Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton /ˈhɪləri daɪˈæn ˈrɒdəm Libya. While accepting responsibility for security lapses ˈklɪntən/ (born October 26, 1947) is an American politi- related to the 2012 Benghazi attack, she said she had cian and a candidate for the Democratic presidential no direct role in consulate security prior to that attack. nomination in the 2016 election. She was the United Leaving office after Obama’s first term, she authored her States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, the junior fifth book and undertook speaking engagements before United States Senator representing New York from 2001 announcing her second run for the Democratic nomina- to 2009, First Lady of the United States during the presi- tion, in the 2016 presidential election. dency of Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001, and First Lady of Arkansas for twelve years. Hillary Rodham grew up in the Chicago area. She at- 1 Early life and education tended Wellesley College, graduating in 1969, and earned a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as 1.1 Early life a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas, marrying Bill Clinton in 1975. Rodham co-founded Hillary[nb 2] Diane Rodham was born on October 26, Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977, 1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.[2][3] She became the first female chair of the Legal Services Cor- was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago poration in 1978, then the first female partner at Rose and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Law Firm in 1979. As First Lady of Arkansas (1979–81, Illinois.[4] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911– 1983–92), she led a task force whose recommendations 1993), was of Welsh and English descent;[5] he man- helped reform Arkansas’ public schools, and served on aged a successful small business in the textile industry.[6] the boards of corporations including Wal-Mart. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011), was a As First Lady of the United States, Clinton led the failed homemaker of English, Scottish, French Canadian, and effort to enact the Clinton health plan of 1993. In Welsh descent.[5][7][8] Hillary has two younger brothers, 1997 and 1999, she helped create programs for children’s Hugh and Tony.[9] health insurance, adoption, and foster care. The only first lady to have been subpoenaed, Clinton faced a federal grand jury in 1996 regarding the Whitewater controversy; no charges were brought against her related to this or any other controversies in her life. Her marriage endured the Lewinsky scandal of 1998, and overall her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York, the only first lady ever to have sought elective office. Following the September 11 attacks, she voted to approve the War in Afghanistan. She also voted for the Iraq Resolution (which she later regretted), but subsequently sought to hasten the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq and opposed the Iraq War troop surge Mementos of Hillary Rodham’s early life are shown at the of 2007 (which she later praised). Clinton voted against William J. Clinton Presidential Center. the tax cuts of 2001 and 2003, and voted against John Roberts and Samuel Alito for the U.S. Supreme Court, As a child, Rodham was a teacher’s favorite at her public filibustering the latter. Clinton was re-elected to the Sen- schools in Park Ridge.[10][11] She participated in sports, ate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous more delegates than any previous female candidate, but awards as a Brownie and as a Girl Scout.[10][11] She at- lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama. tended Maine East High School, where she participated in As Secretary of State in the Obama administration from student council, the school newspaper, and was selected 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, dur- for National Honor Society.[2][12] For her senior year, she ing which she advocated the U.S. military intervention in was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in the top five

1 2 1 EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION

percent of her class of 1965.[12][13] Her mother wanted ernor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the her to have an independent, professional career,[8] and Republican nomination.[26] Rodham attended the 1968 her father, otherwise a traditionalist, felt that his daugh- Republican National Convention in Miami. However, ter’s abilities and opportunities should not be limited by she was upset by the way Richard Nixon’s campaign por- gender.[14] trayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the con- [8] vention’s “veiled” racist messages, and left the Republi- Raised in a politically conservative household, Rod- [26] ham helped canvass Chicago’s South Side at age thir- can Party for good. Rodham wrote her senior thesis, teen following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential elec- a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter.[29] (Years later, tion, where she found evidence of electoral fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon.[15] She then vol- while she was first lady, access to her thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the sub- unteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry [29] Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.[16] ject of some speculation. ) Rodham’s early political development was shaped most In 1969, she graduated with a bachelor of arts,[30] by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fer- with departmental honors in political science.[29] Fol- vent anticommunist), who introduced her to Goldwater’s lowing pressure from some fellow seniors, she became The Conscience of a Conservative, and by her Methodist the first student in Wellesley College history to be cho- youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of sen by graduating seniors to speak on their behalf, fol- social justice), with whom she saw, and afterwards briefly lowing commencement speaker Senator Brooke.[27][31] met, civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. at a 1962 Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven speech in Chicago’s Orchestra Hall.[17] minutes.[24][32][33] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,[34] due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Brooke.[31] She also 1.2 Wellesley College years appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated tele- vision talk show as well as in Illinois and New Eng- [35] In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where land newspapers. That summer, she worked her way she majored in political science.[18] During her fresh- across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley Na- man year, she served as president of the Wellesley tional Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing can- Young Republicans;[19][20] with this Rockefeller Repub- nery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight [36] lican-oriented group,[21] she supported the elections to when she complained about unhealthful conditions). mayor of John Lindsay (New York City) and to U.S. senator of Edward Brooke (Massachusetts).[22] She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed 1.3 Yale Law School and postgraduate regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the studies Vietnam War.[19] In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as “a mind conservative and [23] Rodham then entered Yale Law School. There she served a heart liberal”. In contrast to the 1960s current that on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and advocated radical actions against the political system, she [37] [24][25] Social Action. During her second year, she worked at sought to work for change within it. the Yale Child Study Center,[38] learning about new re- In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the search on early childhood brain development and work- antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat ing as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond Eugene McCarthy.[26] In early 1968, she was elected the Best Interests of the Child (1973).[39][40] She also took president of the Wellesley College Government Associa- on cases of child abuse at Yale–New Haven Hospital[39] tion and served through early 1969.[24][27] Following the and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to pro- assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham orga- vide free legal advice for the poor.[38] In the summer of nized a two-day student strike and worked with Welles- 1970 she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright ley’s black students to recruit more black students and Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was faculty.[26] In her student government role, she played a assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on role in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the stu- Migratory Labor. There she researched migrant workers' dent disruptions common to other colleges.[24][28] A num- problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.[41] ber of her fellow students thought she might some day be- Edelman later became a significant mentor.[42] Rodham come the first female President of the United States.[24] was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work To help her better understand her changing politi- on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey, with Rodham later crediting Wexler cal views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham [43] to intern at the House Republican Conference, and with providing her first job in politics. she attended the “Wellesley in Washington” summer In the late spring of 1971 she began dating Bill Clin- program.[26] Rodham was invited by moderate New York ton, also a law student at Yale. That summer she in- Republican Representative Charles Goodell to help Gov- terned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, 2.1 From the East Coast to Arkansas 3

Walker and Burnstein.[44] The firm was well known for 2.1 From the East Coast to Arkansas its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or During her postgraduate study, Rodham served as staff former Communist Party members);[44] Rodham worked attorney for Edelman’s newly founded Children’s Defense on child custody and other cases.[nb 3] Clinton canceled Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,[56] and as a consul- his original summer plans in order to live with her in tant to the Carnegie Council on Children.[57] In 1974 she California;[48] the couple continued living together in was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Wash- New Haven when they returned to law school.[45] The ington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judi- following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned ciary during the Watergate scandal.[58] Under the guid- in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential ance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member candidate George McGovern.[49] She received a Juris Bernard Nussbaum,[39] Rodham helped research proce- Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,[30] having stayed on an dures of impeachment and the historical grounds and extra year to be with Clinton.[50] He first proposed mar- standards for impeachment.[58] The committee’s work riage to her following graduation but she declined, uncer- culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon tain if she wanted to tie her future to his.[50] in August 1974.[58] Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.[51] Her first political future: Democratic political organizer and con- scholarly article, “Children Under the Law”, was pub- sultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Wash- lished in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973.[52] ington the previous year to help guide her career,[59] and Discussing the new children’s rights movement, it stated Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a fu- that “child citizens” were “powerless individuals”[53] and ture senator or president.[60] Meanwhile, Clinton had re- argued that children should not be considered equally peatedly asked Rodham to marry him and she continued incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but that to demur.[61] After failing the District of Columbia bar instead courts should presume competence except when exam[62] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.[54] to a key decision. As she later wrote, “I chose to fol- The article became frequently cited in the field.[55] low my heart instead of my head”.[63] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washing- ton, where career prospects were brighter. He was then 2 Marriage and family, law career teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rod- and First Lady of Arkansas ham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.[64][65] She gave classes in criminal law, where she was considered a rig- orous teacher and tough grader, and was the first director of the school’s legal aid clinic.[66] She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else’s.[67]

2.2 Early Arkansas years

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayet- teville in the summer of 1975, and Hillary ﬁnally agreed to marry Bill.[68] Their wedding took place on Octo- ber 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.[69] A story about the marriage in the Arkansas Gazette indicated that she was retaining the name Hillary Rodham.[69][70] The motivation was to keep the couple’s professional lives separate and avoid apparent con- ﬂicts of interest and because, as she told a friend at the time, “it showed that I was still me.”[71] The decision did upset both their mothers.[72] Bill Clinton had lost the congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Arkansas Attorney General, and so the cou- [73] Hillary Rodham Clinton, 1992 ple moved to the state capital of Little Rock. There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose 4 2 MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, LAW CAREER AND FIRST LADY OF ARKANSAS

Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic year,[88] where she secured federal funds to expand medi- influence.[74] She specialized in patent infringement and cal facilities in Arkansas’s poorest areas without affecting intellectual property law[37] while also working pro bono doctors’ fees.[89] in child advocacy;[75] she rarely performed litigation work [76] In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a in court. full partner of Rose Law Firm.[90] From 1978 until they Rodham maintained her interest in children’s law and entered the White House, she had a higher salary than that family policy, publishing the scholarly articles “Children’s of her husband.[91] During 1978 and 1979, while looking Policies: Abandonment and Neglect” in 1977[77] and to supplement their income, Rodham engaged in the trad- “Children’s Rights: A Legal Perspective” in 1979.[78] The ing of cattle futures contracts;[92] an initial $1,000 invest- latter continued her argument that children’s legal comment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trad- petence depended upon their age and other circumstances ing after ten months.[93] The couple also began their ill- and that in serious medical rights cases, judicial inter- fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corpo- vention was sometimes warranted.[54] An American Bar ration real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal Association chair later said, “Her articles were impor- at this time.[92] Both of these became subjects of contro- tant, not because they were radically new but because they versy in the 1990s. [54] helped formulate something that had been inchoate.” On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to their Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as “one daughter Chelsea. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was of the more important scholar-activists of the last two defeated in his bid for re-election.[94] decades”,[79] while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,[80] would allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,[54] and 2.3 Later Arkansas years exemplified legal “crit” theory run amok.[81]

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square foot Governor Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton attend the 1987 Dinner (91 m2) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from Honoring the Nation’s Governors with President Ronald Reagan 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.[82] and First Lady Nancy Reagan.

