economies and Historically, most of the ancient a tremendous opportunity to include the blue economy in their national income in the countries that have significant civilizations of the world have been accounting and they may lead the global economy towards this direction. The coastlines and maritime areas. raised from that region or place, importance of incorporating the blue economy in the national accounting system, where the water resources were however, lies elsewhere. As soon as it can be incorporated, the economy will be 1.2 What is Blue Economy? found abundantly like Mesopotamia gaining importance for the government and national policy makers as because civilization, which started at the it will then open up a new avenue to alleviate the eternal problem of income and The concept of blue economy (BE) Euphrates and Tigris River, China employment all over the world especially in the developing and underdeveloped have multiple features. It is a macro- civilization at Huang He River, and world. economic concept which elaborates Indian civilization at the Indus River. the different aspects including This paper attempts to compute the Gross Marine Product (GMP) of Pakistan economic growth and development, From 1660 to 1783, the sea power was and construct a framework for ocean led economic growth specific to the case environmental protection and established at the time of “Alexander of Pakistan building from comparative examples. Subsequently we look into the conservation, international and the Great” and those countries having applicability of such framework within the national accounting system in Pakistan national communication & governance a strong commercial and military and the potential challenges faced in this transition. and sustainability. command on the sea has been leading in the economic strength and wealth Keywords: Blue Finance, Ocean Economy, Sustainable, Blue Society It is an integration of blue growth and power and same as in the World War sustainable economic growth. Blue 1 and World War II by Germany and JEL Codes: E01, Q01, D61 economy is a policy tool of planning Japan (Mahan A.T, 2010). Therefore, for development which highlights the the history of different civilizations coordination between marine eco- and wars has clearly explained the system and coastal economic zone importance of water resources for the system. The policy tool means in order economic power.
Transforming to Blue Society 6 7 Transforming to Blue Society 1.4 Islamic Importance of the Blue youth and citizens from Europe to in the process of transformation of legitimized by the natural sciences and Economy participate in an open dialogue and the coastal economy into the blue made to appear harmless by politics.” shared knowledge of the societal issues economy, influenced by the blue While earlier, the government and Islam has also explained the related to the ocean. In other words, a growth positively. The blue society has other sectors may have been able to importance of water, some 1400 years vision for society has been developed raised an awareness related to the calculate risks and relate solutions to ago and taught us that it purifies the where people get the benefits from societal benefits from the ocean and clear-cut outcomes, because of the earth and sustains the life on earth. the ocean with massive potential built a narrative at the public and policy simplicity of the principles of social order. Allah says in Surah Al. Nahl, verse : 65, while protecting its environmental level. The growth is not only “business Industrialization now produces effects integrity. Fundamental to this vision is as usual”, its primary goal is to increase that can no longer be incorporated “And Allah sends down water for the establishment of the governance the production and is looking forward or covered by the calculus of risk and above and therewith gives life after body, which recognized the ocean for multi aspects including economic, insurance. Risks accumulate because death” as a global common, managed social and the environment. The Blue they are automatic side effects of the collectively across the border and the Society pursues to construct positive complete industrial process and are (Jandra & MZ, 2018). Water is a valuable sectors. Ocean is essential to balance progress in order to overcome the infinitely reproducible. (Beck et al. 1995). resource and The Holy Quran confirms the planet naturally and millions of needs of our society for now and into the importance of water in Surah Al. undiscovered species were living in the future. Progressive and sustainable The tendency in the policy realms Anbiya, verse: 30, the ocean. It cannot provide only food growth of marine ecosystem is possible, concerning sea blindness is to and transportation facilities but is also taking into account the different see risk in calculative terms. They “It is a source of life”. important for the energy, mineral and aspects including the environmental, presented needs, the integration of biological resources. It is the integral cultural, technological, political and the different national and international The sea has great potential and part of our health, well-being and our economic citizenship. The oceans offer bodies to promote the blue economy. enormous benefits for the human security system. To make sure of the us to grab so many opportunities in Blue society is a whole set of risk beings. They extracted different sea future, the world communities need to the long term related to food, climate management techniques which come products for eating and generate live in a way, where the society enables change, energy, health and economic into play, rendering the risks amenable income form it including seafood and them to take benefit from it and live in a and social development. The solutions to direct policy intervention to help in other sources. In