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Available online at AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi Website: http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 14(1), 2021, 29-41 STRUKTUR ANATOMI DAUN PHYLLANTHACEAE DI KABUPATEN BANGGAI KEPULAUAN ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF PHYLLANTHACEAE LEAF FROM BANGGAI KEPULAUAN Tri Yuni Indah Wulansari*, Asih Perwita Dewi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor km 46, Cibinong – Bogor 16911 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Naskah Diterima: 27 Januari 2020; Direvisi: 9 Juli 2020; Disetujui: 10 November 2020 Abstrak Pengenalan ciri makhluk hidup dalam praktik identifikasi sebagian besar menggunakan ciri morfologi. Ciri anatomi memperkuat ciri morfologi atau menyelesaikan permasalahan kerancuan identifikasi secara morfologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter anatomi daun pada 11 spesies famili Phyllanthaceae yang ditemukan di wilayah eksplorasi Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pembuatan preparat paradermal dan transversal helai dan tangkai daun. Karakter yang diamati pada setiap preparat adalah karakter paradermal yaitu epidermis dan derivatnya, karakter transversal meliputi bentuk dan jumlah lapisan epidermis, mesofil, keberadaan kristal dan karakter khusus spesies serta bentuk berkas pengangkut pada tulang daun dan tangkai daun. Berdasarkan preparat paradermal daun diperoleh tipe daun hipostomatik dengan tipe stomata umumnya parasitik dan anomositik, dan ditemukan variasi tipe stomata anisositik pada Baccaurea nanihua dan Antidesma excavatum. Pada preparat transversal diperoleh tipe daun dorsiventral, bentuk epidermis dan jaringan tiang yang beragam. Pada organ tangkai daun, ditemukan empat tipe berkas pengangkut, yaitu bentuk lonjong dengan dua tambahan berkas pengangkut, bentuk dasar menyerupai ginjal, bentuk semi-lunar, dan bentuk lonjong dengan satu berkas pengangkut. Kata kunci: Helai daun; Karakter anatomi; Phyllanthaceae; Tangkai daun Abstract Morphological characters are commonly used as a tool for plant identification. Anatomical characters can also be used as additional characters to provide strong descriptions of morphological characters and to resolve unclear identification of morphological characters. This study aims to identify leaf anatomical characters of 11 species of Phyllanthaceae family collected from the Banggai Kepulauan Regency. The characters are observed in each slide were paradermal characters, namely epidermis and its derivatives; transverse characters including the shape and number of epidermal layers, mesophyll, presence of crystals and species-specific characters as well as the shape of the vascular bundle on the midrib and petiole. The observation on paradermal section of lamina showed that all species have hypostomatic leaf, parasitic and anomocytic stomata types with variation of the anisocytic types were found in Baccaurea nanihua and Antidesma excavatum.Observation of the transverse section showed dorsiventral leaf types, size variation of upper epidermal cells as well as variations of palisade cells. The observation on transverse section of the petiole showed four types of vascular bundles in the petiole: oval shape along with two small separated vascular, the kidney – like shape, the semi-lunar shape and oval single vascular bundle. Keywords: Anatomycal characters; Lamina; Petiole; Phyllanthaceae Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14395/kauniyah.v14i1.14395 AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 This is an open article under CC-BY-SA license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 14(1), 2021 PENDAHULUAN taksa. Penelitian Aziagba, Okwuchukwu, Ke, Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan dan Uwabukeonye (2017) merupakan salah merupakan salah satu wilayah administratif satu contoh penggunaan karakter anatomi yang menjadi bagian dari Provinsi Sulawesi untuk memperkuat perbedaan varietas pada Tengah. Secara geografis, Provinsi Sulawesi Vigna unguiculata, yaitu dengan diketahuinya Tengah memiliki beberapa gugus kepulauan di perbedaan susunan berkas pengangkut pada luar daratan utama. Hal ini menjadi suatu batang dan tangkai daun dari tiga varietas yang khasanah penelitian terutama dalam kaitannya diamati. Selain itu, Cahyanto, Sopian, Efendi, dengan teori MacArthur dan Wilson tentang dan Kinasih (2017) juga membedakan kultivar biogeografi pulau (Wu & Vankat, 1995) yang mangga Subang salah satunya dengan