In 1977, Rodham cofounded Arkansas Advocates for Bill Clinton returned to the governor’s office two years Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Chil- [37][83] later after winning the election of 1982. During her dren’s Defense Fund. Later that year, President husband’s campaign, Rodham began to use the name Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 [84] Hillary Clinton, or sometimes “Mrs. Bill Clinton”, to campaign director of field operations in Indiana) ap- assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;[nb 1] she also pointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Ser- [85] took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign vices Corporation, and she served in that capacity for him full-time.[100] As First Lady of Arkansas again, from 1978 until the end of 1981.[86] From mid-1978 to [nb 4] she made a note of using Hillary Rodham Clinton as mid-1980, she served as the chair of that board, the [nb 1] [87] her name. She was named chair of the Arkansas first woman to do so. During her time as chair, fund- Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she ing for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to sought to reform the state’s court-sanctioned public ed- $300 million; subsequently she successfully fought Presi- ucation system.[101][102] In one of the Clinton governor- dent Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and [75] ship’s most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged change the nature of the organization. but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Ed- Following her husband’s November 1978 election as ucation Association to establish mandatory teacher test- Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of ing and state standards for curriculum and classroom Arkansas in January 1979, her title for twelve years size.[88][101] It became her introduction into the politics (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of a highly visible public policy effort.[70][101] In 1985, of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same she introduced Arkansas’s Home Instruction Program for 5

Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.[103] assertions that Bill Clinton had engaged in an extramarital She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 affair with Arkansas lounge singer Gennifer Flowers.[121] and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.[104][105] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Min- Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm utes, where Bill Clinton denied the affair, but acknowledged “causing pain in my marriage”.[122] This joint ap- while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less [123] than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,[106] but pearance was credited with rescuing his campaign. still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.[107] During it, Hillary Clinton made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette's outlook on marriage as The firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she [nb 5] brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it described in her classic song "Stand by Your Man", and later in the campaign about how she could have cho- and to her corporate board connections.[107] She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.[107] sen to be like women staying home and baking cookies and having teas, but wanted to pursue her career Bill Clinton’s Republican opponent in his 1986 guberna- [nb 6] torial re-election campaign accused the Clintons of con- instead. The remarks were widely criticized, particu- flict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; larly by those who were, or defended, stay-at-home moth- the Clintons countered the charge by saying that state ers, and in retrospect, were ill-considered by her own ad- fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were mission. Bill Clinton said that in electing him, the na- calculated.[108] tion would “get two for the price of one”, referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.[129] Begin- From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of di- ning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The Ameri- rectors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foun- can Spectator article “The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock”, dation,[109] which funded a variety of New Left interest Hillary Clinton’s own past ideological and ethical record groups.[110] From 1987 to 1991, she was the first chair of came under attack from conservatives.[80] At least twenty the American Bar Association’s Commission on Women other articles in major publications also drew compar- in the Profession,[111] created to address gender bias in isons between her and Lady Macbeth.[130] the legal profession and induce the association to adopt measures to combat it.[111] She was twice named by The National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.[112] When Bill 3 First Lady of the United States Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running, but private polls were 3.1 Role as first lady unfavorable and, in the end, he ran and was re-elected for [113] the final time. When Bill Clinton took office as president in January Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Chil- 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of dren’s Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992)[114] and the the United States, and her press secretary reiterated that Children’s Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992).[2][115] she would be using that form of her name.[nb 1] She was In addition to her positions with nonprofit organiza- the initial first lady to hold a postgraduate degree and to tions, she also held positions on the corporate board of have her own professional career up to the time of enter- directors of TCBY (1985–1992),[116] Wal-Mart Stores ing the White House.[131] She was also the first to have (1986–1992)[117] and Lafarge (1990–1992).[118] TCBY an office in the West Wing of the White House in addi- and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were tion to the usual first lady offices in the East Wing.[51][132] also clients of Rose Law.[107][119] Clinton was the first She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments female member on Wal-Mart’s board, added following to the new administration and her choices filled at least pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level to it.[119] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal- ones.[133] After Eleanor Roosevelt, Clinton is regarded as Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, the most openly empowered presidential wife in Ameri- was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women can history.[134][135] to be added to the company’s management, and was Some critics called it inappropriate for the first lady to silent about the company’s famously anti-labor union play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters [117][119][120] practices. pointed out that Clinton’s role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters had been well aware that she would play an active role 2.4 Bill Clinton presidential campaign of in her husband’s presidency.[136] Bill Clinton’s campaign 1992 promise of “two for the price of one” led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as “co-presidents” or some- Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for times the Arkansas label “Billary”.[88][137][138] The pres- the first time when her husband became a candidate for sures of conflicting ideas about the role of a first lady were the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992. Before enough to send Clinton into “imaginary discussions” with 6 3 FIRST LADY OF THE UNITED STATES

position from even some Democrats in Congress.[153][154] Some protesters against the proposed plan became vitri- olic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, Clinton wore a bulletproof vest at times.[153][154]

The Clinton family arrives at the White House on Marine One, 1993.

the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt.[nb 7] From Clinton greets U.S. troops at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia during a the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge visit in December 1997. in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many Failing to gather enough support for a floor vote in either wives of conservative Washington figures.[142][143] Trig- the House or the Senate, although Democrats controlled gered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, both chambers, the proposal was abandoned in Septem- she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teach- ber 1994.[153] Clinton later acknowledged in her memoir ings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun ed- that her political inexperience partly contributed to the itor Michael Lerner's “politics of meaning” to overcome defeat, but cited many other factors. The First Lady’s ap- what she saw as America’s “sleeping sickness of the soul"; proval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s that would lead to a willingness “to remold society by re- percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in defining what it means to be a human being in the twen- April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.[155] tieth century, moving into a new millennium.”[144][145] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,[156] which during her days in Arkansas,[146] to a popular site in the saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing election and seven in the Senate election, winning con- her many different, and frequently analyzed, hairstyles as trol of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan first lady,[147][148] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue to be a major factor in the Democrats’ defeat, especially magazine in 1998.[149] among independent voters.[157] The White House subsequently sought to downplay Hillary Clinton’s role in shap- ing policy.[158] Opponents of universal health care would 3.2 Health care and other policy initiatives continue to use “Hillarycare” as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.[159] See also: Clinton health care plan of 1993 and Women’s Along with Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, she rights § Hillary Rodham Clinton speaks out for women’s was a force behind the passage of the State Children’s rights Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents could In January 1993, President Clinton named First Lady not provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the pro- Clinton to chair a Task Force on National Health Care [160] Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in lead- gram once it became law. She promoted nationwide ing the effort for Arkansas education reform.[150] Un- immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast can- convinced regarding the merits of the North Amer- [161] ican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), she privately cer, with coverage provided by Medicare. She suc- urged that passage of health care reform be given higher cessfully sought to increase research funding for prostate [151][152] cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of priority. The recommendation of the task force [51] became known as the Clinton health care plan, a com- Health. The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which prehensive proposal that would require employers to pro- [51] vide health coverage to their employees through indi- became known as the Gulf War syndrome. vidual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents Enactment of welfare reform was a major goal of her quickly derided the plan as “Hillarycare”, and it faced op- husband’s, but when the first two bills on it came from 3.3 Whitewater and other investigations 7

March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department and without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan.[173] Clinton was troubled by the plight of women she encoun- tered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited and gained a better relationship with the American press corps.[173][174] The trip was a trans- formative experience for her and presaged her eventual career in diplomacy.[175] In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People’s Republic of China itself,[176] declaring that “it is no longer acceptable to discuss women’s rights as separate from human rights”.[176] Del- egates from over 180 countries heard her say: “If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women’s rights and women’s rights are human rights, once and for all.”[177] In doing so, she resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.[170][177] The speech became a key moment in the empowerment of women and Clinton reads to a Maryland child during Read Across America years later females around the world would recite Clin- Day, 1998. ton’s key phrases.[178] She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Tal- [179][180] the Republican-controlled Congress lacked protections iban. She helped create Vital Voices, an interna- for people going off welfare, she urged him to veto them, tional initiative sponsored by the United States to promote which he did.[162][163] A third version came up during the participation of women in the political processes of [181] his 1996 general election campaign that restored some their countries. It and Clinton’s own visits encouraged of the protections but cut the scope of benefits in other women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland [182] areas; critics, including her past mentor Edelman, urged peace process. her to get the president to veto it again.[162] But she decided to support the bill, which became the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, as the best political compromise 3.3 Whitewater and other investigations available.[162][163] This caused a rift with Edelman that Clinton later called “sad and painful”.[163] For more details on these investigations, see Whitewater Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton controversy, Travelgate, Filegate, and Hillary Rodham cattle futures controversy. helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.[51] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which First Lady Clinton was a subject of several investigations she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as first by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel, lady.[51][164] In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage committees of the U.S. Congress, and the press. of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled fed- [164] The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media at- eral monies for teenagers aging out of foster care. As tention from the publication of a New York Times report first lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House confer- [183] [165] during the 1992 presidential campaign and through- ences, including ones on Child Care (1997), on Early out her time as first lady. The Clintons had lost their Childhood Development and Learning (1997),[166] and [167] late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development on Children and Adolescents (2000). She also hosted Corporation;[184] at the same time, their partners in that the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison (2000)[168] and the first-ever White House Conference on [169] Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the Philanthropy (1999). legal services of Rose Law Firm[184] and may have been Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,[170] improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.[183] Madison breaking the mark for most-traveled first lady held by Guaranty later failed, and Clinton’s work at Rose was Pat Nixon.[171] She did not hold a security clearance or scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in repre- attend National Security Council meetings, but played senting the bank before state regulators that her husband a role in U.S. diplomacy attaining its objectives.[172] A had appointed.[183] She said she had done minimal work 8 3 FIRST LADY OF THE UNITED STATES for the bank.[185] Independent counsels Robert Fiske and final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton’s legal billing records; against Hillary Clinton regarding this.[189] [186][187] she said she did not know where they were. The An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the records were found in the First Lady’s White House book June 1996 discovery of improper White House access room after a two-year search and delivered to investiga- [187] to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Re- tors in early 1996. The delayed appearance of the publican White House employees, an affair that some records sparked intense interest and another investiga- called "Filegate".[196] Accusations were made that Hillary tion concerning how they surfaced and where they had Clinton had requested these files and that she had rec- been.[187] Clinton’s staff attributed the problem to con- ommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the tinual changes in White House storage areas since the White House Security Office.[197] The 2000 final Inde- move from the Arkansas Governor’s Mansion.[188] On pendent Counsel report found no substantial or credible January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first first lady to evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury.[186] misconduct in the matter.[196] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insuffi- In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed her spectac- cient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal ular profits from trading in 1978–79, thus leading to the wrongdoing.[189] cattle futures controversy.[198] Allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery, and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.[199] There was a controversy that arose in early 2001 over gifts made to the White House, rather than to the Clintons per- sonally, that were removed and shipped to the Clintons’ private residence during the last year of Bill Clinton’s time in office.[200] Following public pressure the couple returned $134,000 worth of such gifts.[201] Hillary Clin- ton faced additional criticism for having possibly solicited personal gifts shortly before being sworn in as a senator, at which time she would have been barred from accepting [201] The Clinton family takes an Inauguration Day walk down them. Pennsylvania Avenue to start President Bill Clinton’s second term in office, January 20, 1997. 3.4 Response to Lewinsky scandal Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as Main article: Lewinsky scandal "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Of- In 1998, the Clintons’ relationship became the subject fice operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends [190] of much speculation when investigations revealed that from Arkansas. The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old the President had engaged in an extramarital affair with White House memo caused the investigation to focus on White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[202] Events sur- whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and rounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the whether the statements she made to investigators about [191][192] impeachment of Bill Clinton by the House of Representa- her role in the firings were true. The 2000 final tives. When the allegations against her husband were first Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the re- in the firings and that she had made “factually false” state- sult of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",[203] characterizing ments, but that there was insufficient evidence that she the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions [193] collaborative series of charges by Bill Clinton’s political would lead to firings, to prosecute her. enemies[nb 8] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's She later said that she had been misled by her husband’s July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary initial claims that no affair had taken place.[205] After the Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damag- evidence of President Clinton’s encounters with Lewin- ing files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from sky became incontrovertible, she issued a public state- Foster’s office on the night of his death.[194] Independent ment reaffirming her commitment to their marriage, but Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and, by 1999, privately was reported to be furious at him and was un- Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, sure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.[206] The White despite his staff having told him there was no case to be House residence staff noticed a pronounced level of ten- made.[195] When Starr’s successor Robert Ray issued his sion between the couple during this period.[207] 9