Surah Al Nahl, verse 14, better life style. However, the protection are projected to aim and to create a climate mitigation process and use of precious resources is also important sustainable and more equitable society the untapped potential of the blue “He who subjected, the sea for you for the future generations. in the future. economy in Pakistan. What he argues to eat from tender meat and to concerning the specific features of the extract form it ornaments, which you Blue Society recognizes the critical role Pakistan-A ‘Risk Society’ risk society, is that while risks abound, wear. And you see the ship planning of the ocean in our lives and our need the forms of risk management fail to through it and that you many seek to preserve this inimitable resource. It According to Ulrich Beck, a risk is a mitigate the risks and in fact obscure his bounty; and perhaps you will be is to encourage the society and other consequence of industrialization and the origins of large-scale risks, grateful”. relevant stakeholders to take action political processes that are blind and making successful responses even and overcome the barriers related oblivious to their own effects and more difficult. Very simply there is a Therefore, it means that the role of to environmental and economic threats. An economy is not just a system disjunct between our understanding problems which are faced by the world for the fulfillment of materialistic needs of cause and effect. Pakistan, given water and water related activities is 1 very important for human beings. (IUCN, 2013) . The blue economy and blue of wealth creation but also has some its extreme vulnerability to climate society is directly associated with each serious consequences in the form of change, hence needs to come up 1.5 What is Blue Society? How the other. The blue economy promotes bad pollution, wastes, GHGs emissions with new forms of decision-making Blue Economy and Blue Society are the economic growth and generates and climate change which increase and responses such as establishing linked up? the employment opportunities in the the social conflicts between different the blue society because Pakistan will coastal areas. The blue growth also groups that make the management face serious problems related to the The concept of a Blue Society is new helps to eradicate the poverty level, of risks the central challenge to land resources (Rahman & Salman, and has emerged from the European increase the social equality and endorse continued prosperity in the globalizing 2013). Through blue society, the Commission project “Sea for Society”. the marine conservation. Therefore, marketplace. Clearly, as would say government realized the potential of The aim of this project has encouraged the blue society is playing a vital role Pakistan has become a ‘risk society’ blue economy for climate vulnerability the different stakeholders, marine where “dangers are being produced and economic development. For 1 IUCN is stands for International Union of by industry, externalized by economies, Pakistan, the transformation of land researchers, civil society organizations, Conservation of Nature. individualized by the legal system, economy towards ocean economy is
Transforming to Blue Society 8 9 Transforming to Blue Society very important for climate mitigation the food supply chain and fulfill the and SDGs are coherent with each other in Indian Ocean. To counter China, and ensured the sustainable livelihood demand for protein. The goal 7 of SDGs and the government needs to work United States and their allies are of country population. shows that ocean is the alternative side-by-side on both the sectors (BE- completely supportive to promote India source of energy production through SDGs). BE is a productive approach to in the Indian Ocean. The role of China is 1.6 Shifting of Marine Resources for wind and water wave energy. It helps achieve the SDGs goals which provides very important in the greater future in Economic Growth to decrease the dependency on fossil an effective tool of management for the Indian Ocean (Ejiogu, 2012; Shahzad, fuel, coal and natural gas, which is oceanic activities and recognized its 2020). The China-Pakistan Economic Ocean is becoming a new economic used for energy production and these contribution in different sectors like Corridor (CPEC) is the game changer avenue for development, which resources are highly environment social equity, food security, sustainable for China and Pakistan to transform the provides so many benefits including degradable and major source of livelihood creation, poverty alleviation, economy towards the blue economy. help to eradicate the poverty level greenhouse gas emissions. The climatic mitigation and better climate CPEC is the transformative project by generating sustainable livelihood SDGs goal 11, 12 and 13 are elaborate resilience in Pakistan. not only for Pakistan; it is also going and job opportunities, mitigate the enough for the importance of marine to change the regional destiny and climate change impact, reduced ecosystem. How ocean is playing a 1.8 Vision 2025 and Blue Economy economic dynamics of Asia and Gulf GHGs emission, provide transportation key role in combating the climatic countries. Since South Asian countries facilities for international trade and change impact? Also it highlights the After signatory of Sustainable possess enormous ocean resources give access to global market where opportunities and challenges related Development Goals (SDGs), Pakistan they have a tremendous opportunity all the countries gain their economic to the marine ecosystem and ocean. adopts the blue economy initiatives to include the blue economy in their benefits (UNCTAD, 2016). The traditional Blue Economy has many aspects due under the SDGs goal 14 and follow national income accounting as they maritime industry is already associated to their