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Fox’s History of Queensland
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For more books on CD from Archive CD Books Australia, see the web pages at www.archivecdbooks.com.au THE HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND: ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES
(ILLUSTRATED)
\ I ,q •. 'r \ MO , . DROIT, I
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. I.
AN HISTORICAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW
DESCRIPTIVE AND BIOGRAPHICAL FACTS FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
AN EPITOME OF PROGRESS
QUEENSLAND:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY, 150, ADELAIDE STREET, BRISBANE,
BY HUSSEY & GILLINGHAM LIMITED, I06 AND 108, CURRIE STREET, ADELAIDE.
MCMXIX. Prefia ce.
To picture Queensland as it is, to trace its history, to describe the source of its wealth and its future great expansion, and to give a fairly comprehensive account of the men who laid the foundations, as well as those who are rearing the superstructure, represents a large and responsible undertaking. Its magnitude is not to be measured by the fact that the population of Queensland is still under three-quarters of a million, but rather by the great extent of the territory, the variety of the resources, and the remarkably successful and active way in which a comparatively handful of people have blazed the track for the millions of the future. Considered in that way, the study of the past and the present of Queensland is a fascinating chapter in Australian development and the years that are to come open up a vista of intense interest. Queensland, the xrgest State except Western Australia, is clearly marked out to be a great country, if not three great countries. A State which possesses an area of 429,120,000 acres, practically all of which is capable of being settled under some profitabte form of pastoral, agricultural, or mining occupation, is bound to attract population and take a prominent place among the big producing countries of the world
Practically all that holds Queensland back is the lack of people to turn its potential wealth into actual riches. Tens of millions could find prosperity and happiness where now there are but hundreds of thousands. The object of this work, which is encyclopcedic in information, is to represent Queensland and the Queensland people as they are to-day, and to stimulate a world-wide interest in them. The difficulties in the way of preparation, compilation, and printing have been formidable. Queensland, to begin with, is a country of magnificent distances. Away from the main centres of population the outposts of settlement are far apart. Where it was thought ground might be covered in weeks, months have been taken up. War, the enlistment of contributors and employes, and the shortage of paper also imposed unforeseen delays. To these causes are due the deferred publication. The first volume hill, as speedily as possible, be followed by the second and the third. The work is well in hand, and we trust that the standard of completeness and accuracy which has been aimed at will be considered as fully condoning and excusing the time that has been taken up. No pains hare been spared in securing the latest and most accurate data. Writers specially versed in their respective subjects have been commissioned to present the information on the various matters which have to be dealt with. There the aim has been to combine clearness, conciseness, and literary attractiveness. The support of men who are taking an active part in industrial, commercial, and producing interests also has been enlisted, and in the biographies, which form a part of the work, will be found evidence of labour and courage and ability richly rewarded. Queensland, in fact, holds out a generous hand to men of this stamp.
It is in the varied fields of primary industries that Queensland is playing the greatest part; her day of big secondary industries has yet to come. Her numerous flocks of sheep, and her great herds of cattle, spread over the vast plains and tableland pastures of the interior represent a rich and increasing source of wealth. Queensland beef and mutton and Queensland wool and Queensland butter, like good wine, need no bush. They are an asset any country would he fortunate in possessing. The sugar-growing areas of the tropical and subtropical coastal lands, the dairying, the general agriculture, and the fruit-growing of the rich temperate regions, and the mining and reserves of minerals scattered in profusion over extensive areas, attest the variety of activities open to those who have capital for investment or energy and courage to employ in life's battles. All cannot be rich in Queensland, but none need be poor. All cannot own provinces for sheep and cattle runs, but none need be without land adequate in area to permit of successful farming. United to healthful climatic conditions , varying from the bracing temperature of the spacious uplands to the agreeable circumstances of the southern coastal regions , and from the latter to the warmer summers of the tropical belt, are facilities for land and sea communication and for industrial development which make Queensland a wonderfully attractive country from an immigration and settlement point of view.