Public reaction varied. Some women admired her rary music concert that raised funds for music education strength and poise in private matters made public, some in public schools, a New Year’s Eve celebration at the sympathized with her as a victim of her husband’s insen- turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the sitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.[51] to her husband’s indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political inﬂuence.[208] Her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.[208] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute 4 2000 U.S. Senate election her decision to stay married to “a love that has persisted for decades” and add: “No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after Main article: United States Senate election in New York, all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing 2000 and fully alive person I have ever met.”[209]

Matters surrounding the Lewinsky scandal left Bill Clin- When New York’s long-serving United States Senator ton with substantial legal bills; in 2014, Hillary Clinton Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement in would state that she and Bill had left the White House November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, “not only dead broke, but in debt.” The statement may including Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York, have been literally accurate but ignored the potentially urged Clinton to run for Moynihan’s open seat in the enormous earnings potential of presidents upon leaving Senate election of 2000.[218] Once she decided to run, office as well as the couple’s ability to secure loans from the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, [210] banks. north of New York City, in September 1999.[219] She became the first first lady of the United States to be a candi- [220] 3.5 Traditional duties date for elected office. Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Clinton initiated and was founding chair of the Save Republican opponent in the election. Giuliani withdrew America’s Treasures program, a national effort that from the race in May 2000 after he was diagnosed with matched federal funds to private donations to preserve prostate cancer and matters related to his failing marriage and restore historic items and sites,[211] including the flag became public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Republican member of the United States House of Rep- Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.[51] She was head resentatives representing New York’s 2nd congressional of the White House Millennium Council[212] and hosted district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Millennium Evenings,[213] a series of lectures that dis- Clinton of carpetbagging, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state’s politics before cussed futures studies, one of which became the first live [221] simultaneous webcast from the White House.[51] Clinton the 2000 Senate race. also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, lo- Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in cated in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which displayed the state, in a “listening tour” of small-group settings.[222] large contemporary American works of art loaned from She devoted considerable time in traditionally Republi- museums.[214] can Upstate New York regions.[223] Clinton vowed to im- In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts prove the economic situation in those areas, promising of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms.[51] She plan included tax credits to reward job creation and en- oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be histor- courage business investment, especially in the high-tech [215] sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition ically authentic to the period of James Monroe and [223] the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.[216] and long-term care. Working with Arkansas interior decorator Kaki Hocker- The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered smith over an eight-year period, she oversaw extensive, during a September debate by seeming to invade Clin- privately funded redecoration efforts around the build- ton’s personal space trying to get her to sign a fundraising, often trying to make it look brighter.[217] These in- ing agreement.[224] The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, cluded changing the look of the Treaty Room, a presi- along with Giuliani’s initial effort, spent a record com- dential study, to along 19th century lines.[216] Overall the bined $90 million.[225] Clinton won the election on redecoration brought mixed notices, with Victorian fur- November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio’s nishings for the Lincoln Sitting Room being criticized the 43 percent.[224] She was sworn in as United States senator most.[217] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the on January 3, 2001,[226] making her the first (and so far White House, such as a Saint Patrick’s Day reception, a only) woman to have held an elected office either while state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contempo- (for a brief period) or after serving as first lady. 10 5 UNITED STATES SENATE

5 United States Senate

Main article: United States Senate career of Hillary Rodham Clinton

5.1 First term

Clinton’s oﬃcial photo as U.S. senator

she was instrumental in securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.[228][234] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.[235] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she expressed concerns with the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report regarding civil liberties,[236] before voting in favor of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 in March 2006 that gained large majority support.[237] Reenactment of Hillary Rodham Clinton being sworn in as a United States senator by Vice President Al Gore in the Old Senate Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action Chamber, as her husband Bill, and daughter Chelsea, look on. in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terror- January 3, 2001. ism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[238] Clinton voted in Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which au- public profile and built relationships with senators thorized President George W. Bush to use military force from both parties.[227] She forged alliances with reli- against Iraq.[239] giously inclined senators by becoming a regular par- [142][228] After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and ticipant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast. She Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On served on five Senate committees: Committee on Bud- [229] a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the get (2001–2002), Committee on Armed Services insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections (2003–2009),[230] Committee on Environment and Pub- [229] held earlier and that parts of the country were function- lic Works (2001–2009), Committee on Health, Edu- [240] [229] ing well. Observing that war deployments were drain- cation, Labor and Pensions (2001–2009) and Special ing regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legis- Committee on Aging.[231] She was also a member of the [232] lation to increase the size of the regular United States Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe [241] [233] Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain. In late (2001–2009). 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Following the September 11 attacks, Clinton sought to Iraq would be a mistake, Bush’s pledge to stay “until the obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York job is done” was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis “an City and security improvements in her state. Work- open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves”.[242] ing with New York’s senior senator, Charles Schumer, Her stance caused frustration among those in the Demo- 5.3 Second term 11

cratic Party who favored quick withdrawal.[243] Clinton than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elec- supported retaining and improving health benefits for re- tions. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too servists and lobbied against the closure of several military much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were bases, especially those in New York.[244][245] She used concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential her position on the Armed Services Committee to forge presidential bid in 2008.[258] In the following months, she close relationships with a number of high-ranking mili- transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her tary officers.[245] presidential campaign.[259] Senator Clinton voted against President Bush’s two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Re- 5.3 Second term lief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.[246] Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of John G. Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, filibustering the latter.[247][248] In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commis- sion to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San An- dreas.[249] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protec- tion Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clin- ton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[246][250] (Clinton Senator Clinton listens as the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral opposed same-sex marriage until 2013.[251]) Mike Mullen, responds to a question during his 2007 confirmation hearing with the Senate Armed Services Committee. Looking to establish a “progressive infrastructure” to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a for- Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, for mative role in conversations that led to the 2003 found- both military and domestic political reasons (by the fol- ing of former Clinton administration Chief of Staff John lowing year, she was privately acknowledging that the Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides surge had been successful).[nb 9] In March of that year, with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washing- she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required ton, founded in 2003, and advised the Clintons’ former President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party created in 2004.[252] Following the 2004 Senate elections, lines[261] but was subsequently vetoed by Bush. In May, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the political messaging.[253] Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those [262] 5.2 2006 re-election campaign who voted against it. Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on Main article: United States Senate election in New York, the Situation in Iraq by saying, “I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension 2006 of disbelief.”[263]

In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney Gen- seek a second Senate term. Clinton easily won the Demo- [264] cratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist eral Alberto Gonzales to resign. Regarding the high- Jonathan Tasini.[254] The early frontrunner for the Re- profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform publican nomination, Westchester County District Attor- bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity ney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after sev- and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast sev- [255] eral votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to eral months of poor campaign performance. Clinton’s [265] eventual opponent in the general election was Republi- gain cloture. can candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers. As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 reached a peak with Clinton won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported percent of the vote to Spencer’s 31 percent,[256] carry- the proposed bailout of United States financial system, ing all but four of New York’s sixty-two counties.[257] voting in favor of the $700 billion law that created the Her campaign spent $36 million for her re-election, more Troubled Asset Relief Program, saying that it represented 12 6 2008 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN the interests of the American people. It passed the Senate opponents.[273][274] Obama’s message of change began 74–25.[266] to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton’s message of experience.[275] The race tightened considerably, especially in the early states of Iowa, New 6 2008 presidential campaign Hampshire, and South Carolina, with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.[276] Main article: Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the Jan- 2008 uary 3 Iowa Democratic caucus behind Obama and Edwards.[277] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a vic- Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for tory for him in the New Hampshire primary.[278] Clin- United States President since at least early 2003.[267] On ton gained a surprise win there on January 8, defeat- January 20, 2007, she announced via her website the for- ing Obama narrowly.[279] It was the first time a woman mation of a presidential exploratory committee for the had won a major American party’s presidential primary United States presidential election of 2008, stating “I'm for the purposes of delegate selection.[280] Explanations in, and I'm in to win.”[268] No woman had ever been nom- for Clinton’s New Hampshire comeback varied but often inated by a major party for the presidency. When Bill centered on her being seen more sympathetically, espe- Clinton became president in 1993, a blind trust was es- cially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her tablished; in April 2007, the Clintons liquidated the blind voice broke while responding to a voter’s question the day trust to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political before the election.[281] embarrassments as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.[269] Later disclosure statements revealed that The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. the couple’s worth was now upwards of $50 million,[269] Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,[282] and that they had earned over $100 million since 2000, and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin with most of it coming from Bill Clinton’s books, speak- Luther King, Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson,[nb 10] were ing engagements, and other activities.[270] perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, lim- iting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or oth- Throughout the first half of 2007, Clinton led candidates erwise denying the post-racial significance and accom- competing for the Democratic presidential nomination in plishments of his campaign.[283] Despite attempts by opinion polls for the election. Senator Barack Obama both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, Carolina were her strongest competitors.[239] The biggest with Clinton losing much of her support among African threat to her campaign was her past support of the Iraq Americans.[282][284] She lost by a two-to-one margin to War, which Obama had opposed from the beginning.[239] Obama in the January 26 South Carolina primary,[284] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense swapping the money lead each quarter.[271] two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former Pres- ident “needs to stop”.[285] The South Carolina campaign had done lasting damage to Clinton, eroding her support among the Democratic establishment and leading to the prized endorsement of Obama by Ted Kennedy.[286] On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states;[287] they almost evenly split the total popular vote.[288] But Obama was gaining Clinton campaigning at Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Min- more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote nesota, two days before Super Tuesday 2008. due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional [289] By September 2007, polling in the first six states hold- allocation rules. ing Democratic contests showed that Clinton was leading The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nom- in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and ination by Super Tuesday and was unprepared financially South Carolina. By the following month, national polls and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in In- showed Clinton far ahead of Democratic competitors.[272] ternet fundraising, Clinton began loaning money to her At the end of October, Clinton suffered a rare poor de- campaign.[275][290] There was continuous turmoil within bate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other 13

paign alive.[297] On May 6, a narrower-than-expected win

Obama in the Indiana primary, coupled with a large loss in the not* on ballot North Carolina primary, ended any realistic chance she * [297] Obama 30% - 85% had of winning the nomination. She vowed to stay Obama 20% - 30% Obama 10% - 20% on through the remaining primaries, but stopped attacks Obama 0% - 10% Tied Clinton 0% - 10% against Obama; as one advisor stated, “She could accept Clinton 10% - 20% [297] Clinton 20% - 30% losing. She could not accept quitting.” She won some Clinton 30% - 85% of the remaining contests, and indeed over the last three

