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Review of Advancement in Variable Valve Actuation of Internal Combustion Engines
applied sciences Review Review of Advancement in Variable Valve Actuation of Internal Combustion Engines Zheng Lou 1,* and Guoming Zhu 2 1 LGD Technology, LLC, 11200 Fellows Creek Drive, Plymouth, MI 48170, USA 2 Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 22 January 2020; Published: 11 February 2020 Abstract: The increasing concerns of air pollution and energy usage led to the electrification of the vehicle powertrain system in recent years. On the other hand, internal combustion engines were the dominant vehicle power source for more than a century, and they will continue to be used in most vehicles for decades to come; thus, it is necessary to employ advanced technologies to replace traditional mechanical systems with mechatronic systems to meet the ever-increasing demand of continuously improving engine efficiency with reduced emissions, where engine intake and the exhaust valve system represent key subsystems that affect the engine combustion efficiency and emissions. This paper reviews variable engine valve systems, including hydraulic and electrical variable valve timing systems, hydraulic multistep lift systems, continuously variable lift and timing valve systems, lost-motion systems, and electro-magnetic, electro-hydraulic, and electro-pneumatic variable valve actuation systems. Keywords: engine valve systems; continuously variable valve systems; engine valve system control; combustion optimization 1. Introduction With growing concerns on energy security and global warming, there are global efforts to develop more efficient vehicles with lower regulated emissions, including hybrid electrical vehicles, electrical vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. Hybrid electrical vehicles became a significant part of vehicle production because of their overall efficiency, and they still pose a significant cost penalty, resulting in a stagnant market penetration of 3.2% and 2.7% in 2013 and 2018, respectively, in the United States (US), for example [1]. -
Alfa Romeo License Plate Frame
Alfa Romeo License Plate Frame undershootingPropellent Kincaid his bailorsload glaringly. subtly and Is Jae erratically. corollary when Say lump fretfully? Vagile Kristian raping: he Get both of California while the curb still has wheels on it. Carbon Fiber License Plate Frames for Exotic Cars Exotic. Alfa Romeo Giulia License Plate Mount Adjustable. Universal fit very easy mounting application. Rosso Competizione colored Giulia Quadrifoglio. Buy Zhmyyxgs 4Pcs Chrome Metal Car License Plate Frame Bolt Screws Rust Resistant Screws License Plate Covers Frames Fasteners. We will take little to say a refund process. Another locauto story, ensure that they boast robust strength than other customers who have an appeal is a bolt up well in order has been used for. Free shipping in any reason, including rear bumper cover is working electrical system encrypts your. Carbon fiber parts carbon is required details in manchester are sure your. Buy QOMNHNDE License Plate Frame Screws for Alfa Romeo Frames FREE DELIVERY possible and eligible purchases. Qiilu gear shift knob protector co body parts for this is a review is a big brick of carbon fiber manufacturing of carbon fiber. We will distribute our best quality keep you informed throughout the survey via email. USC Welcome making The ring of MOMO. We use only visible part of our patented hardware are lightweight and bigger sizes available and fees. Terms and error has over the growth of frame, or a honk or check will save you within days of our financing tools sections to. Hanhe aero auto parts hood dark blue under our products please call for a full tank tops license plate frame attaches securely with us. -
2018 Annual Report
2018 ANNUAL REPORT 2018 ANNUAL REPORT AND FORM 20-F 2 2018 | ANNUAL REPORT 2018 | ANNUAL REPORT 3 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Emerging growth company If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. -