All this will be found set out with a wealth of detail in this volume and those which are to follow. The activities of the Government in relation to education, railways, public health, and general administration, the wide ramifications of local government, the growth of cities, towns, and townships, and the steady development of the instrumentalities of a progressive and vigorous community will be treated with reasonable fullness. In covering this wide ground, ready and able assistance has been given wherever it has been sought. To the State Government Intelligence and Tourist Bureau, to the various Government Departments and public institutions, as well as to numerous other instrumentalities, we are indebted for valuable help. Use also has been made of standard historical publications. Among these have been William Coote's "History of Queensland," Pugh's Almanac, Henry Stuart Russell's " ° Genesis of Queensland," J. J. Knight's " In the Early Days," and Dr. Lang's " Cooksland " and " Queensland." The volume now issued may be taken as typical of the second and third These will contain articles from able pens dealing with a variety of subjects. Thus the historical section will be carried on to completion, interesting records of explorers and explorations will be drawn upon, the origin and progress of the sugar industry, the development of the pastoral industry, and many other subjects will be comprehensively treated The personal and picturesque will be represented by a large number of biographies and well-selected and graphic illustrations. Many of the articles were written by the late Phillip Champion de Crespigny (who gave his life in the service of his country), his position as editor being taken by the late Ernest Sando Emerson, whose death occurred early in the presentyear. Contents vo l. i. ,I,
PAGE PAGE
ABORIGINES OF QUEENSLAND, THE ...... 53 GOOLD-ADAMS, MAJOR SIR HAMILTON JOHN, AGRICULTURE ...... 417 G.C.M.G., C.B...... 143 Cereals and Minor Crops ...... 425 GOONDI W IND I ...... 712 Dairying Industry, The ...... 421 GOVERNORS OF QUEENSLAND ...... 135 Growth of the Industry, A General Survey Blackall, Colonel Samuel Wensley 136 of the 417 Bowen, Sir George Ferguson, G.C.M.G. ... 135 Horticulture ...... 435 Cairns, Sir William Wellington, K.C.M.G. 137 Tropical Industries ...... 430 Chelmsford, Lord, G.C.M.G...... 141 ALLORA DISTRICT ...... 667 Chermside, Sir Herbert Charles, G.C.M.G., AROUND KILLARNEY ...... 700 140 Goold-Adams, Major Sir Hamilton John, BEAUDESERT ...... 760 G.C. M. G., C.B...... 143 BEENLEIGH ...... 831 Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward, G.C.M.G., BIOGRAPHICAL INDEx ...... 975 C.B...... 137 BLACKALL, COLONEL SAMUEL WENSLEY ...... 136 Lamington, Lord, G. C. M. G...... 140 BOONAH ...... 714 MacGregor, Sir William, G.C.M.G., C.B. 142 BOWEN, SIR GEORGEFERGUSON, G.C.M.G. ... 135 Musgrave, Sir Anthony, G.C.M.G. ... 138 BRISBANE VALLEY, THE ...... 850 Norman, Sir Henry Wylie, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., C.I.E...... 138 CABOOLTURE ...... 899 Normanby, Marquis of ...... 136 CABOOLTURE TO KILCOY ...... 899 GREENMOUNT ...... 632 CAIRNS, SIR WILLIAM WELLINGTON, K.C.M.G. 137 GROWTH OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY, A CAMBOOYA AND GREENMOUNT ...... 632 GENERAL SURVEY OF THE ... 417 CEREALS AND MINOR CROPS ...... 425 CHELMSFORD, LORD, G. C. M. G...... 141 HARRISVILLE ...... 755 CHERMSIDE, SIR HERBERT CHARLES, G.C.M.G., HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND ... 60 C. B...... 140 CHAP. CLEVELAND ...... 844 I. Discovery of Australia ... - 60 CLIFPON DISTRICT, THE ...... 663 II. Later Discoveries ...... 68 CLIMATE OF QUEENSLAND, THE ...... 15 III. Cook's Voyage on the East Coast ... 72 COOLANGATTA ...... 814 iv. Investigation of the Queensland Coast 75 CROW'S NEST ...... 573 v. The First Settlement of Australia ... 83 VI. Early Sydney ...... 87 DAIRYING INDUSTRY, THE ...... 421 VII. Founding a Constitution ...... 90 DARLING DOWNS, THE ...... 586 VIII. Early Land Tenure ...... 96 Ix. The Birth of Queensland ...... 105 ESK AND VICINITY ...... 850 x. Development of the South-west ... 114 xi. Transportation ...... 122 FAUNA OF QUEENSLAND, THE ...... 32 xII. Dawn of Development ...... 132 FLORA OF QUEENSLAND, THE ...... 41 HORTICULTURE ...... 435 FORESTS AND TIMBER ...... 810
GEOGRAPHY OF QUEENSLAND, THE ...... 5 IPSWICH AND VICINITY ...... 440 GEOLOGY OF QUEENSLAND, THE ...... 20 IPSWICH ...... 440 xvi. CONTENTS.
PAGE PAGE KALBAR ...... 755 OAKEY TO COOYAR ...... 620 KENNEDY, SIR ARTHUR EDWARD , G.C.M.G ., C.B. 137 PASTORAL ...... 144 KILLARNEY ...... 700
QUEENSLAND , THE STATE OF 1 LAMINGTON, LORD, G. C. M. G ...... 140 LOCKYER DISTRICT , THE ...... 526 ROSEWOOD ...... 503
MACGREGOR, SIR WILLIAM; G.C.M.G., C.B. ... 142 SCENERY OF QUEENSLAND, THE ... MARYVALE DISTRICT, THE ...... 668 SOUTHPORT ...... MILLMERRAN ...... 710 STANTHORPE ...... MISCELLANEOUS ...... 947
MUSGRAVE, SIR ANTHONY, G.C.M.G...... 138 TOOGOOLAWAH ...... 886 TOOWOOMBA AND VICINITY ... 586 NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., TROPICAL INDUSTRIES ...... 430 C.I.E...... 138 NORMANBY , MARQUIS OF ...... 136 WARWICK .. . 675 The History of Queensland: its People and Industries.
gurgle among overhanging shrubs and ferns and the and few countries in the world, possess the landscape blazes with the heterogeneous splendour of diversity of resources and of living condi- mile upon mile of gleaming foliage. N O STATE in the Australian Commonwealth, tions with which Queensland has been Queensland is best known to people outside its endowed. Her climate ranges from the altitudes borders by reason of her pastoral industry. No doubt of Stanthorpe, on her southern border, where the stock-breeding enterprise has for years been the the cold nights and fresh crisp days rival those of mainstay of her prosperity. Certainly it is into this
HEREFORD CATTLE, BLACKROCK CREEK , COOCHIN COOCHIN.