DC AS VI GU PR Dems Abroad months of the campaign won more delegates, states, and votes than Obama, but she failed to overcome Obama’s State-by-state popular votes in the Democratic primaries and cau- lead.[290] cuses, shaded by percentage won: Obama in purple, Clinton in Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama green. (Popular vote winners and delegate winners differed in had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive New Hampshire, Nevada, Missouri, Texas, and Guam.) nominee.[298] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[299] the campaign staff and she made several top-level person- By campaign’s end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged dele- [300] nel changes.[290][291] Obama won the next eleven Febru- gates to Obama’s 1,763; at the time of the clinching, [301] ary contests across the country, often by large mar- Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama’s 395, with gins, and took a significant pledged delegate lead over those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama [300] Clinton.[289][290] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of was acknowledged the winner. Clinton and Obama losses by winning in Ohio among other places,[290] where each received over 17 million votes during the nomination [nb 11] [302] her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband’s process with both breaking the previous record. presidency, helped in a state where the trade agreement Clinton was the first woman to run in the primary or cau- was unpopular.[292] Throughout the campaign, Obama cus of every state, and she eclipsed, by a very wide mar- dominated caucuses, for which the Clinton campaign gin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 marks for [280] largely ignored preparation.[275][289] Obama did well in most votes garnered and delegates won by a woman. primaries where African Americans or younger, college- Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the educated, or more affluent voters were heavily repre- 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned sented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or frequently for him in Fall 2008, which concluded with his older, non-college-educated, or working-class white vot- victory over McCain in the general election on November [303] ers predominated.[293][294] Behind in delegates, Clinton’s 4. Clinton’s campaign ended up severely in debt; she best hope of winning the nomination came in persuading owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off [304] uncommitted, party-appointed superdelegates.[295] the $13 million that she lent it herself. The debt was eventually paid off by the beginning of 2013.[304]

7 U.S. Secretary of State

Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton’s tenure as Secre- tary of State See also: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration

7.1 Nomination and conﬁrmation

Clinton speaks on behalf of her former rival, Barack Obama, In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and during the second night of the 2008 Democratic National Con- Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. vention in Denver. Secretary of State in his administration.[305] She was initially quite reluctant, but on November 20, she told Clinton’s admission in late March, that her repeated cam- Obama she would accept the position.[306][307] On De- paign statements about having been under hostile ﬁre cember 1, President-elect Obama formally announced from snipers during a March 1996 visit to U.S. troops that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia and Herzegovina were not State.[308] Clinton said she did not want to leave the Sen- true, attracted considerable media attention.[296] On April ate, but that the new position represented a “diﬃcult and 22, she won the Pennsylvania primary and kept her cam- exciting adventure”.[308] As part of the nomination and 14 7 U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE

of damage to repair.”[316] She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Depart- ment had conducted diplomatic missions.[317] Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Depart- ment’s diplomatic missions abroad; it was modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Ser- vices Committee.[318] The first such review was issued in late 2010 and called for the U.S. leading through “civilian Clinton takes the oath of office as Secretary of State, administered power” as a cost-effective way of responding to interna- [319] by Associate Judge Kathryn Oberly, as Bill Clinton holds a Bible. tional challenges and defusing crises. It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world.[177] A cause Clinton advocated through- in order to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill out her tenure was the adoption of cookstoves in the de- Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restric- veloping world, to foster cleaner and more environmen- tions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising ef- tally sound food preparation and reduce smoke dangers forts for the William J. Clinton Foundation and Clinton to women.[306] Global Initiative.[309] The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.[310] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[311] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.[312] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.[313] Clinton took the oath of office of Secretary of State and resigned from the Senate that same day.[314] She became the first former first lady to serve in the United States Cab- [315] inet. Clinton with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and the “reset button”, March 2009

7.2 First half of tenure In an internal debate regarding the war in Afghanistan during 2009, Clinton sided with the military’s recommendations for a maximal “Afghanistan surge”, recom- mending 40,000 troops and no public deadline for withdrawal; she prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden's opposition, but eventually supported Obama’s compromise plan to send an additional 30,000 troops and tie the surge to a timetable for eventual withdrawal.[245][320] In March 2009, Clinton presented Russian Foreign Minis- ter Sergey Lavrov with a "reset button" symbolizing U.S. attempts to rebuild ties with that country under its new president, Dmitry Medvedev.[321][322] The photo op was remembered for a mistranslation into Russian. The policy, which became known as the Russian reset, led to im- proved cooperation in several areas during Medvedev’s Obama and Clinton speaking with one another at the 21st NATO time in oﬃce, but relations would worsen consider- summit, April 2009 ably following Vladimir Putin's return to the position in 2012.[321] In October 2009, on a trip to Switzerland, Clin- Clinton spent her initial days as Secretary of State tele- ton’s intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved phoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that foreign policy would change direction: “We have a lot established diplomatic relations and opened the border 7.3 Second half of tenure 15 between the two long-hostile nations.[323][324] In Pakistan, 7.3 Second half of tenure she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts, and tribal elders, in an attempt The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the most challeng- to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S.[175][nb 12] Be- ing foreign policy crisis for the administration yet.[337] ginning in 2010, she helped organize a diplomatic iso- Clinton’s public response quickly evolved from an early lation and international sanctions regime against Iran, in assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was an eﬀort to force curtailment of that country’s nuclear “stable”, to a stance that there needed to be an “or- program; this would eventually lead to the multinational derly transition [to] a democratic participatory gov- Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action being agreed to in ernment”, to a condemnation of violence against the 2015.[306][326][327] protesters.[338][339] Obama came to rely upon Clin- ton’s advice, organization, and personal connections in Clinton and Obama forged a good working relationship [337] without power struggles; she was a team player within the the behind-the-scenes response to developments. As administration and a defender of it to the outside, and Arab Spring protests spread throughout the region, Clin- was careful that neither she nor her husband would up- ton was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she [328][329] recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some stage the president. Clinton formed an alliance [340] with Secretary of Defense Gates as they shared simi- regimes while supporting protesters against others. lar strategic outlooks.[330] Obama and Clinton both ap- proached foreign policy as a largely non-ideological, prag- matic exercise.[306] She met with him weekly but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her prede- cessors had had with their presidents;[329] moreover, certain key areas of policymaking were kept inside the White House or Pentagon.[331][332] Nevertheless, the president had trust in her actions.[306]

Clinton greets service members at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, October 2010.

The London meeting to discuss NATO military intervention in In a prepared speech in January 2010, Clinton drew Libya, 29 March 2011 analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet.[333] Chinese officials reacted negatively to- As the Libyan Civil War took place, Clinton’s shift in fa- wards it and the speech garnered attention as the first vor of military intervention aligned her with Ambassador time a senior American official had clearly defined the to the U.N. Susan Rice and National Security Council Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.[334] figure Samantha Power and was a key turning point in In July 2010, Secretary Clinton visited Korea, Vietnam, overcoming internal administration opposition from De- Pakistan, and Afghanistan, all the while preparing for the fense Secretary Gates, security advisor Thomas Donilon, July 31 wedding of daughter Chelsea amid much me- and counterterrorism advisor John Brennan in gaining dia attention.[335] In late November 2010, Clinton led the the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the U.S. damage control effort after WikiLeaks released con- 2011 military intervention in Libya.[340][341][342] Secre- fidential State Department cables containing blunt state- tary Clinton testified to Congress that the administra- ments and assessments by U.S. and foreign diplomats.[336] tion did not need congressional authorization for its mili- 16 7 U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE

tary intervention in Libya, despite objections from some administration’s “pivot to Asia”.[356] members of both parties that the administration was vio- During the Syrian Civil War, Clinton and the Obama lating the War Powers Resolution, and the State Depart- administration initially sought to persuade Syrian Pres- ment’s legal advisor argued the same when the Resolu- ident Bashir al-Assad to engage popular demonstrations tion’s 60-day limit for unauthorized wars was passed (a with reform, then as government violence rose in August view that prevailed in a legal debate within the Obama [357] [343] 2011, called for him to relinquish power. The admin- administration). Clinton later used U.S. allies and istration joined a number of allied countries in delivering what she called “convening power” to promote unity non-lethal assistance to rebels opposed to the Assad gov- among the Libyan rebels as they eventually overthrew the [341] ernment, as well as to humanitarian groups working in Gaddaﬁ regime. The aftermath of the Libyan Civil Syria.[358] During mid-2012, Clinton formed a plan with War saw the country becoming a failed state,[344] and the CIA Director David Petraeus to further strengthen the op- wisdom of the intervention and interpretation of what position by arming and training vetted groups of Syrian happened afterward would become the subject of con- [345][346][347] rebels, but the proposal was rejected by the White House, siderable debate. who were reluctant to become entangled in the conﬂict During April 2011 internal deliberations of the presi- and who feared that extremists hidden among the rebels dent’s innermost circle of advisors over whether to or- might turn the weapons against other targets.[353][359] der U.S. special forces to conduct a raid into Pakistan In December 2012, Clinton was hospitalized for a few against Osama bin Laden, Clinton was among those who days for treatment of a blood clot in her right transverse argued in favor, saying the importance of getting bin venous sinus.[360] Her doctors had discovered the clot Laden outweighed the risks to the U.S. relationship with [348][349] during a follow-up examination for a concussion she Pakistan. Following completion of the mission had sustained when she had fainted and fallen nearly on May 2, which resulted in bin Laden’s death, Clin- three weeks earlier, after developing severe dehydration ton played a key role in the administration’s decision not [350] from a viral intestinal ailment acquired during a trip to to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader. Europe.[360][361] The clot, which caused no immediate During internal discussions regarding Iraq in 2011, Clin- neurological injury, was treated with anticoagulant med- ton argued for keeping a residual force of up to 10,000– ication, and her doctors subsequently said she made a full 20,000 U.S. troops there (all ended up being withdrawn recovery.[361][362][nb 13] after negotiations for a revised U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement failed).[245][351] 7.4 Overall themes