Head of Alfa Romeo Safe Harbor Statement
TIM KUNISKIS | HEAD OF ALFA ROMEO SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT This document and the related presentation contain forward-looking statements. In particular, to compliance with environmental, health and safety regulations; the intense level of these forward-looking statements include statements regarding future financial performance competition in the automotive industry, which may increase due to consolidation; exposure to and the Company‟s expectations as to the achievement of certain targeted metrics, including shortfalls in the funding of the Group‟s defined benefit pension plans; the Group‟s ability to net debt and net industrial debt, revenues, free cash flow, vehicle shipments, capital provide or arrange for access to adequate financing for the Group‟s dealers and retail investments, research and development costs and other expenses at any future date or for customers and associated risks related to the establishment and operations of financial any future period are forward-looking statements. These statements may include terms such services companies including capital required to be deployed to financial services; the as “may”, “will”, “expect”, “could”, “should”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “believe”, Group‟s ability to access funding to execute the Group‟s business plan and improve the “remain”, “on track”, “design”, “target”, “objective”, “goal”, “forecast”, “projection”, “outlook”, Group‟s business, financial condition and results of operations; a significant malfunction, “prospects”, “plan”, or similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future disruption or security breach compromising the Group‟s information technology systems or performance. Rather, they are based on the Group‟s current state of knowledge, future the electronic control systems contained in the Group‟s vehicles; the Group‟s ability to realize expectations and projections about future events and are by their nature, subject to inherent anticipated benefits from joint venture arrangements; the Group‟s ability to successfully risks and uncertainties. -
Alfa Nov18 Promo.Pdf
ALFA ROMEO MiTo 15’’ STEEL 16’’ STEEL 185/65 R15 88T 195/55 R16 87H 51951804 50529455 Ref inch Type TPMS Bridgestone Falken Pirelli 44 15’’ steel - € 610 € 560 € 535 44T 15’’ steel ✓ € 690 € 640 € 620 46 16’’ steel - € 855 € 735 - 46T 16’’ steel ✓ € 935 € 820 - Indicative price (including VAT, excluding installation costs and environmental tax) for a set of 4 winter tyres on original Mopar rims. Prices valid for winter 2018-2019, subject to possible printing errors or changes and 8 CATALOG WINTERKITS depending on available stocks in the authorized network. ALFA ROMEO Giulietta 16’’ STEEL 16’’ ALLOY 17’’ ALLOY 205/55 R16 91H 205/55 R16 91H 225/45 R17 94V 50529900 156093705 156095144 Ref inch Type TPMS Bridgestone Falken Pirelli 105 16’’ steel - € 750 € 700 - 98 16’’ alloy - € 1.080 € 1.030 - 104 17’’ alloy - € 1.555 € 1.425 € 1.520 Indicative price (including VAT, excluding installation costs and environmental tax) for a set of 4 winter tyres on original Mopar rims. Prices valid for winter 2018-2019, subject to possible printing errors or changes and depending on available stocks in the authorized network. 9 ALFA ROMEO Giulia 16’’ ALLOY 17’’ ALLOY (81) 17’’ ALLOY (80) 205/60 R16 96H 225/50 R17 94H 225/50 R17 94H 156114248 156120308 156113547 Ref inch Type TPMS Bridgestone Falken Firestone Pirelli 76 16’’ alloy ✓ € 1.475 € 1.410 - - 81 17’’ alloy ✓ € 1.635 - € 1.575 € 1.600 80 17’’ alloy ✓ € 1.790 - € 1.710 € 1.790 Indicative price (including VAT, excluding installation costs and environmental tax) for a set of 4 winter tyres on original Mopar rims. -
Alfa Romeo 2021 Giulia Brochure