Victoria, to the burning arid plains of her western one resource which investors have placed most of the interior, and to the sweltering humid sunshine of her rich capital attracted to the State. Mainly that was tropical coast. Her primary industry varies from the because the graziers of New South Wales and of skeleton enterprise of pastoral pursuit on wide stretches, Victoria, with money to lay out in untried fields else- where only grazing can be made to pay, to the intense where, happened to have made their fortunes from culture of prolific rich soil under a bounteous rainfall. sheep and cattle-breeding. That was the business they Her scenery is rich in many types, from glaring desert understood, and consequently they desired to extend sands to tropical and forested mountains where rivers their operations along the lines which already had B HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND : ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. 35
The kangaroos of Queensland are divided into a tree-climbing animal is believed to have descended from number of varieties, ranging in size from the great ancestry of vastly superior size to that of the present "old man kangaroo" to the kangaroo rat, which is type. The timbered country of Queensland, together small enough to hide in a clump of grass. The various with that of the remainder of the continent, abounds types alter in accordance with the class of country with phalanges, popularly though incorrectly known in which they live, the rock wallaby being specially as opossums. Related to the latter is the animal adapted to comply with certain conditions of life, the generally known as the "flying squirrel." This is not black wallaby having been evolved to meet with allied to the real squirrel, nor is it capable of real other conditions, and the tree-climbing divisions having flight, being able merely to glide through the air on-an developed a remarkable and unique faculty which would inclined plane by means of webbing between its legs.
o,
1. MACROPUS GIGANTEUS (GREY KANGAROO). 2. TREE-CLIMBING KANGAROO . 3. DROMARUS NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE (EMU).
4. DACELO GIGAS (LAUGHING JACKASS). S. CANIS DINGO (NATIVE DOG). be of little use on the wide plains of the interior. The Thus it is able to pass considerable distances from tree latter varieties are regarded with great interest, not to tree without touching the ground. For a long while only because of the remarkable way in which they it was believed that the wombat family of marsupial shelter from danger by sleeping and resting in the upper was entirely absent from Queensland, but these burrow- branches of the forest, but also because of the close ing, root-eating, tailless creatures are now found to similarity they show with the tree-climbers of Papua, inhabit the north-east of the continent. The wombat thus yielding evidence of a land passage connecting the belongs to a degenerated family of marsupials. Once two countries at what, from a geological view-point, many varieties of them wandered over the face of the could not have been a very remote period. continent, but most of these are now extinct. Among The koala, or native bear, is met with very fre- other Queensland marsupials are a striped bandicoot quently in Queensland. This quaint-looking, tailless, and a rat-like bandicoot. D2 HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND : ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. 69 a very good place to anchor in. About a league to the turtle as such. Of these creaturesthere is plenty, but eastward of that point we anchored January the 5th, they are extraordinarily shy, though the inhabitants 1688, two miles from the shore, in twenty-nine fathoms, cannot trouble them much, having neither boats nor good hard sand, and clean ground. iron. "New Holland is a very large tract of land. It is "The inhabitants of this country are the miserablest not yet determined whether it is an island or a main people in the world. The Hodmadods of Monomatapa, continent, but I am certain that it joins neither Asia, though a nasty people, yet for wealth are gentlemen to Africa, nor America. This part of it that we saw is these, who have no house, and skin garments , sheep, all low, even land, with sandy banks against the sea, poultry, and fruits of the earth, ostrich eggs, etc., as only the points are rocky, and so are some of the islands the Hodmadods have. And setting aside their human in this bay. shapes, they differ but little from brutes. They are
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Lvttlu oeUmn.Co„e:,.v,,,e2:rta+rend ,9t Lie p r an durdu.LCG.,ulv:d ur td $'ih../ad ojSnn,etre,Java,&fl w - q'r.Lvmy rtt wm.CebN "w tmeuzndelho .tlnlurtLlC oGtie,,aldr /,ebbl,kre. • 4r` io, hN' Guia omd u.:l2: ez, G.n«,•trt,.w CONT SOVT, nY SRN au 9 l .