Throughout her time in office, and in her final speech concluding it, Clinton viewed "smart power" as the strat- egy for asserting U.S. leadership and values – in a world of varied threats, weakened central governments, and increasingly important nongovernmental entities – by combining military hard power with diplomacy and U.S. soft power capacities in global economics, development aid, technology, creativity, and human rights advocacy.[341][366] As such, she became the first secretary of state to methodically implement the smart power approach.[367] In debates over use of military force, she Secretary Clinton meeting with Burmese democracy leader Aung was generally one of the more hawkish voices in the San Suu Kyi as part of her historic December 2011 visit to that administration.[245][330][351] She hailed the 2011 mili- country tary intervention in Libya as a case study in “smart [368] In a speech before the United Nations Human Rights power”, which David Ignatius has described as “the overused and vapid phrase meant to connote the kind of Council in December 2011, Clinton said that “Gay rights [369] are human rights”, and that the U.S. would advocate for power between hard and soft”. gay rights and legal protections of gays abroad.[352] The Clinton greatly expanded the State Department’s use of same period saw her overcome internal administration social media, including Facebook and Twitter, both to opposition with a direct appeal to Obama and stage the get its message out and to help empower citizens of first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since foreign countries vis-à-vis their governments.[341] And 1955, as she met with Burmese leaders as well as op- in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support portunity to advance one of the central themes of her the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms.[353][354] She also tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls said that the 21st century would be “America’s Pacific worldwide.[177] Moreover, in a formulation that became century”,[355] a declaration that was part of the Obama known as "the Hillary Doctrine", she viewed women’s 7.5 Benghazi attack and subsequent hearings 17

rights as critical for U.S. security interests, due to a link explanations were due to the inevitable fog of war confu- between the level of violence against women and gen- sion after such events.[378][379] der inequality within a state and the instability and chal- [328][370] On December 19, a panel led by Thomas R. Pickering lenge to international security of that state. In and Michael Mullen issued its report on the matter. It was turn, there was a trend of women around the world find- sharply critical of State Department officials in Washing- ing more opportunities, and in some cases feeling safer, [371] ton for ignoring requests for more guards and safety up- as the result of her actions and visibility. grades and for failing to adapt security procedures to a Clinton visited 112 countries during her tenure, making deteriorating security environment.[380] It focused its crit- her the most widely traveled secretary of state[372][nb 14] icism on the department’s Bureau of Diplomatic Secu- (Time magazine wrote that “Clinton’s endurance is rity and Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs; four State De- legendary”).[341] The first secretary of state to visit coun- partment officials at the assistant secretary level and be- tries such as Togo and Timor-Leste, she believed that in- low were removed from their posts as a consequence.[381] person visits were more important than ever in the virtual Clinton said she accepted the conclusions of the report age.[375] As early as March 2011, she indicated she was and that changes were underway to implement its sug- not interested in serving a second term as Secretary of gested recommendations.[380] [342] State should Obama be re-elected in 2012; in Decem- Clinton gave testimony to two congressional foreign af- ber 2012, following that re-election, Obama nominated fairs committees on January 23, 2013, regarding the Senator John Kerry to be Clinton’s successor.[361] Her last [376] Benghazi attack. She defended her actions in response day as Secretary of State was February 1, 2013. Upon to the incident and, while still accepting formal responsi- her departure, analysts commented that Clinton’s tenure bility, said she had had no direct role in specific discus- did not bring any signature diplomatic breakthroughs as [382] [331][332] sions beforehand regarding consulate security. Con- some other Secretaries of State had, and high- gressional Republicans challenged her on several points, lighted her focus on goals that she thought were less tan- [377] to which she responded. In particular, after persistent gible but would have more lasting effect. questioning about whether the administration had issued inaccurate “talking points” after the attack, Clinton responded with the much-quoted rejoinder, “With all due 7.5 Benghazi attack and subsequent hear- respect, the fact is we had four dead Americans. Was it ings because of a protest or was it because of guys out for a walk one night who decided that they'd they go kill some See also: 2012 Benghazi attack and United States House Americans? What difference at this point does it make? Select Committee on Benghazi It is our job to figure out what happened and do every- On September 11, 2012, the U.S. diplomatic mission in thing we can to prevent it from ever happening again, Senator.”[382][383] In November 2014, the House Intel- ligence Committee issued a report that concluded there had been no wrongdoing in the administration’s response to the attack.[384]

President Obama and Secretary Clinton honor the Benghazi attack victims at the Transfer of Remains Ceremony held at Andrews Air Force Base on September 14, 2012. Clinton testifying before the House Select Committee on Benghazi Benghazi, Libya, was attacked, resulting in the deaths of on October 22, 2015 the U.S. Ambassador, J. Christopher Stevens, and three other Americans. The attack, questions surrounding the The House Select Committee on Benghazi was created security of the U.S. consulate, and the varying explain May 2014 and has conducted lengthy investigations nations given afterward by administration oﬃcials for related to the 2012 attack. In response to an inter- what had happened, became politically controversial in viewer’s question in September 2015 about what the Re- the U.S.[378] On October 15, Clinton took responsibility publicans had accomplished in Congress, House Ma- for the question of security lapses and said the diﬀering jority Leader Kevin McCarthy, credited the Benghazi 18 8 CLINTON FOUNDATION

hearings with lowering Clinton’s poll numbers. Mc- Carthy’s answer contradicted the Republicans’ previous talking points on the investigation. For example, outgo- ing Speaker of the House John Boehner had consistently expressed disgust at any suggestion that the hearings were politically motivated.[385] On October 22, 2015, Clinton testiﬁed at an all-day and nighttime session before the committee.[386][387] The hearing included many heated exchanges between committee members and Clinton, and between the committee members themselves.[386] Clinton was widely seen as emerging largely unscathed from the hearing, because of what the media perceived as a calm and unfazed demeanor, and a lengthy, meandering, repet- itive line of questioning from the committee.[388]

7.6 Email controversy

Main article: Hillary Clinton email controversy

A controversy arose in March 2015, when it was revealed by the State Department’s inspector general that Clinton had exclusively used personal email accounts on a non-government, privately maintained server—in lieu of email accounts maintained on federal government servers—when conducting official business during her tenure as Secretary of State. Some experts, officials, members of Congress, and political opponents, Clinton in September 2014 contended that her use of private messaging system soft- ware and a private server violated State Department pro- tocols and procedures, and federal laws and regulations private citizen for the first time in thirty years.[399] She governing recordkeeping requirements. and her daughter joined her husband as named members of the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation Nearly 2,100 emails contained in Clinton’s server were in 2013.[400] There she focused on early childhood devel- retroactively marked classified by the State Department, opment efforts, including an initiative called Too Small to though none of the emails were marked classified at the Fail and a $600 million initiative to encourage the enroll- time they were sent. 65 were later classified as “secret”, ment of girls in secondary schools worldwide, led by for- more than 20 were designated “top secret”, and the rest mer Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.[400][401] She were later designated as “confidential”.[389][390][391] Gov- also led the No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project, ernment policy, reiterated in the nondisclosure agree- a partnership with the Bill and Melinda Gates Founda- ment signed by Clinton as part of gaining her security tion to gather and study data on the progress of women clearance, is that sensitive information should be con- and girls around the world since the Beijing conference sidered and handled as classified even if not marked in 1995;[402] its March 2015 report said that while “There as such.[392] After allegations were raised that some of has never been a better time in history to be born a woman the emails in question fell into the so-called “born clas- ... this data shows just how far we still have to go.”[403] sified” category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding The foundation began accepting new donations from for- how classified information was handled on the Clinton eign governments, which it had stopped doing while she server.[393][394][395][396] was secretary.[nb 15] The controversy occurred against the backdrop of She began work on another volume of memoirs, and Clinton’s 2016 presidential election campaign and began making appearances on the paid speaking cir- hearings held by the House Select Committee on cuit, receiving about $200,000 per engagement, as Benghazi.[397][398] well as making some unpaid speeches on behalf of the foundation.[406] For the fifteen months ending in March 2015, Clinton earned over $11 million from her 8 Clinton Foundation speeches.[407] For the overall period 2007–14, the Clin- tons earned almost $141 million, paid some $56 million Main article: Clinton Foundation in federal and state taxes, and donated about $15 million When Clinton left the State Department she became a to charity.[408] As of 2015, she was estimated to be worth 19

over $30 million on her own, or $45–53 million with her husband.[409] Clinton resigned from the foundation’s board in April 2015, when she began her presidential campaign, and the foundation said it would accept new foreign governmental donations from six western nations only.[nb 15]

9 2016 presidential campaign

Main article: Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016 Further information: United States presidential election, 2016, Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016 and Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016 On April 12, 2015, Clinton formally announced her can-

Clinton at an event in Philadelphia on April 20, 2016.

an increasing threat in the next contest, the Nevada caucuses on February 20,[419] but Clinton managed a five- percentage-point win, aided by final-days campaigning among casino workers.[420] She followed that with a lop- sided victory in the South Carolina primary on Febru- ary 27.[419] These two victories stabilized her campaign and showed an avoidance of the management turmoil that [419] Clinton speaking at the Brown & Black Presidential Forum in Des harmed her 2008 effort. Moines, Iowa, January 11, 2016 On the March 1 "Super Tuesday", Clinton won seven of eleven contests, including a string of dominating vic- didacy for the presidency in the 2016 election.[410] She tories across the South buoyed, as in South Carolina, had a campaign-in-waiting already in place, including by African-American voters, and opened up a signif- a large donor network, experienced operatives, and the icant lead in pledged delegates over Sanders.[421] She Ready for Hillary and Priorities USA Action political ac- has maintained this delegate lead across subsequent con- tion committees, and other infrastructure.[411] The cam- tests over the next several weeks, with a consistent pat- paign’s headquarters were established in the New York tern through the year being that Sanders has done better City borough of Brooklyn.[412] Focuses of her campaign among younger, whiter, more rural, and more liberal vot- have included raising middle class incomes, establishing ers and in states that hold caucuses or where eligibility is universal preschool and making college more affordable, open to independents, while Clinton does better among and improving the Affordable Care Act.[413][414] Initially older and more diverse voter populations and in states that considered a prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic hold primaries or where eligibility is restricted to regis- nomination,[410] Clinton has faced an unexpectedly strong tered Democrats.[422][423][424] challenge from self-professed democratic socialist Sena- tor Bernie Sanders of Vermont, whose longtime stance against the influence of corporations and the wealthy in American politics has resonated with a dissatisfied citi- 10 Political positions zenry troubled by the effects of income inequality in the United States and which has contrasted with Clinton’s [414][415] Main article: Political positions of Hillary Clinton Wall Street ties. Several organizations have attempted to measure Clin- In the initial contest of the primaries season, Clinton only ton’s place on the political spectrum scientifically using very narrowly won the Iowa Democratic caucuses, held her Senate votes. National Journal's 2004 study of roll- February 1, over an increasingly popular Sanders,[416][417] call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the polit- making her the first woman to win the Iowa caucuses.[416] ical spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with In the first primary, held in New Hampshire on February a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most 9, she lost to Sanders by a wide margin.[418] Sanders was conservative.[425] National Journal's subsequent rankings 20 11 WRITINGS AND RECORDINGS

considered her a moderate, and 9 percent considered her a conservative.[433]