abundant sources of economic the policies of conservation and the may lead the global economy towards with the ocean in different sectors like growth. Its prerequisites are established use of marine resources sustainably this direction. Unfortunately, however, fisheries, aquaculture, shipping and in a sustainable and environment (Salman & Abassi, 2019). Pakistan has the world economy is yet to take shipbreaking and coastal tourism friendly manner as defined in the United fully acknowledged this goal and account of ocean-based and ocean- (World Bank, 2017). Nations Sustainable Development included it in its vision 2025. However, related activities in the national income Goals, precisely the goal 14, which the vision 2025 recognizes the need for accounting system. This, however, 1.7 Sustainable Development Goals states “Life below Water” and promotes sufficient and cost-effective resource requires first a proper development (SDGs) and Blue Economy the marine ecosystem restoration and building for sustainable growth of the evaluation methodology of the preservation. (Ministry of Planning, Development & marine ecosystem services and it also In 2015, all the signatories of United Refrom of Pakistan, 2014). Recently, the requires an effective administrative Nations adopted the “2030 Agenda The SDGs goals provide the road government of Pakistan presented structure in this regard. for Sustainable Development” and map for Blue Economy because the “official Maritime Doctrine”, which which provided a common blueprint most the goals are elaborate and the is not only elaborate but the needs for 1.9 Climate Change and the Blue for peace and wealth for the people importance of ocean and benefits awareness related to “Sea- Blindness” Economy and planet, now and for future of oceanic resources. Evidently, the and highlighted the importance generations. The 2030 Agenda has SDGs have emerged as a dictionary of maritime sector for sustainable Since the era of industrialization, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of science literature in the framework economic growth and security of overall economic and anthropogenic (SDGs) which tries to eradicate poverty of blue economy which specifies that Pakistan. The maritime sector of activities has increased leading to and hunger, provides good health the link between the blue economy Pakistan is very important for security upsurge in the greenhouse gas (GHGs) and education, safe drinking water, and SDGs expose a new discourse to purpose due to its geographical emissions. The exploitation of land reduced the inequality and climatic explore how researchers and scientists location in the Indian Ocean. resources and ocean has drastically impact, encourage the preservation from natural and social disciplines increased in the previous decades and of ocean and forest (December 5, 2018 solved the magnificent challenges of Kaplan argues in 2011, China and India is affecting the ecosystem, climate and by Score & Colgan) 2. The SDGs goal 2 is sustainable economic development both are in the ambition of super environmental quality. The ports and to endorse the sustainable production (Lee et al., 2020). SGDs goals worked power status and arduous searching shipbreaking industries are extremely and consumption of fisheries and as a catalyst for the blue economy for energy security. Both countries exposed to the climatic change and aquaculture and both sectors support in Pakistan because it provides an are adopting different policies and different events are associated with international and national platform initiatives for shifting the Green the climate like rising of the sea level, 2 https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/aca- demics/centers-initiatives/center-blue-econ- to discuss the important issues and economy into the Blue Economy. China wind and flood storms increased, omy/cbe-news/blue-economy-and-un-sus- challenges of the blue economy. needs shortest route for international which affect the coastal ecosystem tainable However, the relationship between BE trade through Gwadar Port of Pakistan and coastal development, especially
Transforming to Blue Society 10 11 Transforming to Blue Society the coastal transportation sector of the Blue Carbon (BC) sequestration is very economy and conservation and policy makers related to marine resources. country. Recently, the study calculated important to overcome the impact the global damaging cost related to of climate change. Blue carbon extreme events around $ 10.8 trillion sequestration is referred to “the storing per year, which is around 1.8 percent and capturing of organic carbon of the global GDP, if the temperature into marine and coastal ecosystem increases around 1.5 degree Celsius by including mangroves, sea-weed, sea- 2100 otherwise it will reach their peak grass and tidal marshes. level. However, the role of blue economy in mitigation is very critical and needs Mangroves are the main source to to explore the potential against mitigate the impact of climatic change climatic change impacts. To mitigate and enriched ecosystem, which plays the impact of climate change, the an important role in the development. researchers used different policies and The total area of mangroves in the tools and techniques like afforestation, Indus delta is around 606,780 and is green technologies etc. The role of shown in their legal status in table 1.
Table 1