-I „a „ irFy K S1L+..JsW- TASMAN ' S MAP, FROM THEVENOT ' S COLLECTION, 1663. "The land is of a dry, sandy soil, destitute of water, tall, strait-bodied, and thin, with small, long limbs. except you make wells, yet producing divers sorts of They have great heads, round foreheads, and great trees; but the wood is not thick nor the trees very big. brows. Their eyelids are always half closed to keep Most of the trees that we saw are dragon trees, as we the flies out of their eyes, they being so troublesome supposed, and these, too, are the largest trees of any here that no fanning will keep them from coming to there. We saw no sort of animal, nor any track of one's face ; and without the assistance of both hands beast but once, and that seemed to be the tread of a to keep them off they will creep into one's nostrils beast as big as a great mastiff dog. Here are a few and mouth, too, if the lips are not shut very small land birds, but none bigger than a blackbird, and close; so that from their infancy being thus annoyed but few sea fowls. Neither is the sea very plentifully with these insects they do never open their eyes stored with fish, unless you reckon the manatee and as other people. And therefore they cannot see far, THE HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND: ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES (ILLUSTRATED) 8111 DROITfl1 IN THREE VOLUMES VOL. II. AN HISTORICAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW AN EPITOME OF PROGRESS DESCRIPTIVE AND BIOGRAPHICAL FACTS FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS COMPILED BY MATT. J. FOX, F.S.S. QUEENSLAND: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY , 150, ADELAIDE STREET, BRISBANE, BY GILLINGHAM, SWANN & Co. LIMITED, io6 AND 108, CURRIE STREET , ADELAIDE. MCMXXI. C ontents of VoL.2 PAGE PAGE ADAVALE ... 169 XVIII. The Ship of State in Commission ... 50 AUGATHELLA 169 xix. Important Factors in Development ... 57 BIRDSVILLE 170 xx. Blazing the Track for Pastoral Settle- ment ...... 66 BUNDABERG ... 827 xxl. The Dark Hour before the Dawn ... 75 CHARLEVILLE 164 xxii. The Clash of Political Arms ...... 81 CHILDERS ... 822 CHINCHILLA... 161 HUNGERFORD ...... 168 CUNNAMULLA 165 KINGAROY-NANANGO DISTRICT ...... 821 LANDSBOROUGH ...... 819 DALBY ... 160 EIDSVOLD ... 824 MARYBOROUGH ...... 825 EXPLORERS AND EXPLORATIONS- MILES ... 161 CHAP. MITCHELL ... 164 I. First Discoveries ... MORVEN ... 164 ii. Early Voyages of Flinders ... MUCKADILLA ... 163 III. Expedition of Burke and Wills ... NAMBOUR ...... 818 iv. The Fatal Dash ... NANANGO-KINGAROY DISTRICT ... 821 v. Despatch of Relief Parties ... PASTORAL INDUSTRY, EVOLUTION OF TYPES OF vi. Landsborough in Search of Burke STOCK ...... 154 vii. Frederick Walker's Expedition ... PORT CURTIS AND GLADSTONE 829 viii. John King Honoured ...... RAILWAYS OF QUEENSLAND, THEIR HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT ...... 149 GAYNDAH ...... ROMA ...... 162 GLADSTONE AND PORT CURTIS ...... SOUTH-EASTERN QUEENSLAND ...... 818 GYMPIE ...... HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND- SOUTH-WESTERN QUEENSLAND ...... 159 CHAP. ST. GEORGE ...... 168 XIII. First Years of Free Settlement 1 SURAT ...... 167 XIV. Time of Transition ... . . 10 xv. Discovery of Gold and Developments 21 TAROOM ...... 168 XVI. Last Years of the Settlement Days 30 THARGOMINDAH ...... 166 XVII. The Coming of Age of a Colony 38 WINDORAH ...... 170 HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND : ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. 149 The Railways of Queensland. Their History and Development. Contributed by G. R. STEER, M.V.O., Secretary Queensland Railway Department. In 1863, the Premier of the colony of Queensland railway construction in New South Wales. On February (Hon. R. G. W. Herbert) visited England, and, as a 25, 1864 , the first sod was turned at Ipswich, in the result of his observations of the railway systems there, presence of His Excellency the Governor (Sir George the first Railway Bill for the construction of railways Bowen ), and six months later a vessel arrived with a in Queensland was introduced in Parliament by the quantity of rolling stock and other material purchased Minister for Lands and Works (Hon. A. Macalister). in England. A number of mechanics were also imported. Ipswich (the head of navigation) was decided upon The first section of railway was officially opened as the starting point for the on July 31, 1865, and the railway, the first objective occasion was marked by being Toowoomba (77 miles), considerable festivities; both and thence to Dalby (52 Houses of Parliament ad- miles further). The ques- journed for a fortnight to tion of railway construction attend the opening cere- was generally supported in mony at Grandchester and the House, but opinions a racing carnival at Too- differed as to what gauge woomba. should be adopted. After In the meantime agita- considerable debate the Rail- tion showed that other parts way Bill was passed, but of the State required rail- before final acceptance a ways, and construction was special Committee of the shortly afterwards com- Legislative Council sum- menced at Rockhampton, moned a number of but the line from Townsville engineers, surveyors, and to Charters Towers was not contractors to the Bar of begun until a few years the House for examination later. with regard to the question Dalby was reached on of gauge. Among the chief April 20, 1868, and War- witnesses was Mr. Abram wick on January 8, 1871; Fitzgibbon, C.E., who but it was not until June strongly recommended the 14, 1875, that the line from 3 ft. 6 in. gauge, and it was Ipswich to Brisbane was mainly on his advice that opened. Since 1865 there this was adopted as the has been a steady advance- Queensland standard. Mr. ment in the railway con- MR. J. W . DAVIDSON , COMMISSIONER FOR RAILWAYS. Fitzgibbon was appointed struction of Queensland, Engineer-in-Chief for the construction of railways, and and scarcely a year has passed without adding to two months later (December, 1863) he was appointed the length of open line. Commissioner for Railways. By this time tenders had The railway was completed to Emerald in 1879, been called for the construction of the first section from Roma in 1880, Charters Towers in 1882, Mitchell in Ipswich to the Little Liverpool Range at Grandchester 1883, Hughenden in 1887, Charleville in 1888, Long- (then called Bigge Camp), a distance of 21,1 miles. It reach in 1892, Cunnamulla in 1898, Goondiwindi, was decided to entrust the building of this section to Blackall, and Cloncurry in 1908, Dirranbandi in 1913, the English firm of railway contractors, Messrs. Pete, and Quilpie in 1917. The connection with the New Brassey, & Betts, who had previously been engaged on South Wales line at Wallangarra was finished in 1887, HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND : ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. 