MAKING ITS MARK 4 HISTORY 20 FEATURES 5 QUADRIFOGLIO 23 WHEELS 8 Q4 AWD 25 EXTERIOR COLOURS 9 ALFA DNA DRIVE 26 INTERIOR FABRICS MODE SELECTORS 30 INTERIOR TRIMS 10 PERFORMANCE 11 INTERIOR 13 TECHNOLOGY 15 SAFETY & SECURITY 18 CARBON PACKAGE 19 NERO EDIZIONE PACKAGE CONTENTS / 2 3 LOOKING FORWARD TO MAKE HISTORY The courage to reach further — it’s what sets this brand, its designers and its drivers apart. Racing still serves to prove and inspire Alfa Romeo design, long known to be geared for both track and street. It has produced a wide range of innovative vehicles that are now hailed as classics. From the 8C 2300 (which won the 1931 Le Mans) to the Giulia GTA (taking several 1960s European Touring Car Championship titles) to the Alfa Romeo 155 V6 Ti (an Italian Superturismo series champ in the 1990s), Alfa Romeo continues to push ahead in order to proudly look back. HISTORY / 4 DRIVING FORCES For well over a century, Alfa Romeo designers and engineers have built a legendary brand by achieving remarkable symmetry: their goals of creating heightened emotions and developing innovative technology are passionately pursued in equal measure. These defining principles inspire everything from our most powerful Formula 1 entries to today’s Giulia Quadrifoglio — all clocking in world-class performance laps on racing’s most challenging tracks. The main takeaway from the unique, driver-centric design of Alfa Romeo? A relentless intensity that transforms every road — and every passenger. Quadrifoglio shown in Rosso Competizione Tri-Coat. QUADRIFOGLIO / 5 2.9L TWIN-TURBOCHARGED V6 ENGINE 505 443 3.8 seconds 191 mph (307 km/h) horsepower lb-ft of torque between 0 – 60 mph top track speed 2,500 and 5,500 rpm (0 – 97 km/h) The historic Quadrifoglio emblem began with legendary Alfa Romeo driver, Ugo Sivocci. -
The Legend Returns Gran Turismo Alleggerita the History of a Legend
THE LEGEND RETURNS GRAN TURISMO ALLEGGERITA THE HISTORY OF A LEGEND It all began in 1965, with the presentation of the Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GTA. Steel turned into aluminium, glass windows and rear window into Based on the GT with bodywork by Bertone, launched two years earlier, the plexiglass, interiors stripped of everything superfluous... and weight GTA was inspired by two key ambitions: more power and, above all, less weight. passing from the Sprint GT’s 900kg to the GTA’s 745kg. The 1570 cc engine generated 115 HP, and a maximum speed of 185 Km/h. The Giulia GTA became one of the fastest and most successful cars on the racetracks. In 1968 Alfa Romeo decides to extend GTA options, also creating a lower displacement version. This led to the birth of the Giulia GTA 1300 Junior, derived from the GT 1300 Junior, sharing the same four- cylinder 1290 cc engine. It borrowed several sporting solutions from the GTA 1600, such as the double-barrel carburettor and twin-spark ignition. The GTA 1300 Junior experienced years of sporting triumphs at national and international levels, before concluding its competitive career in the mid-1970s. In 1970 the Giulia GTA project evolved still further, to respond to increasingly fierce competition and to continue winning the Tourism Championship. So Alfa Romeo created the Giulia GT Am, featuring a Spica indirect injection system. Roughly 40 exemplars of this fierce racing car were produced. Thanks to its aluminium doors, super lightweight interiors and a 2-litre engine delivering up to 240 HP, the Giulia GT Am dominated the 1971 European Tourism Championship, in addition to conquering numerous triumphs in Italy and worldwide. -
CANARB Alfaromeo Giuliabro
