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LD5655.V856 1978.B46.Pdf (6.074Mb) , FERMENTATION, UTILIZATION, AND PALATABILITY OF SWINE WASTE ENSILED WITH VARIOUS PROPORTIONS OF GROUND ORCHARDGRASS HAY OR GROUND CORN GRAIN, by Jerry Carl Albert Berger. Dissertation suktmitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Animal. Science APPROVED: 1 P, Retent Co-Chairman E. T. Kornegay, Co-Chairman a 7 oat yi a % o Oe Une, iu, D, Fron < K. E. We b, Ir. W. D. Lamm ROA) fF ; - A / r a G Cia pae — ae Vb S vas ~ C. E. Polan M. B. Wise, Department Head December, 1978 Blacksburg, Virginia Nee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is deeply indebted to the Virginia Agricultural Foundation without whose financial assistance this study would not have been possible. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all individuals whose assistance and encouragement permitted completion of this study and graduate program. To the members of his graduate committee, Dr. E. T. Xornegay, Co-chaizman, Dr. J. P. Fontenot, Co-chairman, Dr. K. E. Webb, Jr., Dr. R. E. Blaser, Dr. C. E. Polan, Dr. W. D. Lamm and Dr. M. B. Wise, the author expresses his thanks for their encouragement and assistance. The author would especially like to thank Dr. E. T. Kornegay and Dr. J. P. Fontenot for their expert guidance, patience, and encouragement throughout preparation of this manuscript and his graduate study. To Dr. K. E. Webb, Jr., the author is indebted for his technical assistance, patience, insight, and invaluable encouragement. Thanks and sincere appreciation is extended to Mrs. Ellie Stephens for her patience and her expertise in typing this manuscript. A most special thanks is extended to his fellow graduate students for their friendship, manual assistance, input, and encourage- ment throughout this entire study. To Mrs. Vida Bowman, Mrs. Janet Shabman and Mrs. Helen Bartlett ii a special thanks for their technical assistance. To Mr. G. R. Dana and Mr. Ken Bryant, the author wishes to extend his appreciation for their technical advice and assistance in conducting the metabolism and palatability studies. To his mother and family for their financial assistance and encouragement throughout his entire graduate study, the author is immeasurably indebted. Lii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 2... ee ee ee eee ii LIST OF TABLES . 2... ee an ee ee ee vi INTRODUCTION . 6. ww ee ee ee ee LITERATURE REVIEW. 2... ee ee we Poultry Waste . 1. 6 6 «© ee we ee Broiler Litter . .... «6 «© © « « Caged Layer Manure ........ Cattle Waste. ....+-+ «© © © © o * Swine Waste . ... +. + © «© «© © @ Studies of Ensiling Animal Waste. ... Poultry Waste. 2. 2. « + «© © « « e Cattle Waste . ...« + +s. « we « « Swine Waste. .... Regulatory Aspects of Feeding Animal Wastes . Health Aspects of Feeding Animal Wastes . Problems of Feeding Animal Waste. ... Pathogenic Organisms . ....e--. Medicinal Drug Residues. ...... Pesticide Residues .....++e-s Aflatoxin Residues ......+.e-s Hormone Residues ...... +2 « « Mineral Residues ......-. OBJECTIVES . 1 6 © 6 © © ew ew we ws 31 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ......- 32 Ensiling Swine Waste with Ground Orchardgrass 32 Small Silo Study .......4e6-s. 32 Large Silo Study ......+.5.+2.42-e 35 Metabolism Trial ~- Sheep ...... 37 Metabolism Trial - Swine ...... 41 Palatability Trial - Sheep ..... 44 Palatahility Trial - Swine... 45 iv page Ensiling Swine Waste with Ground Corn Grain ......... 47 Small Silo Study . 2. 6. 1 6 eee we eo ew we we ee we ee ew ew 4 Large Silo Study. 1. 1 6 © ee we ew we we eo we we we te ew ew ew 47 Metabolism Trial ~ Sheep... 2. 1 we © © © ew we ew ew ws 49 Metabolism Trial ~ Swine . 1... 6 6 6 2 2 ew ew ew ee AY Palatability Trial - Sheep... ... 2. 6 «© «© © © oe we oe « 32 Palatability Trial - Swine . 1. 1. 6 2 2 0 we ee ew © @ ©) 52 Statistical Analysis. 