help to develop the sustainable growth and to generate the employment Pakistan and the Blue opportunities with the linked industries. The coastal economy is merging as a Economy backbone of the national economy of Pakistan and Pakistan is already on the 2.1 Status of the Blue Economy in path to blue economy. When it comes Pakistan to the blue economy, it has many sectors in Pakistan such as shipping, The geographical position of Pakistan ports, seafaring, fishing, aquaculture, Recently, (Gilani et al., 2021) shows the in the ocean sediments (Siikamäki et is very important and is enriched with shipbreaking, coastal tourism and mangroves forest of Pakistan in 2020 al., 2012; Duarte et al., 2013). The world marine resources having 190-kilometer offshore basins. and it is divided into five areas. The communities are focusing on their coastline. The Exclusive Economic study comprehensively assessed the potential to grab climatic change and Zone (EEZ) of Pakistan before 2015 was 2.2 Overview of Pakistan Maritime cover change of mangroves from their consequences. Lovelock & Duarte, 200 nautical miles (NM), which cover Industry 1990-2020 in Pakistan. The study further (2019) elaborate the term “blue carbon” 240,000-sq.km area of the sea. However, calculated the annual rate of change and it used since in 2009 (Nellemann it extended that after March 15, 2015 The location of Pakistan is at the center of mangroves. et al., 2009) having different meanings up to 350 NM, which covers 290,000- of the Indian Ocean having large coastal including capturing of biological sq.km area in Indian Ocean (Khan, and sea cover area. Almost 95 percent During 1990-2020, the overall cover carbon through marine ecosystem, 2015; Humayun and Naghmana, 2014). of the international trade takes place of mangroves increased by 3.74 carbon emissions for long time and Pakistan has myriad of opportunities through sea at the Port Qasim, Gwadar percent annually. The cover of coastal enhanced the ecosystem which does to explore the marine resources and Karachi. The location of Pakistan in ecosystem habitats are less than 2 not have social and environmental which play a vital role in the economic the Indian Ocean is very important due percent of the world ocean area but harm. The BC highlighting the different development. Pakistan has gained so to its geo-strategic and geo-military around 50 percent of carbon stored disciplines like marine science, blue many economic opportunities which importance beside its economic
Transforming to Blue Society 12 13 Transforming to Blue Society potential of maritime industry. The lack of government attention, Pakistan The table 3 illustrates the regional yard produced 4 million tons of steel fisheries industry of Pakistan is playing lacks taking economic benefits from comparison of fish export between annually for Pakistan (Ammar. A, a vital role in the national food supply it. The fishing method in Pakistan is Pakistan and other countries. China is 2019). Gadani Ship breaking yard is and national income which provides not modern having lack of equipment the largest fish producer of the world comprised of 128 ship-breaking lots and around 1.5 million employment directly like the fishing boat, nets and storage (USDA, 2018) 3. China is leading in the the annual capacity of ship breaking is and indirectly in the fishing and ancillary compartments and techniques. The top position in the fish exports in the up to 125 ships of all sizes. To break one industries (Government of Pakistan, coastal ecosystem of Pakistan is very region with 72,000 metric tons. India is normal size ship takes 30 to 45 days in 2019). Pakistan has a huge potential in unique and significantly contributes the second highest fish exporter in the Pakistan but the same size of ship takes the fishery industry, the worth of exports in the economic growth ( Alam, MSF region with 12,600 metric tons. However, 6 months in India and other countries around 2 billion US dollar. Unfortunately, 2019; Hussain & Ayaz, 2014). In addition, Bangladesh is at the third position in (Iqbal et al., 2013) 5. Shipping is the most the government of Pakistan is being still the coastal ecosystem has a serious the region with fish exports around economical mode of transportation exploited and has unused this potential threat for institutional failure and 4277 metric tons. The contribution around the world and 80 percent of the for economic development. Due to the environmental changes in Pakistan of Pakistan in the fish exports is very global trade takes place in the ocean. (Gowdy & Salman, 2011). low in the region. The total worth of The spending of Pakistan on seaborne exported fish of Pakistan in 2018 is 459 trade (imports & exports) is around Table 2 million USD (FAO, 2019). Secondly, the US $ 3.5 billion as freight charges to average unit price of exported fish of foreign vessels (Shahzad, 2016). The Pakistan is $ 2.35/kg in the international shipping industry of Pakistan has faced market, which is very low in the region irreversible losses in the previous comparatively. The figure of Pakistan’s decades and is drastically decreasing fish exports is in hundreds of tons and the number of ships. This sector is the the other countries have in thousands major source of foreign exchange of tons. Therefore, the gap between and remittances recognized through Pakistan and other countries is very proper banking channels (Aqil, April 22, large and is easy to project the profit 2020) 6. profile of Pakistan and other countries form the ocean. 2.3 ‘Naya Pakistan’ and the Blue Economy The shipbreaking industry is the main source of iron ore and steel production The new regime of Pakistan “Naya The above table 2 illustrates the fish The fish production of Bangladesh for the demand of infrastructure Pakistan” is facing many issues like production comparison sector wise for is around 25.68 percent of the total industry and provides millions of job poverty, inflation, trade deficit and different countries. The fish production production. The participation of opportunities in the coastal area. low GDP growth but the government of India is quite impressive around Pakistan in fish production is extremely Pakistan has one of the largest deployed new policy of Blue Economy 70.55 percent as compared to their disappointing around 3.76 percent in shipbreaking yard ‘GADANI’ since 1960’s for revitalizing the shipping sector. The neighboring countries. 