Page 1 A DRIVING PASSION FUELLED AT FINISH LINES Derived from the The influence of Enzo Ferrari Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 on the history and reputation prototype, the 6C 3000 Created during what is of the Alfa Romeo race Alfa Corse, the in-house CM Spider’s engine known as The Alfa Romeo program is legendary. He racing team for Alfa Romeo, capacity was increased to Glory Years, the Tipo 33 began as a test driver for Alfa, prepared four 8C 2900B 3,495 cc and produced a Stradale is a car collector’s The best of Italian design and soon became an official cars for the 1938 Mille top speed of 250 km/h. dream — often called the roared back to North The latest offering from driver and dealer. He then took Miglia. With Carrozzeria It was the winner of the most beautiful car of all time. American shores with the Alfa Romeo was created for charge of the entire racing Touring Superleggera 1st Gran Premio Its mid-engine, rear-wheel long-awaited introduction those who demand the highest program, establishing roadster bodies and Supercortemaggiore held design inspires to this day, of the Alfa Romeo 4C. level of performance and utility Scuderia Ferrari in Modena, magnificent Vittorio Jano in Merano in 1953 and including the just recently Its lightweight innovations in equal measure. Dreamers from where he and select 2900 engines, they continued came in second at the introduced Alfa Romeo 4C. helped create an awe- Milan, engineers from Modena inspiring power-to-weight It is a badge born 105 years ago technicians and mechanics a history of Alfa Romeo Mille Miglia that same With only 18 produced, the and artisans from Cassino ratio with thrilling capabilities. -
The Alfa Romeo Giulia Range
ADVANCED DRIVER THE INTRODUCING GIULIA GIULIA GIULIA GIULIA CONTACT HOME ASSISTANCE ALFA ROMEO THE GIULIA SPRINT VELOCE VELOCE Ti QUADRIFOGLIO ALFA ROMEO SYSTEMS RANGE Use the menu bar above to navigate through the guide. Click ESC to exit THE ALFA ROMEO GIULIA RANGE Products offered for sale may differ from those described or illustrated in this brochure due to later production changes in specifications, components or place of manufacture. The contents of this brochure are therefore to be treated as a representation of current product availability or as to products actually offered for sale. Alfa Romeo UK reserves the right to make changes at any time, without notice, to prices, colours, materials, equipment, specification and models and also to discontinue models. All details correct at date of publication, March 2021. Vehicle comparison data source: manufacturer information. For further information, please visit the Alfa Romeo Fleet Hub at www.fcafleethub.co.uk ADVANCED DRIVER THE INTRODUCING GIULIA GIULIA GIULIA GIULIA CONTACT HOME ASSISTANCE ALFA ROMEO THE GIULIA SPRINT VELOCE VELOCE Ti QUADRIFOGLIO ALFA ROMEO SYSTEMS RANGE Use the menu bar above to navigate through the guide. Click ESC to exit INTRODUCING THE ALFA ROMEO GIULIA Alfa Romeo has always taken a unique and original approach to its car design. Every The 2.0 litre petrol engine is turbocharged and built entirely in aluminium alloy, detail of the Alfa Romeo Giulia has been designed to deliver the best performance in offering an unprecedented balance of power without compromise on efficiency. the most efficient way, providing a fine balance between cutting-edge technology and It offers either 200hp or 280hp and drives through a smooth-shifting 8-speed ZF an emotive driving experience. -
Giulia GTA: the Return of an Alfa Romeo Legend
Contact: Ariel Gavilan Ron Kiino Giulia GTA: The Return of an Alfa Romeo Legend 110 years after its foundation, Alfa Romeo returns to its roots, bringing back one of the legends of its history and of motoring in general: Giulia GTA The new Giulia GTA is technically and conceptually inspired by the Giulia GTA of 1965: the “Gran Turismo Alleggerita” developed by Autodelta and based on the Giulia Sprint GT that racked up sporting successes worldwide Based on Giulia Quadrifoglio, Giulia GTA is fitted with a more powerful version of the Alfa Romeo 2.9 V-6 Bi- Turbo engine, now with 540 hp A GTAm (modified) variant is an extreme 100 percent “street legal” version of the GTA, characterized by two racing seats, roll bar and 6-point safety belts With its extensive use of ultra-light materials, GTA and GTAm benefit from a weight reduction of 220 lb compared to the Giulia Quadrifoglio, achieving a best-in-class weight/power ratio of 6.2 lb/hp Specific technical solutions have also been developed for aerodynamics, setup and handling Alfa Romeo will collect the declarations of interest on Giulia GTA and GTAm starting today, available in only 500 certified, numbered units in total. Lucky buyers will receive an exclusive customer experience, with one- to-one sales process and dedicated experience package March 2, 2020, Auburn Hills, Mich. - On June 24, Alfa Romeo will reach an important milestone in its remarkable history: 110 years in business. During that century-plus span, Alfa Romeo engineers and designers have relentlessly pursued innovation, while always remaining true to the brand’s DNA. -