bentuk secara jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan jaringan pengangkut dan bentuk kristal oksalat endemisitas flora dan fauna. pada penampang melintang tangkai daun. Penelitian yang dilaksanakan pada dua pulau, Karakter anatomi yang difokuskan pada yaitu Pulau Peleng dan Pulau Bakalan penelitian ini adalah anatomi daun. Karakter memiliki fokus eksplorasi di wilayah terestrial anatomi daun seperti tipe stomata dan dan wilayah bakau. Wilayah terestrial Pulau epidermis telah banyak disertakan sebagai Peleng dan Bangkalan memiliki kontur objek pengamatan morfologi, anatomi, dan perbukitan, dengan tipe vegetasi yang fisiologi (Van Cotthem, 1970). Penelitian ini menyusunnya adalah vegetasi hutan sekunder. bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter anatomi Investigasi persebaran vegetasi pada wilayah daun pada 11 spesies famili Phyllanthaceae terestrial dilakukan berdasarkan yang ditemukan di wilayah eksplorasi keanekaragaman vegetasi flora yang ditemui Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan. secara umum. Informasi komposisi vegetasi di suatu wilayah berguna untuk menjadi data MATERIAL DAN METODE acuan apabila di masa yang akan datang terjadi Sampel helaian dan tangkai daun perubahan komposisi hutan akibat adanya didapatkan dari kegiatan eksplorasi di gangguan yang bersifat alami maupun akibat Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi campur tangan manusia (Whitmore, 1991). Tengah. Terdapat 11 spesies anggota famili Famili yang menjadi fokus dalam Phyllanthaceae, yaitu Antidesma sp., penelitian ini, yaitu famili Phyllanthaceae Antidesma celebicum Miq., Antidesma yang merupakan salah satu famili dengan excavatum Miq., Baccaurea nanihua Merr., keanekaragaman spesies yang melimpah Breynia cernua (Poir.) Mull. Arg., Breynia ditemukan di wilayah eksplorasi. Pengenalan macrantha (Hassk.) Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr., keanekaragaman spesies selain dilakukan Breynia vestita Warb., Glochidion sp., dengan pengamatan morfologi, dapat pula Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob, dilakukan dengan pengamatan mikroskopis Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss. dan melalui karakter anatomi. Ekspresi morfologi Phyllanthus mollis (Blume) Mull. Arg. yang tampak merupakan bentuk dari interaksi Sampel daun dan tangkai daun dibuat sel yang beradaptasi terhadap faktor preparat secara transversal menggunakan lingkungan yang diserap oleh tumbuhan seperti metode Sass (1951). Daun dan tangkai daun asupan hara, air, dan kondisi abiotik seperti dipotong kurang lebih 1 cm kemudian cekaman kekeringan maupun kelembapan. dimasukkan dalam larutan fiksatif formalin : Interaksi sel tersebut kemudian secara asam asetat glasial : alkohol (FAA) selama 24 permanen memberikan identitas spesifik yang jam. Tahapan selanjutnya adalah dehidrasi dapat teramati untuk mendukung karakter dengan alkohol bertingkat dan dilanjutkan morfologi dan memisahkan tumbuhan dalam dengan dealkoholisasi menggunakan campuran tingkatan taksa spesies, genus, maupun famili. alkohol : xilol bertingkat sampai dengan xilol Identifikasi secara morfologi paling murni. Sampel daun dan tulang daun kemudian umum digunakan, namun pada banyak kasus diinfiltrasi dan dilakukan penyelubungan pengamatan anatomi dapat digunakan untuk menggunakan parafin. Pengirisan jaringan membantu pengelompokan atau memperkuat menggunakan mikrotom dengan tebal ±15 µm. ciri khusus suatu individu pada suatu tingkatan Pewarnaan preparat menggunakan dua jenis AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 | 30 AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 14(1), 2021 pewarna, yaitu safranin dan fast green. parasitik (Gambar 1a) dan anomositik (Gambar Preparat paradermal daun dibuat dengan 1c), tetapi ditemukan pula stomata anisositik metode Cutler (1978) menggunakan asam kuat pada Baccaurea nanihua dan sedikit pada HNO3 (1:3) untuk memisahkan bagian Antidesma excavatum (Gambar 1b). Pada epidermis daun dari mesofil. Bagian epidermis sayatan paradermal juga terlihat perbedaan yang telah terpisah kemudian diberi pewarna dinding antiklinal serta bentuk epidermis dari safranin untuk mempermudah pengamatan. tiap spesies baik epidermis atas maupun Preparat paradermal digunakan untuk epidermis bawah. Dinding antiklinal epidermis pengamatan tipe stomata dan derivat epidermis pada pengamatan ini dikelompokkan menjadi lain serta pengamatan bentuk epidermis dan lurus, melengkung, bergelombang, melekuk, tipe dinding antiklinalnya. dan melekuk