Butter, Wut Und Tränen – Australien, Kanada Und Neuseeland Während Großbritanniens Verhandlungen Mit Der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, 1958-1973

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Butter, Wut Und Tränen – Australien, Kanada Und Neuseeland Während Großbritanniens Verhandlungen Mit Der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, 1958-1973 Butter, Wut und Tränen – Australien, Kanada und Neuseeland während Großbritanniens Verhandlungen mit der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, 1958-1973 D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie in der Philosophischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Clara-Maria Seltmann aus Wesel 2020 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Leonhardt Hauptberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ewald Frie Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Georg Schild Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08.07.2019 Tübingen, Universitätsbibliothek Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. 6 1. Ein Familienbegräbnis: Das Commonwealth in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren ............. 10 2. Im Kanu durch unsichere Zeiten: Australien, Kanada und Neuseeland vor 1960 ........... 49 3. Wandel im Commonwealth: Die 1960er und 1970er Jahre ........................................... 108 3.1. Von kühlen Köpfen, Kopflosen und Krisen .................................................................. 136 3.2. Von Veränderungen, Bedrohungen und Chancen ......................................................... 181 3.3. Von betrogenen Ehemännern, verwöhnten Kindern und misstrauischen Freunden ...... 230 3.4. Von Orientierungslosen, Unsicheren und Selbstbewussten ........................................... 267 4. Tod des Commonwealth? Überlegungen zum Commonwealth nach 1973 ................... 318 Personenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................... 342 Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... 345 Quellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................................. 346 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................... 366 Abkürzungsverzeichnis AIDA: Australian Industries Development Association AMDA: Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement ANCERT: New Zealand Australia Free Trade Area ANZCERTA/CER: Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations and Trade Agreement ANZ: Archives New Zealand (Wellington) AAFD: Cabinet Office (Das Cabinet Office bietet unparteiische Dienstleistungen und Ratschläge für den Governor-General, den Premierminister und andere Minister an.) AAFZ: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Head Office) 1972 Zusammenschluss des Department of Agriculture, the Fisheries Management und Fisheries Research Divisions of the Marine Department zum Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) AALR: The Treasury AATJ: Ministry of Economic Development (Head Office), auch: Ministry of Commerce Das Ministry of Commerce war der Nachfolger der Abteilung für Binnenhandel des Department of Trade and Industry 2000 Übergabe der Aufgaben und Funktionen des Ministry of Commerce an das Ministry of Economic Development 2012 Umwandlung des Ministry of Economic Development in das Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment AAWV: Norman Eric Kirk ABHS: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Head Office 1943-1969 Department of External Affairs 1969-1988 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1988-1993 Ministry of External Relations and Trade seit 1993 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade ADRK: The Treasury Gegründet 1840, Akten bis circa 1980 AEFN: Department of Industries and Commerce Namensänderung 1972 in Department of Trade and Industry ANZAC: Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ANZAM: Australia New Zealand and Malaya (Abkommen) 6 ANZUS: Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CAP: Common Agricultural Prices CER: Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement CET: Common External Tariff CETA: Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement CLC: Commonwealth Liaison Committee CRO: Commonwealth Relations Office CSR: Commonwealth Strategic Reserve EFTA: European Free Trade Area/Europäische Freihandelszone EGKS: Europäische Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl/Montanunion EOKA: Ethniki Orhanosis Kyrion Agoniston (Terrorgruppe auf Zypern) EWG: Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, auch: Common Market, the Six oder die Sechs GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICCP: Interdepartmental Committee on Commercial Policy IMF: International Monetary Fund LAC: Library and Archives Canada (Ottawa) MG: Private Papers MG01/VII/507: Mikrofilm John Diefenbaker fonds MG26-O: Pierre Elliott Trudeau fonds MG26-N9: Lester B. Pearson