155 and the ultimate discovery of the freezing process could be sold for export, or else the former could be created new vistas of profit to the cattle-breeder, lead- used, by landholders making a speciality of the business, ing to huge tracts of virgin country for the first time for breeding lambs for the overseas demand. coming into occupation. But the latter development The wool-growing side of the pastoral industry has was an event of modern times, and could hardly have been subjected to even more vicissitudes than has been dreamed cf by the original pioneers of the industry cattle-breeding. Though both have suffered alike from in Queensland. For many years the breeders of the periods of drought, particularly in 1902 and 1915, the Argentine Republic were in the habit of shipping their more complex nature of the former has opened the door cattle to Great Britain in a live state; but greater to error and loss to a greater extent than serves to distance prevented the graziers of Australia from entrap the grazier aiming to supply the needs of the entering into competition in this trade. The outbreak meat market. Darwin remarks in the opening of one of bovine diseases in South America, with a consequent of his chapters in "The Origin of Species" that not prohibition against the importation into the United one man in a thousand has been born with the qualities Kingdom of live stock from that part of the world, necessary to become a successfulbreeder of pigeons. SHEEP SHEARING IN WESTERN QUEENSLAND. shut off from a profitable market the producers who The breeding of pigeons, as compared with breeding had been plying a very lucrative business. But the other species, is a simple business, whereas the produc- fitting of steamers with refrigerating machinery and tion and modification of sheep intended for wool-grow- space in freezing chambers reopened the centre of con- ing purposes is perhaps the most difficult class of sumption, while it also let the Australian pastoralists stock-raising which the grazier can undertake. But few into a share of the good things going. Australia forth- men are gifted by Nature with the qualities necessary with became an active competitor with Argentina in the to become a skilful judge of wool. Very many meat-export trade. Besides so greatly adding to the classers and others spend long years handling fleeces value of fat cattle, the evolution of the freezing trade without ever acquiring sufficient expertness to be able conferred a quite new and much-increased value upon to guage, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, the the surplus stock from sheep stations. Old ewes and proportion of fatty matter among the fibres, or being wethe•rs, sold to make room for the natural increase of able properly to estimate values of differing clips. But young stock, forthwith, when in condition for killing, to be an accurate and keen judge of wool is but the THE HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND: ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES (ILLUSTRATED) 1 rs z lU I X20 DIt0IT41 1 IN THREE VOLUMES VOL. III. AN HISTORICAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW AN EPITOME OF PROGRESS DESCRIPTIVE AND BIOGRAPHICAL FACTS FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS COMPILED BY MATT. J. FOX, F.S.S. QUEENSLAND: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY, 150, ADELAIDE STREET, BRISBANE, BY GILLINGHAM, SWANN & CO. LIMITED, 106 AND 108, CURRIE STREET, ADELAIDE. MCMXXIII. PREMIERS OF QUEENSLAND (1) Sir R. G. W. Herbert (6) Hon. George Thorn (11) Sir H. M. Nelson (16) Sir Arthur Morgan (2) Hon. Arthur Macalister (7) Hon. John Douglas (12) Hon. T. J. Byrnes (17) Hon. W. Kidston (3) Sir R. R. Mackenzie ( 8) Sir Thomas Mcllwraith (13) Sir J. R. Dickson (18) Hon. D. F. Denham (4) Sir Charles Lilley ( 9) Sir Samuel Griffith (14) Hon. A. Dawson (19) Hon. T. J. Ryan (5) Sir A. H. Palmer (10) Hon. D. B. Morehead ( 15) Sir Robert Philp (20) Hon. E. G. Theodore 41 Cont ent s OfVoL.3, 1• / PAGE PAGE ANAKIE 196 HALIFAX ...... 326 ARAMAC .. 197 HERBERTON ...... 336 ATHERTON ...... 334 HERBERT RIVER DISTRICT, THE .. .. 326 ATHERTON TABLELAND, THE ...... 333 HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND, THE- AUSTRALIAN SUGAR PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION, CHAP. LIMITED, THE ...... 692 xxIII. A Galaxy of Star Mines .. .. 1 AYR 321 xxiv. Dawn of Local Government .. 9 xxv. Civic, Social, and Industrial Devel- BARCALDINE ...... 197 opment ...... 18 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX ...... 869 xxvi. The Colony's Silver jubilee .. 32 BLACKALL ...... 