2018. but India and Bangladesh are leading Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Imran in shipbreaking in this region now (Shah Khan has declared 2020 as the year Table 3 et al., 2017). The capacity of Gadani of Blue Economy for Pakistan to draw yard to generate revenue around $ US benefits from the marine resources. 3 billion per annual from shipbreaking The gross marine product of the world and is contributing 16 billion PKR (100 ocean is around $ 2.5 trillion according million USD) tax revenue in GDP (PSBA, to the new report of World Wildlife in 2018) 4. The breaking of one normal size ship brings up around US $ 1 million(Ali & 5 Iqbal, K.M.J. and Heidegger, P. (2013) The Ship Pearce, 2020). The Gadani shipbreaking Breaking Outlook: The Way for- ward for a Green Ship Recycling Industry-Environmental, 3 USDA. (2018, February). U.S. Foreign Agricul- Health and Safety Condition. tural Services. Retrieved from https://www.fas. 6 https://dailytimes.com.pk/600057/ usda.gov/data/china-2017-chinas-fishery-an- pakistan-shipping-industry-brief-histo- nual ry-and-role-of-seafarers-in-national-devel- 4 Pakistan Ship Breaking Association, 2018 opment/
Transforming to Blue Society 14 15 Transforming to Blue Society 2019. According to the World Bank 2019, world in the early 60’s but unfortunately India and Bangladesh both countries now Bangladesh and India both are are earning around $ 6 billion and $ 7 leading in this sector (Zafar, 2016; Figure 2 billion from maritime sector. The Blue Shahzad, 2016). According to an NGO, 2 Economy growth of India is around Shipbreaking Platform, Pakistan has 4.1 percent of the GDP says the Indian been breaking 80 ships in 2018 and Secretary of Earth Sciences 7 . Pakistan 141 ships in 2016, which indicates earned revenue from this sector. The that Pakistan shipbreaking industry government of Pakistan has not been continues to decrease and many able to generate a good revenue from reasons are behind this poor attention maritime sector, only 0.5 percent share by previous governments and poor in Pakistan’s national economy and still health & environment condition. Figure not completely utilizing the potential 1 shows the percentage of reported 22 of maritime sector (EFP, 2019). It carries tonnage sold vessels for demolition in out only a few sectors of maritime the world during 2018. The demolition including shipbreaking, fishery, ports of oil tankers vessels leading with 59 and shipping. Pakistan is one of the percent and bulk carriers’ demolition is 2 2 largest shipbreaking sectors of the 14 percent. angladesh India a istan T r e China Figure 1 Figure 2 illustrates the percentage of Figure 3 illustrates the overall ship vessels by countries in 2018. production around the world in 2018. 1 China is leading with 40 percent of Most of the Asian countries are leading the ships, which produced in 2018. 2 in the demolition of vessels. Bangladesh Japan and Republic of Korea produced is leading in the world with 48 percent; around 25, 25% and 10% produced by India and Pakistan also contribute the other countries. The total number around 26 & 22 percent of vessels of reported tonnage sold for vessels demolition. (UNCTAD, 2019). demolition by country wise.
2 Figure 3 2
1 0
il Tan ers l Carriers General Cargo hi s Container hi s Gas Carriers Chemi al Tan ers 2 ffshore essels thers erries assenger hi s 10
7 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/economy/finance/blue-economy-com- prises-4-1-of-gdp-says-secretary-of-earth- China a an sciences e li of orea thers
Transforming to Blue Society 16 17 Transforming to Blue Society Gross domestic product (GDP)/ Gross 3.1 Methods to Calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which National product (GNP) is used for the Economic Value of the Blue Economy measures the total monetary value of all System of National estimation of national accounts in the final goods and services produced Accounting (SNA) Pakistan. Maritime industry is the integral part by the country in a specific time. The of the economy which plays a vital Gross Mean Product of Western Indian Framework of Pakistan “The market value of all final goods and role in the economic development. Ocean Economy is around US $ 20.8 services produced by a country with To measure the economic value and billion per year. The following three The concept of the System of National specific time frame” called GNP; the contribution of the maritime industry sectors of ocean economy are very Account has been harmonizing in measurement unit of GNP is financial to the economy, the literature has important including the direct outputs 1993 by the International Monetary value (Rupees) instead of physical units used different methods such as gross (fisheries & aquaculture), coastal Funds (IMF) in the different financial (outputs). However, GDP is the better domestic product (GDP), gross value tourism and carbon sequestration. statistics of the economy like balance criteria for understanding the country’s added (GVA) and input-output tables of payments, money and banking economy. which are used to calculate the value The share of carbon sequestration statistics, which help in economic of marine economy. in GMP of Western Ocean Economy analysis of the various sectors of the Pakistan follows the basic guidelines is around US $ 2.9 billion per year and economy. It provides a clear picture of for GDP estimation of United Nations All these methods are used frequently coastal tourism contributes US $ 10.4 the economy regarding total output, System of National Accounts (UNSNA). to calculate the economic value and billion per annum. size of the economy. etc. There are following methods to the contribution of maritime industry calculate the GDP. in the national accounting system. The Gross Marine Product (GMP) The estimates of the National Accounts This study has adopted a production is dividing into the following three in Pakistan is carried out in two ways 1) Production Approach method to estimate the ‘Gross Marine components in figure 5. such as annual regular accounts and Product’ (GMP) of ocean. adhoc development exercises which 2) Income / Cost Approach 1) Direct Output/ Primary shows the framework of national The “Gross Marine Product” is the total Industry of ocean accounts of Pakistan in figure 4. 3) Expenditure Approach economic value of ocean outputs and 2) Adjacent Benefits/ Secondary services in a year. The GMP allows us Industry of the ocean to associate with ocean output with 3) Direct services enabled by the national economies, in precise to ocean Figure 4