fonds – Speeches MG32-B1: Richard Albert Bell fonds MG32-B13: Howard Charles Green fonds MG32-B39: Donald Methuen Fleming fonds MG32-B44: Walter L. Gordon fonds MG32-C3: George Alexander Drew fonds RG: Government Records RG19: Department of Finance fonds RG20: Department of Trade and Commerce fonds RG25: Department of External Affairs fonds MERT: neuseeländisches Ministry of External Relations and Trade NAA: National Archives of Australia (Canberra) A463: Prime Minister’s Department 1956-1971 7 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 1971- Department of the Vice-President of the Executive Council Department of the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts 1971-1972 A571: Department of the Treasury 1901-1976 A987: Department of National Development 1950-1961 A1209: Prime Minister’s Department 1957-1971 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 1971- A1838: Department of External Affairs, Central Office 1948-1970 Department of Foreign Affairs, Central Office 1970-1987 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Central Office, ab 1987 A3917: Department of Trade 1961-1963 Department of Trade and Industry 1963 A4092: Department of Trade and Customs 1956 Department of Trade 1956-1963 Department of Trade and Industry 1963-972 Department of Overseas Trade 1972-1973 A5882: Secretary to Cabinet 1968 Department of the Cabinet Office 1968-1971 Cabinet Office 1971-1972 M58: Department of the House of Representatives 1951-1971 The RT Hon Sir John McEwen 1951-1971 Department of Trade 1956-1963 Department of Trade and Industry 1963-1972 M1003: Hon Sir Alexander Russell Downer KBE 1964-1981 M2568: Department of Treasury 1958-1966 The Rt Hon Harold Edward Holt CH, PC 1958-1966 NAFTA: New Zealand Australia Free Trade Area NLA: National Library of Australia (Canberra) MS 4654: McEwen Papers NLW: National Library of New Zealand (Wellington) MS-Papers-0274: Fintan Patrick Walsh Papers MS-Papers-1403: John Ross Marshall Papers MS-Papers-6759: Alister Donald McIntosh Papers MS-Papers-7939: Gerald William Symmans Papers 8 NAS: National Archives of Australia (Sydney) M157: Hon Edward Gough Whitlam AC, QC 1960-1972 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization OE: Overseas Experience OEEC: Organisation for European Economic Cooperation SEATO: South-East Asia Treaty Organisation SIS: Security Intelligence Service SPEC: South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation TNA: The National Archives (Kew) CAB: Records of the Cabinet Office DO: Records of the Dominions Office, Commonwealth Relations Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office FCO: Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Predecessors PREM: Records of the Prime Minister’s Office T: Records created or inherited by HM Treasury UDI: Unilateral Declaration of Independence UKCCC: United Kingdom-Canada Continuing Committee WTO: World Trade Organisation 9 1. Ein Familienbegräbnis: Das Commonwealth in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren „A dry-eyed goodbye to the dear old Commonwealth […] They are going to bury the old Commonwealth on New Year's Day and it doesn't look as though they are even going to put the death notice in the papers. […] The only requiem will be an unheard salute from the rusty throats of ghostly field-guns that once spoke sharply […]. Some misting eyes will strain to see the good old Jack still snapping to a thousand spectral staffs in all those places once coloured red in the maps of our boyhood. But generally, it's going to be a private interment. No flowers, by request. Great Britain […] will formally enter the European Economic Community - the Common Market - on January 1, 1973, and on that day the old Commonwealth will cease to exist in reality. It was always compounded equally of blood and business. Trade followed the flag, as they say. No doubt the apparatus will remain for a while, but the heart will be gone.“1 Dieser „Nachruf“ auf das Commonwealth aus der kanadischen Zeitschrift Saturday Night vom Dezember 1972 benutzt die Beerdigung des Commonwealth als Metapher für das Ende des Britischen Empire und für die Trauer der Dominions2 Australien, Kanada und Neuseeland über den Verlust ihres Mutterlands Großbritannien. Der unmittelbare Grund für den „Tod“ des Commonwealth ist augenscheinlich Großbritanniens Eintritt in die Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft3 am 1. Januar 1973. Mit einem Hauch von Nostalgie („the good old Jack“) und Bezügen zu Großbritanniens militärischen Eroberungen („ghostly field-guns“), beschreibt der Artikel das Commonwealth als bestehend aus „blood and business“. Er erkennt außerdem, dass das Commonwealth ohne viel Aufmerksamkeit oder Emotionen beerdigt werden soll („dry-eyed goodbye“; „private internment. No flowers, by request.“). Die folgende Dissertationsschrift untersucht, ob und für wen sich in den Regierungen
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