196 xxxvi. The Making of Flocks and Herds 40 BOWEN 318 xxviii. The Sugar Industry : its Weak- BURKETOWN ...... 326 ness, its Strength .. .. 46 xxix. The End of the Century .. .. 52 CAIRNS AND DISTRICT 328 xxx. The Welding and the Shaping of CAPELLA .. 194 the Commonwealth .. .. 66 CARD W ELL 327 xxxi. Federal Elections and First Com- CENTRAL QUEENSLAND 189 monwealth Parliament .. .. 72 CHARTERS TOWERS 322 xxxii. The Lean Years of Drought .. 79 CHILLAGOE 332 xxxiii. The Passing of Old-time Politics 87 CLERMONT 194 xxxvv. Cyclones and Loss of Life in the CLONCURRY 324 North ...... 89 COO KTO W N 337 xxxv. The Year of Jubilee .. .. 92 CROYDON 325 xxxvi. Advancing Prosperity .. .. 95 xxxvii. In the Throes of the Great War 102 DUNK ISLAND . .. 327 xxxviii. A Lean Year ...... 110 xxxix. The Visit of the Prince .. .. 112 EMERALD .. 194 XL. The Abolition of the Legislative EXPLORERS AND EXPLORATIONS- Council . . CHAP. ix. Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt .. .. 117 HUGHENDEN x. The Fate of Leichhardt .. .. 130 xi. Last Expedition of Sir Thomas Mitchell 133 INGHAM .. 326 xII. Expeditions of Edmund B. Kennedy 148 INNISFAIL ...... 328 xIII. Augustus C. Gregory ...... 157 xiv. A. C. Gregory in Quest of Leichhardt 164 JERICHO 196 xv. W. O. Hodgkinson ...... 170 JOHNSTONE RIVER DISTRICT, THE .. .. 327 xvi. Dalrymple's Explorations .. .. 171 JUNDAH 199 xvii. The Jardine Brothers' Explorations 173 xviii. William Hann ...... 177 KURANDA AND THE FALLS ...... 331 CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE LONGREACII 198 ROLLESTON ...... 196 RUSSELL AND MULGRAVE RIVERS DISTRICT .. 336 MACKAY .. 316 MOSSMAN ...... 337 SOMERSET ...... 338 SPRINGSURE 195 MOUNT MORGAN ...... 192 SUGAR INDUSTRY, THE- MOUNT MULLIGAN ...... 332 Sugar-growing Countries .. .. 674 MULGRAVE AND RUSSELL RIVERS DISTRICT .. 336 Sugar-growing in Queensland .. .. 678 Kanaka Labour ...... 684 NORMANTON .. .. 326 ...... NORTHERN QUEENSLAND ...... 316 Legislation 688 TAMBO .. 197 PASTORAL INDUSTRY, EVOLUTION OT TYPES TO W NSVILLE 320 OF STOCK ...... 180 PORT DOUGLAS ...... 336 UNITED GRAZIERS' ASSOCIATION OF QUEENS- PROSERPINE ...... 320 LAND, THE ...... 186 RAVENSWOOD ...... 322 WINTON .. 199 RICHMOND ...... 324 ROCKIIAMPTON ...... 190 YUNGABURRA ...... 334 130 HISTORY OP QUEENSLAND: ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. He had returned with the conviction that the party in achieving so much that would stimulate pastoral were safe, as the stories told him by different tribes of enterprise in the Colony. A sum of £1,500 was soon natives were so contradictory. That was during 1845, raised, and the Government of New South Wales added but as Leichhardt still did- not appear the fears of £1,000 to it. Dr. Leichhardt received £1,454 as his people again asserted themselves. A public subscrip- share of the amount; Calvert and Roper, £125 each; tion was raised to reward the explorers for the many Murphy, £70; Phillips, £30 and a free pardon; and trials and adventures through which they had passed, the aborigines, Brown and Charley, were each given £25. CHAPTER X THE FATE OF LEICHHARDT. After his long and arduous expedition, Dr. east of this line, and Stuart's, made by successive efforts Leichhardt was not content to remain long in idleness. from different points. No wonder then that he never Early in 1847 he set out with an expedition to explore reappeared, and that the fate of himself and all his the country between the last route followed by Sir party remains a mystery to be solved." Thomas Mitchell and that which he himself had followed Leichhardt started from Sydney for Moreton Bay on his way to Port Essington. In this enterprise, in October, 1847. His companions on this fatal expedi- however, he was doomed to disappointment. A whole tion were Hentig, Classen (who was a German and a series of accidents rendered it impossible to continue the relative of the doctor), Kelly, Donald Stuart, Womai undertaking, and he was forced to return. But failure and Billy. The stock consisted of fifty bullocks, twenty stirred him only to more strenuous and risky under- mules and six horses. Mr. J. P. Robinson had presented takings. It was then that he planned, organized, and twenty of the bullocks, whilst the Government gave the set out upon the journey from which none of his party remaining thirty. The provisions included 800 lb. ,of ever returned. flour, 100 lb. of salt, and 120 lb. of tea. They also The intention was to cross the Continent from east took 250 lb. of shot and 40 lb. of powder. The original to west, and Leichhardt estimated that this would take intention was to get to the Barcoo, which Mitchell had a period of two and a half years. Howitt, in his found and named the Victoria, describing the country "Discovery in Australia," concisely gives the full surrounding it in glowing terms; or else to follow his objects of the enterprise in the following words:-"The old route as far as the Peak Range and then to strike object of the new enterprise was to explore the interior off to the westwward. Leichhardt appeared to think it of Australia; to discover the extent of Sturt's Desert probable that need for water would force him to reach and thi5- character of the western and north-western ,.the shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria, and then to coast, so= as to observe the gradual change in animal life follow a river to its southern source. He would then from one side of the country to the other. It is obvious endeavour to reach the Swan River by whichever route that