Pakistan System of National Accounts Framework Figure 5
Ann al eg lar A o nts Ad ho e elo ment er ises Components of Gross Marine Product
G GN In t t t Inter Ind str Ta les At rrent onstant l se Matri es mar et ri es Inter Ind str lo Matri *Direct and Total Requirement Coefficient endit re on GN Direct Output Primary Industry e asing of National of the Ocean At rrent onstant A o nts mar et ri es GDP Implicit Deflator 1 A meas rement of o ial A o nting inflation Matri Adjacent Benefits/ Secondary stimation of Gross omesti i ed Ca ital ormation G C at rrent onstant mar et ri es Non inan ial nter rises Industry of the Ocean ri ate li General Go ernment inan ial Instit tions General Go ernment 2 o sehold n-Cor orates Com osition of Gross i ed Ca ital Instit tional e tor nter rises ormation Assets and e tors of A o nts Direct Services enabled by ri ate li General Go ernment lo of nds A o nt est of orld o A o nts Ocean o ial A o nting Matri 3 e asing of National A o nts
Transforming to Blue Society 18 19 Transforming to Blue Society Gross Marine Product (GMP) overall economic activities also are one 1463.59 sq.km (146,359 ha) based on 2020 the national scale mangrove cover = Direct Outputs + Adjacent Benefits + the increase which creates so many satellite assessment (GIS approach) by assessment of Pakistan from 1990-2020 Direct Services employment opportunities. Pakistan IST 8 of Pakistan. The below figure shows (Gilani et al., 2021). has an excellent opportunity to explore, The National Blue accounts provides a develop the coastal and Blue Economy systematic and key information related for sustainable growth. Figure 6 to the Blue Economy, where the country evaluates the sustainability process 3.2 Gross Marine Product (GMP) of and understands the importance of Pakistan ocean related economic benefits. The direct outputs of the ocean To calculate the GMP of Pakistan, the are including marine fishery and study used available data of different aquaculture and other services like sectors of Blue Economy in Pakistan the activities preformed in the ocean like fishery, shipbreaking, tourism, related to agriculture and forestry mangroves forest, shipping and ports. planting. The secondary industry Most of the studies find out the Gross are related to extraction of natural Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic resources and minerals from the Product (GDP) but this will calculate the ocean like gas and oil, manufacturing Gross Marine Product (GMP). The GMP industry related to marine equipment; is subset of GDP; it shows the overall fishing gear materials and economic value of ocean. machineries & shipbreaking. The direct services enabled by the ocean are 3.2.1 Economic Valuation of transportation, coastal tourism and Mangroves Ecosystem of Pakistan other recreational activities. In the previous literature, different Pakistan - National scale mangrove cover assesment based on Landsat 30 m The blue accounting framework studies have been calculating the spatial resolution at five-years intervals (1990-2020) should be inclusive, which shows the economic value of mangroves true picture of the Blue Economy. To ecosystem such as (Do & Bennett, connect with the Gross Marine Product 2009; Hema & Devi, 2015; Tuan & Tinh, which takes place into the system 2013; Saima & Iftikhar, 2005; Kallesoe of national accounts, a production et al., 2008; Hecht, 1999; Bangman, Equation 1 method is used to estimate the GMP 2006; Salem & Mercer, 2012; Khalil, 1999; (Hoegh-guldberg, 2015; Li et al., 2019). Masike, 2014; (Amjad et al., 2016). The integration of the Blue Economy in TEV me = EV ph * MGF th the national accounting system is very Recently, the study calculated the Total important, however, it lies elsewhere. Economic Value (TEV) of wetlands in As soon as it can be incorporated the the Indus Eco region, Sindh Province, TEV me = Total economic value of mangroves ecosystem in US dollar economy will be gaining importance namely forest, rangeland, freshwater, to the government and national policy coastal and agricultural ecosystems EV ph = Economic value per hectare in US dollar makers as well, because it will then open (Dehlavi & Nawaz, 2012). The calculated up a new avenue to alleviate the eternal value of wetland benefits is around MGF th= Total mangroves forest area in hectare problem of income and employment 945,000 PKR (5943.4 USD/ha) per all over the world, especially in the hectare. The study employed the Direct developing and underdeveloped world. Use Value (DUVs), Indirect Use Value/ To include the Gross Marine Product indirect benefits (IUVs) and Non-Use 8 The Institute of Space Technology (IST) is a public university located in Islamabad, (GMP) in the national accounts system, Value NUVs) to evaluate the benefits of Pakistan under the administration of Space it will increase the size and the GDP mangroves ecosystem. and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. growth of Pakistan. When the growth It focused on the study of astronomy, and size of the GDP is increasing, the The total area of mangroves is around aerospace engineering and astronautics.