11 Writings and recordings

Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign logo.

placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.[426] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton Uni- versity and Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator.[427] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign. Averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Total average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.[nb 16] Organizations have also attempted to give newer assessments of Clinton once she reentered elective politics in Clinton in February 2011 2015. Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues characterizes her as a “Left Lib- See also: List of books by or about Hillary Rodham eral” on a two-dimensional grid of social and economic Clinton ideologies.[428] Crowdpac, which does a data aggrega- tion of campaign contributions, votes, and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a [429] weekly syndicated newspaper column titled “Talking It from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative). [434] Political Compass, which seeks to portray ideological as- Over” from 1995 to 2000. It focused on her experi- sessments broader in scope than how U.S. politics is usu- ences and those of women, children, and families she met during her travels around the world.[2] ally framed, scores Clinton’s political positions on a two- dimensional grid as +7.0 right on an economic policy In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of scale of −10 left to +10 right and +4.0 authoritarian on a America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other social/foreign policy scale of −10 libertarian to +10 au- Lessons Children Teach Us. The book made the Best thoritarian, as of the 2016 presidential election cycle.[430] Seller list of The New York Times and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 Interest groups also gave Clinton scores based on how [435] well her Senate votes aligned with the positions of the for the book’s audio recording. group. Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 Other books published by Clinton when she was ﬁrst lady percent “Liberal Quotient” from Americans for Demo- include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids’ Letters to the First cratic Action,[431] and a lifetime 8 percent rating from the Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home American Conservative Union.[432] with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to [436] In a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54 percent the children’s book Beatrice’s Goat. of respondents considered Clinton a liberal, 30 percent In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, 21

Living History, for which publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.[437] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[438] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[439] and was trans- lated into twelve foreign languages.[440] Clinton’s audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[441] In 2014, Clinton published a second memoir, Hard Choices, which focused on her time as Secretary of State. It has sold about 250,000 copies.[442]

Clinton worked at Rose Law Firm for ﬁfteen years. Her professional career and political involvement set the stage for public 12 Cultural and political image reaction to her as ﬁrst lady.

Over ninety books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Rodham Clinton, from many perspec- wards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive tives. A 2006 survey by The New York Observer found “a or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of re- virtual cottage industry” of “anti-Clinton literature”,[443] spondents feeling ambivalent or neutral”.[451] University put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative of California, San Diego political science professor Gary imprints,[443] with titles such as Madame Hillary: The Jacobson's 2006 study of partisan polarization found that Dark Road to the White House, Hillary’s Scheme: In- in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the side the Next Clinton’s Ruthless Agenda to Take the White state’s senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be difference of any senator, with a 50 percentage point dif- the Next President of the United States Unless .... Books ference in approval between New York’s Democrats and praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well[443] (other than Republicans.[452] the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she Northern Illinois University political science professor ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups Barbara Burrell’s 2000 study found that Clinton’s Gallup such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Commit- poll favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan tee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to op- [444] lines throughout her time as first lady, with 70 to 90 pose her. Van Natta, Jr., found that Republican and percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" [453] [445] while only 20 to 40 percent of Republicans did. to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted University of Wisconsin–Madison political science pro- Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal [445] fessor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich. She has been the versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and subject of many satirical impressions on Saturday Night found that there was more variation in them during her Live, beginning with her time as first lady, and has made first lady years than her Senate years.[454] The Senate guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in [446][447] years showed favorable ratings around 50 percent and un- 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers. favorable ratings in the mid-40 percent range; Franklin Hillary Clinton has been featured in the media and popu- noted that, “This sharp split is, of course, one of the lar culture from a wide spectrum of varying perspectives. more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton’s public In 1995, writer Todd Purdum of The New York Times image.”[454] McGill University professor of history Gil characterized Clinton as a Rorschach test,[448] an assess- Troy titled his 2006 biography of her Hillary Rodham ment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Clinton: Polarizing First Lady, and wrote that after the Betty Friedan, who said, “Coverage of Hillary Clinton is 1992 campaign, Clinton “was a polarizing figure, with 42 a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their val- our society.”[449] ues and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41 percent [455] Clinton has often been described in the popular media disagreeing.” Troy further wrote that Hillary Clin- as a polarizing figure, with some arguing otherwise.[450] ton “has been uniquely controversial and contradictory James Madison University political science professor Va- since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992”[456] and that she “has alternately fascinated, bedev- lerie Sulfaro’s 2007 study used the American National [456] Election Studies' “feeling thermometer” polls, which iled, bewitched, and appalled Americans.” measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to Burrell’s study found women consistently rating Clinton find that such polls during Clinton’s first lady years con- more favorably than men by about ten percentage points firm the “conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a during her first lady years.[453] Jacobson’s study found polarizing figure”, with the added insight that “affect to- a positive correlation across all senators between being 22 12 CULTURAL AND POLITICAL IMAGE

Clinton in 2009 Hillary Rodham Clinton’s Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 1992–2016.[457] The ratings show her as a controversial first lady whose ratings hit a low following the Hillarycare failure “Hate Her”,[462] while Mother Jones titled its profile of and a high following the Lewinsky scandal. Opinion about her her “Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary”.[463] Democratic was closely divided during her 2000 Senate campaign, mildly netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in positive during her time as a senator, and then closely divided [464] again during her 2008 presidential campaign. As secretary of polls of their desired candidates, while some con- state, she enjoyed widespread approval, before dipping as her servative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher tenure ended and more so as she became viewed as a presidential Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not candidate again.[458] so bad after all.[465][466] An October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled “The Waning Power of Hillary Hate”.[467] By December 2007, com- women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.[452] munications professor Jamieson observed that there was Colorado State University communication studies profes- a large amount of misogyny present about Clinton on sor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the first lady po- the Internet,[468] up to and including Facebook and other sition as a “site” for American womanhood, one ready sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.[459] humiliation.[468] She noted, in response to widespread In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural comments on Clinton’s laugh,[469] that “We know that bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohi- there’s language to condemn female speech that doesn't bition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, exist for male speech. We call women’s speech shrill and the first lady position had become a site of heterogene- strident. And Hillary Clinton’s laugh was being described ity and paradox.[459] Burrell, as well as biographers Jeff as a cackle.”[468] The “bitch” epithet, which had been ap- Gerth and Don Van Natta, Jr., note that Clinton achieved plied to Clinton going back to her first lady days and had her highest approval ratings as first lady late in 1998, not been seen by Karrin Vasby Anderson as a tool of con- for professional or political achievements of her own, but tainment against women in American politics,[470] flour- for being seen as the victim of her husband’s very pub- ished during the campaign, especially on the Internet but lic infidelity.[208][453] University of Pennsylvania commu- via conventional media as well.[471] Following Clinton’s nications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary “choked up moment” and related incidents in the run- Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both able to live in a “both-and” world of both career and The New York Times and Newsweek found that discus- family, nevertheless “became a surrogate on whom we sion of gender’s role in the campaign had moved into the projected our attitudes about attributes once thought in- national political discourse.[472][473] Newsweek editor Jon compatible”, leading to her being placed in a variety of Meacham summed the relationship between Clinton and no-win situations.[449] Quinnipiac University media stud- the American public by saying that the New Hampshire ies professor Lisa Burns found press accounts frequently events “brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rod- framing Clinton both as an exemplar of the modern pro- ham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle fessional working mother and as a political interloper in- of national life for decades ... she is one of the most terested in usurping power for herself.[460] University of recognizable but least understood figures in American Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found politics.”[473] political cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes – such Once she became Secretary of State, Clinton’s im- as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and age seemed to improve dramatically among the Amer- the wife the husband wants to get rid of – to portray [461] ican public and become one of a respected world Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms. figure.[328][474] She gained consistently high approval Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign ratings (by 2011, the highest of her career except for 2008, a Time magazine cover showed a large pic- during the Lewinsky scandal),[475] and her favorable- ture of her, with two checkboxes labeled “Love Her”, unfavorable ratings during 2010 and 2011 were the high- 23

using “Hillary Rodham Clinton” in work she did as first lady of the state.[70] Once she became First Lady of the United States in 1993, she publicly stated that she wanted to be known as “Hillary Rodham Clinton”.[95] (This announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof Hot Shots! Part Deux, in which all the female characters were given the middle name “Rodham"; see IMDB entry.) She has authored all of her books under that name. She continued to use that name on her website and elsewhere once she was a U.S. senator.[97] When she ran for president during 2007–08, she used the name “Hillary Clinton” or just “Hillary” in campaign materials.[97] She used “Hillary Rodham Clinton” again in official materials as Secretary of State.[98] As of the 2015 launch of her second presiden- Clinton in 2015 tial campaign, she again switched to using “Hillary Clin- ton” in campaign materials;[98] in November 2015 both the Associated Press and The New York Times noted that they est of any active, nationally prominent American polit- [474][476] would no longer use “Rodham” in referring to Clinton, ical figure. A 2012 Internet meme, “Texts from with the Times stating that “the Clinton campaign con- Hillary”, was based around a photograph of Clinton sit- firmed ... that Mrs. Clinton prefers to be simply, 'Hillary ting on a military plane wearing sunglasses and using a Clinton'".[99] mobile phone and imagined the recipients and contents of her text messages. It achieved viral popularity among [2] In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her younger, technically adept followers of politics.[477] Clin- after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the less- ton sought to explain her popularity by saying in early common “two L’s” spelling of her name. However, the 2012, “There’s a certain consistency to who I am and Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than what I do, and I think people have finally said, 'Well, five years after she was born. In October 2006, a Clinton [328] you know, I kinda get her now.'" She continued to do spokeswoman said she was not named after the mountain well in Gallup’s most admired man and woman poll and in climber. Instead, this account of her name’s origin “was a 2015 she was named the most admired woman by Amer- sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness icans for a record fourteenth straight time and twentieth in her daughter, to great results I might add.”[1] time overall.[478] Her favorability ratings dropped, how- [3] Research by The New York Sun in 2007 found it unclear ever, after she left office and began to be viewed in the [479] exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham context of partisan politics again, and by September worked on at the Treuhaft firm.[45] Anti-Clinton writers 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton beset by continued reports regarding her private email us- with never repudiating Treuhaft’s ideology, and for retain- age at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to ing social and political ties with his wife and fellow com- the some of her lowest levels ever.[480] munist Jessica Mitford.[46] Further Sun research revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case.[47]