what Stuart, Gregory, McKinlay, Howitt, and proved practicable. In a letter of February 26, 1848, others have since seen of this great western desert that he said he would proceed down the Condamine, and it was next to an impossibility to penetrate through it then, following Mitchell's track to the most northern after a long and exhausting journey from the eastern bend of the Cooper, making northward until finding coast. Instead of a central it was shown to be a some substantial watercourse falling in the Gulf, then western desert, and at the spot where Mr. Walker in striking to the westward. At that time he expected 1862 came upon his trail, and saw trees marked with to reach the Swan River at the end of 1849 or the the letter `L'-namely, in latitude 22° and longitude beginning of 1850. What he ultimately did has been 145°-he was moving directly towards this terrible veiled in mystery since he left the limits of settlement. desert, yet he was considerably to the east of Lands- Trees marked by him have been found in the Clermont borough's track from the Gulf of Carpentaria south- district, where the Peak Range lies, but human and ward, which skirted this desert; at least 250 miles east goats' hair discovered among the natives of the Cooper of McKinlay's track, and 350 miles east of the track of are usually considered to be evidences of his having Burke and Wills, which still only passed partially penetrated far to the south-west of the former region, through it. He had, therefore, little less than 2,000 and. of having lost his life there, together with those of miles between him and the western coast, and 'nearly his comrades. the whole of it through this burning desert, which has A long time elapsed before alarm was felt at the still defied every effort to penetrate it in that direction, continued absence of the party. It had set out on a and which has defied all the efforts of explorers from trip which, under normal conditions, was to take two south to north, except those of Burke and Wills at the and a half years, Probably all the members had long HISTORY OF QUEE NSLIND: ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. 157 CHAPTER XIII. AUGUSTUS C. GREGORY. The name of Augustus Charles Gregory, C.M.G., On August 12, 1855, A. C. Gregory set out from F.R.G.S., etc., Gold Medalist of the Royal Geogra- Sydney upon what proved to be the most successful expe- phical Society, stands closely connected with the annals dition to the northern country yet undertaken. At of the search made for Leichhardt and his ill-starred about that period a general desire to know more about expedition. Though the actual fate of the latter party the tropical regions of the Continent, was manifesting was doomed to lie shrouded in a veil of mystery not itself in no uncertain tones among the rapidly-increas- yet lifted, it was Gregory who gathered up and made ing population of the South. The Imperial Government known the most of such scanty evidence of the final was then looked to for initiating some scheme for draw- wanderings of the lost band of explorers as was ever ing the tropical and sub-tropical parts of Australia to be discovered by white men. And, incidentally, within the scope of the colonizing effort already so phe- Gregory did more than any other leader during the nomenally successful in the temperate districts. But it decade following the dis- was not until private indi- appearance of Leichhardt to viduals had demonstrated throw light upon the char- their confidence in the value acter of the north of the of the results likely to accrue Continent. A large portion from such an undertaking, of his travels were over and when the good reasons the coastal regions of the justifying the general desire north of Western Australia for such an enterprise being and of the Northern Terri- launched were multiplied, tory; but lie also accom- that the Administration con- plished far more than had sented to provide the neces- anyone else up to that time sary funds. That the matter to make known the tropical of clearing up the mysteri- country to the east of the ous disappearance of Leich- 138th degree of longitude- hardt should have sunk to so the western boundary of small a place in the launch- that part of Queensland. ing of the scheme as to be It was he who found and unmentioned in the official named the LeichhardtRiver, documents is explained by the Gilbert, and a number the length of time elapsing of other streams emptying since that explorer had set themselves into the Gulf of out, destroying all possibility Carpentaria, and afterwards of finding him or any of his demonstrated the prac- party still alive. First, Mr. ticability of journeying W. S. Lindsay, 11I.P., an- overland from the Gulf nounced his readiness to pro- country to the east AUGUSTUS C. GREGORY. vide money for the project, coast. and a Mr. Uzzielli offered Augustus Charles Gregory was one of four brothers, to give £10,000 to the same cause. Tha Imperial all of whom have left permanent places for their names Ministers then rendered these contributions unnecessary in the history of Australian land exploration. C. F., by assuming the financial responsibilities of equipping Frank T., and H. C. Gregory had all accomplished and sending out a party fitted for a lengthy and valuable work on the -western side of the Continent comprehensive investigation of the north, to a large before any of the family became identified with eastern extent over country traversed by Leichhardt. The