dalam. Dinding antiklinal Pengamatan preparat menggunakan epidermis bawah sebagian besar memiliki tipe mikroskop Nikon Eclipse 80i yang terhubung bergelombang (Gambar 1a) sampai melekuk dengan kamera XCAM 1080 PHB 2,4 x 2,4 (Gambar 1c) kecuali pada Breynia vestita yang pixel untuk dokumentasi dengan aplikasi Beta memiliki dinding antiklinal lurus. Dinding View. Penghitungan indeks stomata mengikuti antiklinal epidermis atas memiliki tipe lurus Wilmer (1983) dengan rumus indeks stomata: sampai melekuk. Bentuk sel epidermis pada [jumlah stomata/(jumlah stomata + jumlah penelitian ini hanya terdiri dari 2 tipe, yaitu epidermis)] x 100. Data yang didapat poligonal (dengan 4–8 sisi) dan tidak beraturan kemudian dibandingkan dan dideskripsikan bagi sel yang
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  • Traditional Food System and Diet Intake Pattern of the Boro Kachari Tribe of Assam, India

    Traditional Food System and Diet Intake Pattern of the Boro Kachari Tribe of Assam, India

    © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) TRADITIONAL FOOD SYSTEM AND DIET INTAKE PATTERN OF THE BORO KACHARI TRIBE OF ASSAM, INDIA Dr.Monoj Gogoi Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Dudhnoi college, Goalpara, Assam. Abstract This paper studies the traditional food system of the Boro Kachari tribe of Kamrup and Goalpara district of Assam, India. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the Boro Kachari tribe. In addition to the paddy cultivation, they also cultivate other food items that include varieties of pulses, vegetables, fruits, roots and tubers, both for consumption and business. The meal pattern of the Boro Kachari tribe is three meals a day i,e. breakfast, lunch and dinner. Like other tribes of Assam, Rice is their staple food and is usually savoured by a non-vegetarian dish like fish or pork. The Boro women folk prepare a number of traditional mouth watering delicious cuisines. A total of more than 82 leafy green vegetables, vegetables and root & tubers have been found in the study that are consumed by Boro Kachari tribe round the year. The tribe also consumed 11 species of edible insects or their products. Degradation of the environment, lack of traditional knowledge among the young generation, increased availability of conventional foodstuffs, rapid population growth have collectively affect diversity, abundance and use of traditional food items. Through this paper, a small effort has been made in providing written record about the traditional foods and diet intake pattern of the Boro Kachari tribe. Keywords Traditional food system, diet intake pattern, leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, edible insects.
  • Survey of Edible Plants for Human Consumption in South Odisha, India

    Survey of Edible Plants for Human Consumption in South Odisha, India

    © 2020 JETIR December 2020, Volume 7, Issue 12 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Survey of edible plants for human consumption in south Odisha, India Sibangini Misra Guest lecturer Department of Botany, Ramadevi Women University, Bhubaneswar- 751005. Abstract: The present paper reports the edible plant species of south Odisha, India. Total 243 edible plant species under 178 genera and 80 families are reported. Out of the total taxa collected, 240 taxa are angiosperms, 2 are pteridophytes and one is gymnosperm. Various ethnic groups and rural people consume 184 wild plants, 35 species that are wild as well as cultivated and 24 plants are under cultivation. The taxa include 208 dicots, 32 monocots and 2 pteridophyte species and one gymnosperm. The edible plants include 102 herbs, 61 shrubs, 15 twiner or climber and 65 tree species. Suggestion has been made for improvement and cultivation of wild edible plants. Key words: ethnic group, edible plants, edible part consumed, south Odisha. 1. Introduction WEPs play an important role in ensuring food security and improve the nutrition in the diets of many people in the developing countries. Many wild edible plants are nutritionally rich and can supplement nutritional requirements, especially vitamins and micronutrients [1,19]. Therefore, wild food resources reduce the vulnerability of local communities to food insecurity and provide a buffer in times of food shortage [10]. Among the indigenous forest food plants, the edible plant species play a vital role in supplementing the food requirements of rural/tribal people in remote areas through preserved/stored food stuffs during the time of food shortage.