13 Electoral history [4] For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as Main article: Electoral history of Hillary Rodham chair ended. Primary sources indicate that sometime between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham Clinton was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See De- partments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1981, "House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Depart- 14 Notes ments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Re- lated Agencies Appropriations", U.S. House of Represen- tatives, 1980. Rodham is still chair after having given [1] As of 1993, she had not legally changed her name from birth “a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on [95] Hillary Rodham. Bill Clinton’s advisers thought her February 27, 1980. And see Background release, Legal use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his Services Corporation, September 1980, "Hearings Before 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the follow- the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Ad- ing winter, Vernon Jordan, Jr. suggested to Hillary Rod- ministration of Justice, of the Committee of the Judiciary, ham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began House of Representatives", September 21, 27, 1979, pp. to do so publicly with her husband’s February 1982 cam- 388–403, exact reference p. 398, which shows McCalpin paign announcement to regain that oﬃce. She later wrote as chair in September 1980. that “I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously oﬀended by the fact that I kept my maiden [5] Clinton said in the joint 60 Minutes interview, “I'm not name”.[96] Once he was elected again, she made a point of sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' 24 14 NOTES

like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him its at the time but that she felt it would not succeed and and I respect him, and I honor what he’s been through and that U.S. casualties would be too high, and that sometime what we've been through together.” The seemingly sneer- during 2008 she told him he had been right and it really ing reference to country music provoked immediate crit- did work.[245] In 2014, Secretary of Defense Gates related icism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy that after Clinton had left the Senate and become Secre- Wynette herself did not like the remark because “Stand by tary of State, she told President Obama that her opposition Your Man” is not written in the first person.[124] Wynette to the 2007 Iraq surge had been political, due to her facing added that Clinton had “offended every true country mu- a strong challenge from the anti-Iraq War Obama in the sic fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' upcoming Democratic presidential primary. Gates also with no one to take them to a White House.”[125] A few quotes Clinton as saying, “The Iraq surge worked.”[260] days later, on Primetime Live, Hillary Clinton apologized Clinton responded that Gates had misinterpreted her re- to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been mark regarding the reason for her opposition.[245] careless in her choice of words and that “the fallout from [10] When asked for her reaction to an Obama remark about my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant – as it de- the possibility that his campaign represented false hope, served to be – and brutal.”[126] The two women later re- Clinton responded: “I would point to the fact that Dr. solved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clin- King’s dream began to be realized when President John- ton fund raiser. son passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was [6] Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, able to get through Congress something that President Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had avoided possible conflicts of interest between her gover- not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. nor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when That dream became a reality, the power of that dream she remarked, “I've done the best I can to lead my life became real in people’s lives because we had a presi- ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and dent who said we are going to do it, and actually got it baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was accomplished.”[283] fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband [11] “2008 Democratic Popular Vote”. RealClearPolitics. Re- was in public life.”[127] The “cookies and teas” part of this trieved July 8, 2008. The popular vote count for a nomina- statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of tion process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining Clinton’s apparent distaste for women who had chosen to the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals liability.[128] Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie and thus having to be estimated. It is further difficult to recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write compare Clinton and Obama’s totals, due to only her name of her chagrin: “Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.[295] baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!"[127] [12] These efforts were not immediately rewarded, largely due [7] The Eleanor Roosevelt “discussions” were first reported to the unpopularity of drone attacks in Pakistan and other in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they anti-terrorism U.S. actions. Polls in Pakistan and other had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton’s time as first Muslim countries showed approval of the U.S. declined [139] lady. Following the Democrats’ loss of congressional among its citizens between 2009 and 2012 and confidence control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the that Clinton was doing the right thing in world affairs was services of Human Potential Movement proponent Jean also low. The confidence ratings for Clinton were high in Houston. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roo- most European countries and generally mixed in the BRIC sevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were countries.[325] used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roo- [13] While generally experiencing good health in her life, Clin- sevelt. The White House stated that this was merely ton had previously had a potentially serious blood clot a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indi- in her knee while first lady in 1998, for which she had [363] cated that most of the public believed these were in- required anticoagulant treatment. An elbow fracture deed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder be- and subsequent painful recuperation had caused Clinton [364] lieving that communication with the dead was actually to miss two foreign trips as Secretary of State in 2009. possible.[140] In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an The 2012 concussion and clot episode caused Clinton to entire chapter “Conversations with Eleanor”, and stated postpone her congressional testimony on the Benghazi at- that holding “imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful tack and also to miss any foreign trips planned for the [361] mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you rest of her tenure. After returning to public activity, choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt she wore special glasses (rather than her usual contact was ideal.”[141] lenses) for two months to deal with lingering effects of the concussion.[362][365] She remained on anticoagulant medi- [8] Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its cation as a precaution.[362] funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr’s connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to [14] Clinton’s 112 countries visited broke Madeleine Albright's [373] Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and previous mark of 96. Clinton’s sum of 956,733 air others.[204] miles traveled, however, fell short of Condoleezza Rice's record for mileage.[372] That total, 1,059,207, was bol- [9] General Jack Keane, one of the architects of the surge, stered late in Rice’s tenure by repeated trips to the Middle later related that he tried to convince Clinton of its mer- East.[374] 25

[15] During Clinton’s tenure there were several cases where [15] Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 19. foreign governments continued making donations to the Clinton Foundation at the same level they had before [16] Middendorf, J. William (2006). Glorious Disaster: Barry Clinton became secretary, which was permissible under Goldwater’s Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the agreement forged before she took oﬃce, and also the Conservative Movement. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465- one instance of a new donation, $500,000 from Alge- 04573-1. p. 266. ria for earthquake relief in Haiti, that was outside the bounds of the continuation provision and should have re- [17] Troy 2006, p. 15; Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 18– ceived a special State Department ethics review but did 21; Bernstein 2007, pp. 34–36. The teacher, Paul Carl- not.[404] The foundation’s new stance as of April 2015 son, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conﬂict in and Clinton’s presidential candidacy was to accept for- Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that as “an early indi- eign donations only from the governments of Australia, cation of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the developed across America in the [next] forty years” (Clin- United Kingdom.[405] ton 2003, p. 23). Several dates have been published for the King speech she witnessed, but for April 15, 1962, as [16] See Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Al- the most likely, see Dobbs, Michael (December 31, 2007). manac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126. “Hillary and Martin Luther King Jr.”. The Washington And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individ- Post. ual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), [18] Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 29, 1992). “Hillary Rod- Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic ham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average 1992”. Wellesley College. Retrieved June 1, 2007. = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), [19] Clinton 2003, p. 31. Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average [20] “Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose”. = 68 (28). Wellesley College. May 16, 2007. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2007. Gives organization’s prior name. 15 References [21] Milton, Joyce (1999). The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688- [1] “Hillary vs. Hillary”. Snopes.com. October 26, 2006. 15501-4. pp. 27–28 [2] “Hillary Rodham Clinton”. The White House. Retrieved [22] Brock 1996, pp. 12–13. August 22, 2006. [23] Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this [3] O'Laughlin, Dania (Summer 2003). “Edgewater Hospi- combination was possible and that no equation better de- tal 1929–2001”. Edgewater Historical Society. Retrieved scribes the adult Hillary Clinton. June 10, 2007.

[4] Bernstein 2007, pp. 18, 34. [24] Kenney, Charles (January 12, 1993). “Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White [5] Roberts, Gary Boyd. “Notes on the Ancestry of Sena- House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69”. The tor Hillary Rodham Clinton”. New England Historic Ge- Boston Globe. nealogical Society. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012. [25] Bernstein 2007, pp. 42–46; Troy 2006, pp. 18–19.

[6] Bernstein 2007, pp. 17–18. [26] Leibovich, Mark (September 7, 2007). “In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice”. The New York Times. [7] Smolenyak, Megan (April–May 2015). “Hillary Clinton’s Celtic Roots”. Irish America. [27] Rodham, Hillary (May 31, 1969). “Hillary D. Rodham’s 1969 Student Commencement Speech”. Wellesley Col- [8] Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Repub- lege. Retrieved August 22, 2006. lican, while her mother kept quiet but was “basically a Democrat”. See also Bernstein 2007, p. 16. [28] Bernstein 2007, pp. 53–54.

[9] Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 14. [29] Dedman, Bill (May 9, 2007). “Reading Hillary Rodham’s hidden thesis”. MSNBC. [10] Morris 1996, p. 113. [30] Cooper, Helene. “Hillary Rodham Clinton”. The New [11] Bernstein 2007, p. 29. York Times. Archived from the original on April 28, 2008. [12] Bernstein 2007, pp. 30–31. Retrieved April 13, 2008.

[13] Maraniss 1995, p. 255. She was also voted “most likely [31] Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 34–36. to succeed”. [32] “Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate”. Fitchburg Sen- [14] Bernstein 2007, p. 13. tinel. June 2, 1969. 26 15 REFERENCES

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[473] Meacham, Jon (January 21, 2008). “Letting Hillary Be Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Hillary”. Newsweek. Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2224-5. [474] Torregrossa, Luisita Lopez (October 12, 2010). “Hillary Clinton Leads the Pack in Bloomberg Popularity Poll”. Gerth, Jeﬀ; Van Natta, Don, Jr. Politics Daily. Archived from the original on 2010-10-14. (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clin- [475] Saad, Lydia (March 30, 2011). “Hillary Clinton Favor- ton. New York: Little, Brown and able Near Her All-Time High”. Gallup Organization. Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6. Ghattas, Kim (2013). The Secre- [476] Bailey, Holly (September 16, 2011). “Poll: A third of tary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton Americans believe Clinton would've been a better president”. Yahoo! News. from Beirut to the Heart of Amer- ican Power. New York: Times [477] Allen and Parnes 2014, pp. 257–259; Ghattas 2013, Books. ISBN 0-8050-9511-X. plates following p. 150. Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama [478] “Clinton Most Admired Woman for Record 20th Time” and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, (Press release). Gallup Organization. December 28, and the Race of a Lifetime. New 2015. York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06- [479] “Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Extend Run as Most Ad- 173363-6. mired” (Press release). Gallup Organization. December Hudson, Valerie M.; Leidl, Patricia 29, 2014. (2015). The Hillary Doctrine: Sex & American Foreign Policy. New [480] Dugan, Andrew; McCarthy, Justin (September 4, 2015). York: Columbia University Press. “Hillary Clinton’s Favorable Rating One of Her Worst”. ISBN 0-231-16492-0. Gallup Organization. Kornblut, Anne E. (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary 15.1 Cited bibliography Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. Allen, Jonathan; Parnes, Amie New York: Crown Books. ISBN 0- (2014). HRC: State Secrets and the 307-46425-3. Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. New Maraniss, David (1995). First in York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0- His Class: A Biography of Bill Clin- 8041-3675-0. ton. New York: Simon & Schuster. Balz, Dan; Johnson, Haynes ISBN 0-671-87109-9. (2009). The Battle for America, Morris, Roger (1996). Partners 2008: The Story of an Extraordi- in Power: The Clintons and Their nary Election. New York: Viking America. New York: Henry Holt. Penguin. ISBN 0-670-02111-3. ISBN 0-8050-2804-8. Bernstein, Carl (2007). A Woman Olson, Barbara (1999). Hell in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rod- to Pay: The Unfolding Story of ham Clinton. New York: Alfred A. Hillary Rodham Clinton. Washing- Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40766-9. ton: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0- Brock, David (1996). The Se- 89526-197-9. duction of Hillary Rodham. New Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham York: The Free Press. ISBN 0- Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. 684-83451-0. Lawrence, Kansas: University Brower, Kate Andersen (2015). Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006- The Residence: Inside the Private 1488-5. World of The White House. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-06-230519- 0. 16 External links Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Fram- Oﬃcial ing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois Univer- sity Press. ISBN 0-87580-391-1. • Campaign website 37