enterprise of a similar nature. All were surveyors by despatch dealing with the enterprise from the Duke of profession. During 1846 the three last-named covered Newcastle, the then Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1,000 miles of new country in forty-seven days, equipped to Captain Fitzgerald, Governor of Western Australia, only with four horses and but scanty provisions. Coo- quite omits mention of a projected search for Leich- siderable attei.tion was attracted to the feat by coal hardt. The document set out that Her Majesty's having been discovered during the enterprise. Government had been long considering the proposal to HISTORY OF QUEENSLAND: ITS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES. 133 CHAPTER XVII. THE JARDINE BROTHERS' EXPLORATIONS. In the history of Australian exploration an honoured was to be called Somerset. The, Government place is held by the Jardine brothers (Frank and Alec), promptly accepted the offer and agreed to supply a quali- who in 1864 successfully conducted an expedition from fied surveyor, fully equipped, and horses, arms and Rockhampton to the new settlement of Somerset on accoutrements for four aborigines to accompany the Albany Pass, within six miles of Cape York. And they brothers. A party of ten men, with thirty horses, left were the youngest of all the explorers, Frank being born Rockhampton in May, 1864, in charge of Alexander in 1842 and Alec in 1844, so they were only twenty-two Jardine, and went by easy stages to Bowen, where they and twenty years of age when starting on that memorable were joined in July by Frank Jardine and A. J. Richard- tour through wild, unknown country, with unknown son, the surveyor. Pleuro was then prevalent among obstacles to overcome. They were the sons of William the cattle, and Frank had some difficulty in selecting Jardine, then Police Magistrate at Rockhampton. suitable stock, but eventually arranged with Mr. William When Sir George Bowen was Governor of Queens- Stenhouse, of the Clarke River, and the party finally land, from December 10, 1859, to January 4, 1868, he divided at Reedy Springs on the Burdekin, Alec Jardine decided in 1862 to go on a sea tour going on ahead with the pack horses along the east coast, from Brisbane and equipment, leaving Frank, who to Cape York, the. real objective was the leader of the whole expedi- being the discovery of a suitable site tion, with Scrutton, Cowderoy and on which to start a northern settle- the blackboys to muster and bring ment. He went north in August, the cattle. Alec started on August 1862, in H.M.S. "Pioneer." On his 17 and arrived at Carpentaria return he suggested Albany Pass, a Downs station, on the Einasleigh narrow passage between Albany River, then owned by J. G. Mac- Island and the Cape York mainland. donald, from whom the party re- Albany Island was named in 1846 ceived every kindness and assistance. by Lieutenant Yule, of the "Rattle- While waiting for his brother to snake." At that time there was no arrive Alec decided to explore some mention of Thursday Island. On of the country ahead, so as to facili- his return Governor Bowen sent a tate the final start. He was accom- despatch to the Imperial Govern- panied by Henry Bode, a gentle- ment recommending the Albany man in search of new country, Mr. Pass situation, and his advice was Binney and two blackboys. accepted, his reasons being the On September 3 they left Car- advantages of the place on account pentaria Downs, Jardine taking of the geographical position and the old "Eulah," a trusted abori- suitability as a Barbour of refuge, ginal, who in after years was coaling station , and depot for speared by the blacks in a the future trade of Torres Strait night attack on Jardine'- camp THE JARDINE BROTHERS. and the Pacific Islands. near Cape York. Bode took his own The work of forming this far off settlement was blackboy, so the party consisted of two whites, two entrusted to William Jardine, the Police Magistrate of blacks, two pack-horses and provisions for three weeks. Rockhampton, and he went up and erected the first At the same time J. G. Macdonald started out north- buildings in 1864, having gone in the barque "Eagle," west to find country to form a station on the Gulf. Car- chartered by the Government, taking also all the neces- pentaria Downs was situated on what was at first sary material and stores, and accompanied by his supposed to be the Lynd River of Leichhardt, but was youngest son, John. found to be a tributary of the Gilbert, and was named While arranging in Rockhampton for the transport the Einasleigh. Jardine ran the river down where it of his staff, materials and stores, he foresaw the future was running strongly in a width of 200 yards, need of provisions and so proposed to the Government crossing at times from one side to the other, with rough that he should send his own sons, Frank and travelling over stony ironbark ridges, naming the New- Alec, overland, with a mob of cattle and a castle Range, Plato Creek and Canal Creek, which was number of horses to the new settlement, which eighty yards wide, with very high steep banks, and so Getting around this CD NAVIGATING ARCHIVE CD BOOKS CDs All Archive CD Books products can be navigated easily using the handy bookmarks on each CD. The table of contents in most original books, and the original book index where it exists, can provide additional ways of finding the information required. 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