Transforming to Blue Society 20 21 Transforming to Blue Society “Pakistan’s tourism industry, sectors of the Blue Economy in Pakistan Table 4 currently estimated at $20 billion is shown in the table 5. In addition, the (6.9% of GDP in 2016), is booming, GMP figure of Pakistan is around 1.53 and according to the data available billion USD, which is less than the half from multiple reliable sources. World figure of their neighboring countries Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (Bangladesh and India) and both forecasts it to grow over $36 billion countries are earning 6-7 billion USD within a decade 13”. per year. The government needs to revise the policies of maritime sector However, the coastal tourism account of Pakistan and identify the relevant of Pakistan is hardly around 50,000 USD issues and challenges in the main in the current time but the potential will sectors of the maritime industry of The total economic value of mangroves Pakistan National Shipping Corporation be around 4-5 billion USD per year. Pakistan. Moreover, the government ecosystem of Pakistan in 2020 is around (PNSC’s) business is very important needs to focus on the participation 870 million USD per year. Mangroves for the international trade in Pakistan The Gross Marine Product (GMP) of of the key stakeholders, civil society’s are playing a very important role in and mostly the imports & exports Pakistan is USD 1526.94 million (242.78 members, local people and national the economic development which which are transported to the different billion PKR) in 2020, which contributes and international NGOs & investors, improves the living standards and markets are closely linked to the world into the Gross Domestic Product (GDP which play an important role in the sustain the livelihood of coastal areas trade system. Meanwhile, PNSC is a by using the available data of multiple sustainable blue growth in Pakistan. population in Pakistan. shipping company, which operates in the international market and has its Pakistan is the third largest shipbreaking revenue secure to international freight industry in the world but unfortunately in indices; its cargo freight rates are the 60’s Pakistan was a leading country exclusively dependent on the global Table 5 in the shipbreaking and now Bangladesh volume of international trade. In 2020, and India are leading in the region. the net profit of PNSC is 15.18 million USD Both countries generate handsome and the tax contribution in the revenue revenue from this industry. One normal is 167.86 million PKR (1.05 million USD) ship brings up around 1 million (0.987 (PNSC, 2019, 2020). million) USD revenue in Bangladesh (Ali & Pearce, 2020). We assume that the Coastal tourism is one of the fastest same size of ship generates same level growing industry in the world, which of revenue in Pakistan. According to creates so many opportunities NIMA 9, Pakistan has been breaking 80 including a big source of foreign ships in 2018, which generated a profit exchange earnings, creation of jobs, of around 80 million USD (Bhatti, 2019). contributes in the government revenue The shipbreaking contribute 16 billion and augments business. The global PKR (100.62 million USD) 10 in 2018 and tourism accounts around 10 percent 200,000 people directly and indirectly of the world GDP and Pakistan hardly get benefits form this industry (PSBA, contributes 2.7 percent of the GDP 12. 2018) 11. The transportation through sea Pakistan has a huge potential in the is the cheapest source for international tourism and blessing of many tourism trade and connectivity source of global destinations inland and coastal market. belt. The South Asia tourism industry accounts 31.4 billion USD and Pakistan 9 National Institute of Maritime Affairs (NIMA), is only contributing one percent. NIMA POLICY PAPER, Series # 004 May 2019 10 The Exchange rate is 159 PKR is equal to 1 USD 12 https://www.maritimestudyforum.org/ 11 Source: Pakistan Ship Breaking Association coastal-tourism-untapped-treasure-of- 13 http://www.riazhaq.com/2018/01/paki- (PSBA) pakistan stans-20-billion-tourism-industry.html
Transforming to Blue Society 22 23 Transforming to Blue Society 4.1 Exploration of Potential Sectors Table 6 Sustainability To identify and focus on all those Framework of Blue sectors where economic potential is very high like fishery, shipbreaking, Economy for Pakistan coastal tourism, ocean energy and mangroves forest. However, it can be To achieve the sustainable blue growth pushed towards the blue growth and is a long-term process which supports Pakistan can earn a handsome foreign the economic growth of Pakistan. It exchange from it. needs to have concrete strategic planning and effective management 4.2 Research and Development framework which makes the marine (R&D) ecosystem as a driving force for the national income of Pakistan. This The R&D activities are crucial for study developed a framework of innovation in every field which helps to the Blue Economy for Pakistan, how overcome the issues in effective ways. to accomplish the blue growth and In addition to generate and collect the sustain the Blue Economy. There are information, it is essential for certainty following three components such as: and ensuring the sustainability process. Ocean literacy helps us to educate the 1. Exploration of potential sectors local coastal population about the 2. Research and development ocean resources and their benefits and (R&D) and generate information’s understand the importance of oceanic 3. Ocean Governance (table 6). resource. It also boosts the tourism
Figure 7 Sustainability Framework of Blue Economy for Pakistan
Component 1 Component 2 Component 3
Needs and loration of ean Generate Components otential e tors Go ernan e Information
ffe ti e Monitoring n ironmental les isher A a lt re ean itera and eg lations Coastal To rism Sub-Components national lo al le el Marine o-s stem hi rea ing Good lanning Iss es ean nerg Management stem o al ri ate e tors
ig re o t those se tors, here the Activities e onomi otential rame or of Im lementation is high like fishery, es onsi ilities trateg shi rea ing to rism
Outputs S STAINABLE BL E ECONOM