• Former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton: 2009 to 2013 – Department of State • White House biography of former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton •

• United States Congress. “Hillary Clinton (id: C001041)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Organizations

• Clinton Foundation

Media coverage

• Hillary Rodham Clinton collected news and com- mentary at The New York Times

• Appearances on C-SPAN

Other

• Hillary Rodham Clinton at DMOZ

• Oﬃcial Presidential Launch Speech (45:40) – (June 13, 2015; Roosevelt Island, NYC, NY). on YouTube 38 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

17.1 Text

• Hillary Clinton Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton?oldid=718693898 Contributors: Paul Drye, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Koyaanis Qatsi, Malcolm Farmer, Ed Poor, Shsilver, Arvindn, Kurt Jans- son, Zoe, Montrealais, Stevertigo, Jpcarver, Frecklefoot, Bdesham, Michael Hardy, Erik Zachte, Zashaw, Fred Bauder, Dante Alighieri, Menchi, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Eurleif, 172, IZAK, Shoaler, Skysmith, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Radicalsubversiv, Ronabop, Ahoerstemeier, Cribcage, Stan Shebs, Susan Mason, Notheruser, Angela, Ugen64, Vzbs34, Nikai, Andres, Cimon Avaro, Jiang, Evercat, Cherkash, James- Reyes, Mxn, Conti, Jengod, Redjar, Smith03, Nohat, RickK, Choster, Tedius Zanarukando, Colipon, Savantpol, Fuzheado, Phr, Jogloran, WhisperToMe, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Markhurd, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Nv8200pa, Populus, Paul-L~enwiki, Thue, Christopher Sun- dita, Nickshanks, Piha, BuddhaInside, Wiwaxia, Fvw, Bcorr, Proteus, Johnleemk, Pollinator, 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Anthony, Curpsbot-unicodify, Staxringold, 8bitJake, Gesslein, Johnpseudo, GrEp, Katieh5584, Kungfuadam, Arkon, RG2, Doom127, NeilN, Maxamegalon2000, Kranar drogin, Paul Erik, Philip Stevens, Williamjacobs, Melystu, Amberrock, Daveman 84, DVD R W, Finell, robot, West Virginian, Luk, Whistleblower, Harthacnut, DocendoDiscimus, JerryOrr, Sardanaphalus, Vanka5, Crystal- lina, KnightRider~enwiki, FleetAdmiralJ, Scolaire, SmackBot, Amcbride, WilliamThweatt, YellowMonkey, Barrakketh, Marcusscotus1, Martinmeyer, Cassandro, Ashenai, Unschool, Classicfilms, Bobet, Impaciente, Vic Troy, RayBaxter, KnowledgeOfSelf, Martinp, Lambe- jim, Mephisto4~enwiki, Loudes13, Kimon, Gnangarra, Pgk, BenBurch, Frasor, Rrius, Stephensuleeman, Nineteen84, Nawsum526, Brick Thrower, Zyxw, Anastrophe, Delldot, Cla68, Coppro, Jcbarr, Polon, CapitalSasha, Jimhuffman, Mtmdem, Kelw, Stevegallery, HalfShadow, Zjhafeez, Aoratos, MediaMangler, Bugs5382, Gaff, Daddyjimsf, Xaosflux, Yamaguchi, Kudzu1, Aksi great, Mifren, Gilliam, Donama, 17.1 Text 39

Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Ennorehling, ERcheck, A1sdf, Kmarinas86, Flexxx, JudithSouth, Amatulic, Chris the speller, Mossman93, Master Jay, Bluebot, Keegan, Josh215, Thurifer, SlimJim, Persian Poet Gal, Northern, Autarkh, Liamdaly620, PrimeHunter, EncMstr, Miquon- ranger03, Fluri, Silly rabbit, Apeloverage, SchfiftyThree, BrendelSignature, Roms85, Renamed user Sloane, The Rogue Penguin, Ma- jorZero01, PureRED, Schi, Dorkmo, Whispering, Kungming2, Quackslikeaduck, Peachlette, DHN-bot~enwiki, Soundoftoday, Darth Panda, Firetrap9254, Rlevse, Verrai, Charles-Thomas, Emurphy42, GoodDay, Zsinj, Tonyodysseus, Dethme0w, Muboshgu, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Grusl, Jahiegel, Ignatius09, Johnnyallen, Professor Von Pie, New Wow!, Cripipper, Sampath s, Rethinker, Lazar Taxon, Onorem, Vanished User 0001, Jennica, KaiserbBot, Nixeagle, ZachPruckowski, Paddyohale, Geoffrey Gibson, Uzawaung, Nima Baghaei, Darthgriz98, Yidisheryid, SpinyNorman, TheKMan, EvelinaB, Morton devonshire, Dradamh, Worrydream, Mdjc17815, Chcknwnm, Elendil’s Heir, Thrane, The tooth, Georgeccampbell, Stevenmitchell, Abrahami, Mr Beale, Khoikhoi, Dharmabum420, Jmlk17, Brainhell, BIL, Krich, The Moving Finger Writes, Auno3, Midnight12, Victor Greenstreet, Vincent shooter, Tdbgamer, Rtt470, Downtown dan seat- tle, Daqu, Kanehdian, NorseOdin, Nakon, Nfleming, TGoodman, Fish114, Robapalooza, EVula, Shamir1, Fgleb, Batman2005, Wikophile, Dcamp314, Calbear22, Redsox7897, Henrynw, Crd721, Wisco, Dzskat, Peteforsyth, Gotribe65, Wizardman, Voterrightsparty, Ultraex- actzz, Kendrick7, Ericl, Jim16, Acdx, Attucks, Rodrigogomespaixao, DDima, Bidabadi~enwiki, Kristinaanderson, Curly Turkey, Deiz, Pilotguy, Wikipedical, Kukini, Isotopephd, Skinnyweed, Vidioman, Will Beback, Kabrewskee, Wikipediastar, Tmchk, Nissanaltima232, LiamInCa, Dbackeberg, Thesmothete, ArglebargleIV, Technocratic, Rory096, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Gloriamarie, BrownHairedGirl, Alakey2010, Srikeit, Nrafter530, Kuru, Khazar, John, The idiot, Coricus, EricBarker, AmiDaniel, Demicx, Euchiasmus, UberCryxic, Loodog, Gobonobo, CPMcE, Smokytopaz, Soumyasch, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Guat6, GCW50, JoshuaZ, Edwy, Merchbow, Rogsheng, Tlesher, Scetoaux, Teddygoff, Tymothy, Syrcatbot, ScoPI, Bluewind, Anand Karia, 041744, Tfmurphhk, The Man in Ques- tion, Omnedon, Kevanbd, J Crow, Old Soldier, Astuishin, Mrfeek, HeyNow10029, Timmeh, Special-T, Werdan7, Thalia42, Potatoe, George The Dragon, Mason1024, SimonATL, Dre-z, Skishoo2, Sooc2nd, Publicus, Peterbr~enwiki, Joethehacker922, Meco, Waggers, Clq, SandyGeorgia, Dhp1080, Jayzel68, Shella, Unclesmrgol, Potable potables, Irn, AEMoreira042281, Pseudoanonymous, Turdfurgison, Daviddaniel37, Pilipala9, Darry2385, Sbier, Bhavan Patel, Brentj84062, Sifaka, Cyril Washbrook, Amitch, Jnk, Mmurphy9, Kevin W., Politepunk, ThuranX, Levineps, Freedom Fries, Aviansflu, OnBeyondZebrax, Nonexistant User, G1076, Fan-1967, Iridescent, Zootsuits, Omizzle77, Nosimplehiway, Lodoss, Black Eagle~enwiki, Missionary, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joe Goodal, Pavithran, Shoeofdeath, Bosox798, Virginia Blogger, TwoPoodles, EdRooney, Yenhsrav Keviv, Cbrown1023, Fsotrain09, Octane, Shoshonna, Sam Li, Capi- talR, Haroldandkumar, Sammyd487, Mbenzdabest, Humanperson0, Ohmyn0, Courcelles, Rdavidmartin, Frank Lofaro Jr., Tawkerbot2, Rm1854, Csmaster, Ouishoebean, Junkyardtillie, Prophaniti, Nquotes, Rubilacx, Timrem, Aristotle1990, Orangutan, Eastlaw, CalebNoble, Fvasconcellos, Ceran, Bluethundershark, Golich17, JForget, Cg-realms, InvisibleK, Anthony22, Unsuspected, Allgamenab, Pumpkingrrl, Greengorillaz, Wafulz, Prez-david, 1.618033989, Jrneumann, Valereee, Greenflea3000, N3X15, User92361, Plbogen, MFlet1, CWY2190, Basawala, Loki702, Dougludlow, Kylu, TogetherinParis, Dgw, Smr16, Green caterpillar, Mak Thorpe, Msavidge, Eaglecorpse, Daniel- Rigal, Argon233, Nedlur, DNG5383, Msawyer91, SEJohnston, FlyingToaster, HillaryClinton, Edjsage, Avillia, Casper2k3, Yopienso, Oden, Jasper23, RoddyYoung, TalkAbout, Ylloho, Pewwer42, Jets333, Spewin, Kribbeh, Mapletip, Vanished user qooikehnfikwind3, User6985, Macfrugal, Cydebot, Wikien2009, Karimarie, Timeshift9, Common appeal, Jakeadger, JackWilliams, Mousy~enwiki, Lapiner- zlouzyk, AniMate, Kanags, Kevinp2, Never Cry Wolf, Reywas92, Polyorchid, Steve Gertz, Lincolnbartlett, Bddmagic, Treybien, Cloned- Pickle, Jazzmatazz~enwiki, Dominicanpapi82, Steel, Brillig20, Wgbc2032, Jack O'Lantern, Bluedevil04, Karwynn, Gogo Dodo, Antho- nyhcole, JFreeman, Uglymoog, Llort, Daniel J. 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17.2 Images • File:2008_Democratic_Primaries_Popular_Vote.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/2008_ Democratic_Primaries_Popular_Vote.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • 2008_Democratic_Primaries_Popular_Vote.png Original artist: • derivative work: AMK1211 (talk) • File:Bill_Clinton.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: This Image was released by the United States Armed Forces with the ID DD-SC-93-04622 (next). This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Bob McNeely, The White House [#cite_note-1 [1]] • File:ClintonSenate.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/ClintonSenate.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/pubpaps/2000portv3.html Original artist: Unknown • File:Clinton_talking_with_Suu_Kyi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Clinton_talking_with_Suu_ Kyi.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: State.gov (link Original artist: State Department photo by William Ng / Dec 01, 2011 • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_091203-N-0696M-239.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Defense. gov_photo_essay_091203-N-0696M-239.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: 42 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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