Fiat | Chrysler
Release Specifics: Release date………………………..11 June 2018 Diagnostic application version……….04.00.18 Supported vehicles: VEHICLE ACRONYM MY ALFA ROMEO 4C QC 2013, 2018 ALFA ROMEO MITO MT Only 2008 ALFA ROMEO GIULIETTA GU Only 2011 FIAT PUNTO MY 2012 PE Only 2009 FIAT PUNTO EVO FIAT VIAGGIO CM Only 2012 FIAT QUBO FQ Only 2008 FIAT 500L CL Only 2012 FIAT PANDA NP Only 2012 FIAT FREEMONT JF 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 FIAT PROFESSIONAL FQ Only 2008 FIORINO FIAT OTTIMO OT Only 2014 ABARTH PUNTO MY 2012 PE Only 2009 ABARTH PUNTO EVO LANCIA NUOVA YPSILON NY Only 2011 LANCIA VOYAGER RT 2012, 2013, 2014 LANCIA THEMA LX 2012, 2013, 2014 LANCIA FLAVIA JS 2012, 2013 FIAT PROFESSIONAL DC Only 2014 DUCATO FL 2014 FIAT DOBLO’ DB 2008, 2015 FIAT DOBLO’ FL FIAT 500X FB 2015,2016, 2017,2018 FIAT 500X MCA FD 2019 FIAT 500L ( SASO ) BF 2014, 2015 FIAT CINQUECENTO CC Only 2007 FIAT AEGEA/TIPO PD 2015,2016,2017;2018,2019 ALFA ROMEO GIULIA GA 2015,2016,2017,2018,2019 FIAT SPIDER BA 2017,2018,2019 FIAT FULLBACK MM 2016,2017 FIAT TALENTO RE Only 2016 ALFA ROMEO STELVIO GU 2017,2018,2019 FIAT 500L MCA BG 2018,2019 Updateds: VEHICLE ENGINE SYSTEM FIAT PANDA 0.9 Twin Air ECM – added new iso code for E6D FIAT 500X T.T PAM - update DTC environment ECM - update DTC environment and routine FIAT 500 1.2 8V environment for E6D ECM - update DTC environment and routine FIAT PANDA 1.2 8V environment for E6D FIAT TALENTO 1.6 JTD ECM – “OWE Oil soot rate” data parameter fixed ALFA ROMEO STELVIO T.T AGSM – new iso code ALFA ROMEO GIULIA T.T AGSM – new iso code ALFA ROMEO STELVIO T.T -
2019 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio SPECIFICATIONS
OVERVIEW 2019 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio SPECIFICATIONS All dimensions are in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted. Information shown is correct at time of publication and is subject to change. GENERAL INFORMATION Vehicle Type Mid-size sedan, rear-wheel drive Assembly Plant Cassino Assembly Plant, Cassino, Italy EPA Vehicle Class Mid-size car BODY/CHASSIS Layout Longitudinal front engine, RWD Construction Unitized high-strength steel body Aluminum front and rear vehicle frames, front shock towers, brakes, suspension components, doors and fenders Composite rear cross member Carbon fiber driveshaft Carbon fiber roof and hood (Quadrifoglio exclusive) ENGINE: ALL-ALUMINUM 2.9-LITER TWIN-TURBOCHARGED V-6 505HP RWD Availability Giulia Quadrifoglio Type and Description V-6, 90-degree, direct injection Displacement 176.4 cu. in. (2,891 cm3) Bore x Stroke 3.40 x 3.23 (86.5 x 82.0) Valve System Chain-driven DOHC with intake and exhaust continuous camshaft phasing Four valves per cylinder roller finger actuated with hydraulic lash adjusters Mechanical cylinder deactivation on right bank Turbochargers Integrated IHI single-scroll turbo manifold with water charge air cooler Fuel Injection Gasoline direct-injection, side mounted Max injection pressure 2,900 psi Construction Cylinder head and cover: aluminum alloy with integrated cam carrier Crankcase: closed deck aluminum alloy with wet steel liner Bedplate: aluminum alloy with integrated blow-by control reed valves SPECIFICATIONS | 2019 ALFA ROMEO GIULIA http://media.fcanorthamerica.com | 1 OVERVIEW Crankshaft: super-finished forged nitride steel with single con-rod pin Piston: forged aluminum cooled with twin oil jets Compression Ratio 9.3:1 Power (SAE net) 505 hp (377 kW) @ 6,500 rpm (175 hp/liter) Torque (SAE net) 443 lb.-ft.