Transforming to Blue Society 24 25 Transforming to Blue Society activities because the literacy rate changer to develop and promote the the economic and environmental 3. The government should ensure in the coastal population is low and it blue growth in Pakistan. Due to this, challenges. Pakistan is already on the health and wealth of labor and creates hurdles in the communication the government easily achieved the the path of the Blue Economy after safety measurements in Gadani with foreign tourists and local people sustainable blue growth in Pakistan signatory of SDGs goals and included in shipbreaking yard because after the of the coastal area. The maritime because it integrates the relevant 2025 vision of Pakistan, where Pakistan fire accident in Gadani shipbreaking monitoring system has provided us a stakeholders and government bodies. presents the maritime industry doctrine. yard, the number of ships demolition clear picture of the oceanic activities Blue society educates the people Pakistan needs some concrete and is continuously decreasing in the last and it can be achieved through R&D about the oceanic resources and effective policies for blue growth and three years. The potential of this sector innovation. their effective use for the sustainable must consider the huge potential of is high around 4-5 billion per year and livelihood and benefits. Pakistan needs key sectors of the Blue Economy in the government needs to fully utilize 4.3 Ocean Governance to realize the potential of Blue Economy Pakistan such as fishery, shipbreaking, the potential for economic growth. and it is required for the inclusive and coastal tourism and shipping industry Ocean governance is a key factor for active participation of government of Pakistan. To achieve this goal the 4. The potential of coastal tourism the blue growth because it tells us and all societal groups including youth, blue society plays a critical role in the is very high but unfortunately the ‘how to use and manage the oceanic women, researchers, public & private blue growth, which integrates all the government of Pakistan cannot resources in a sustainable manner NGOs and financial institutions to stakeholders for blue growth. It also utilize it properly. It requires some which keeps the marine ecosystem promote the blue growth in Pakistan. provides a roadmap for the government basic infrastructure and recreational healthy and productive for the future to promote the sustainable economic facilities in the tourism spots in the use. A good ocean governance practice growth in Pakistan. The government of coastal areas like good security & is to adopt a comprehensive approach Pakistan should establish and promote hoteling system, transportation & to integrate all the maritime and marine Conclusion the blue society, which is the key for banking facilities (ATMs) and making it ecosystem problems in Pakistan. To blue growth in Pakistan. easy for foreign and domestic tourists. address the common opportunities Blue Economy (BE) is a diversifying The government needs to motivate the and hurdles of the local people and to and new paradigm of economic private sector for investment and to make the public-private partnership development. However, the countries start public-private partnership and with the relevant stakeholders, which achieved the economic growth Recommendations give some tax exemptions to promote research institutions, public & private and created many job opportunities the coastal tourism in Pakistan. NGOs, members of the civil society and to support the sustainable livelihood skilled professionals for the blue growth. of people in the coastal areas. The 1. The government of Pakistan 5. The government adopts the Furthermore, the government will impacts of climatic change are very needs to take some effective initiatives policy of replanting and conserve start the blue diplomacy to enhance destructive around the globe and the related to the value added of fishery the mangroves forest due to climate national security, environmental issues developing nations have suffered from products because the average price of change treats because the role of and economic growth (Salman A 2016). it and continuously treating the survival exporting fish in 2019-2020 is USD 2.3/kg mangroves are very important for of human beings and environment. The in the international market. The current fish breeding and other aquaculture countries as Pakistan is very vulnerable price of fish is low as compared to our species in the coastal area. Mangroves Way Forward for the climatic change because of neighboring countries because the also mitigate the climatic change their low bouncing back capacity and average price is around USD 6-7/kg on impact through the blue carbon their contribution is less than 1% (0.8 %) the region. sequestration which reduces the The maritime economy of Pakistan in global greenhouse gas (GHGs). The anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHGs) is very important and has a huge importance of the Blue Economy is 2. The government needs to emissions. potential in many key sectors like very high especially in the economic establish the blue society and include fishery, shipbreaking, shipping industry development and climate mitigation in its national policy of maritime 6. Recently, the government of and especially the coastal tourism of process. Therefore, the religion Islam industry of Pakistan. The collaboration Pakistan announced the “Maritime Pakistan. However, the contribution of and other old civilizations and wars of different relevant stakeholders, Doctrine of Pakistan”, which provides all these sectors is very pathetic in the have explained and told us how much private & public financial and research the contextual intelligibility about all the GDP as compared to our neighboring an ocean is important for becoming a institutions and other societal groups relevant stakeholders and government countries. Maritime economy is also super economic power. are very important for blue growth bodies of maritime development important for jobs creation, growth in Pakistan and the government can and security importance of Pakistan. and to increase the economic growth. Pakistan has a good chance to grab easily figure out all the challenges and However, the government should be The role of blue society is the game this opportunity and overcome all issues related to the blue economy. the mainstream in the Gross Marine
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