2... 6 2. 2 2 ee © © © ew we we we ew we) (OK RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 2 2 we ew we ee we we ew ee whe we (8G Ensiling Swine Waste with Ground Orchardgrass Hay ...... 56 Smali Silo Study . 2. 2. 6 2 2 6 ew eo we we we we ew ew ew) «65G Large Silo Study ...... oe ee we we we ew ee) «C2 Sheep Metabolism and Palatability Trials oe te ew ew we ew ee) C7 Swine Metabolism and Palatability Trials ......... 475 Ensiling Swine Waste with Ground Corn Grain .......e.. 7/7 Small Silo Study . 1. 6 2 2 © © ew eo te we oe ew we we ew ww 7 Large Silo Study .... oe oe ee ew ew wh ee) 8G Sheep Metabolism and Palatability Trials ee ew ew we we ww we) 9D Swine Digestion and Palatability Trials. ......... 100 SUMMARY s e e e e e s e e 2 2 a e e e e . e e a e * e . » s * e ° 106 LITERATURE CLTED e e € s * e s a . s e ® e e e * s e e « . e * 110 APPENDIX . 2. we 1 6 we ww ew ee ww ww ww ww ww ww ew we LOD VITA 2 1 6 ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww we ww ww wl ww ew 128 LIST OF TABLES table page Composition of Swine Waste and Ground Orchardgrass Hay in the Small Silo Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Ss € udy « « » ° e e ° ° s e e a * . *. ° e ° * * ° e 33 bo bo Composition of Swine Waste and Ground Orchardgrass Hay in the Large Silo Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay 36 Study ° e a a e » s a s a a » e . e es ° a e s * e e Ingredient and Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets Fed in Sheep Metabolism and Palatability Trials Using Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages. ..... 39 Ingredient and Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets Fed in Swine Metabolism and Palatability Trials Using Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages. ..... 42 Composition of Swine Waste and Ground Corn Grain in Small Silo Swine Waste-Ground Corn Study. ...... 48 ‘Composition of Swine Waste and Ground Corn Grain in Large Silo Swine Waste-Ground Corn Study. ...... 50 Ingredient and Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets Fed in Sheep Metabolism and Palatability Trials Using Swine Waste-Ground Corn Silages ......e.. 51 Ingredient and Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets Fed in Swine Metabolism and Palatability Trials Using Swine Waste-Ground Corn Silages ........ 53 Proximate Components of Various Ensiled Proportions of Swine Waste and Orchardgrass Hay, Small Silo Study 58 10 Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Orchardgrass Hay upon pH, Water Soluble Carbo- hydrates, Lactic Acid, and Dry Matter Disappearance, Small Silo Study. 2. 2. 1 6 © © ee eo ew ew we ww 59 11 Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Orchardgrass Hay upon Volatile Fatty Acid Production, Small Silo Study. .........6.62. 61 vi table page 12 The Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Orchardgrass Hay upon the Number of Total Bacteria, Total Coliforms, and Total Fecal Coliforms, Small Silo Study ....... 5.56 «6 6 «© es» = 63 13 Proximate Components of Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages, Large Silo Study .. 1... ee ee we ew ee ee) 85 14 Effects of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Orchardgrass Hay upon Volatile Fatty Acid Production, pH, Water Soluble Carbohydrates, Lactic Acid Levels, and Microbial Parameters, Large Silo Study. ....... 66 15 Apparent Digestibility of Proximate Components and Nitrogen Utilization of Ground Orchardgrass Hay, Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages and Ground Orchardgrass. Hay Plus Soybean Meal by Sheep. ........ sss. 68 16 Ruminal Fluid pH and Ammonia and Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels of Sheep Fed Ground Orchardgrass Hay, Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages and Ground Orchard- grass Hay Plus Soybean Meal . ..... 2.2.2 6 ee eee 20 17 Ruminal Fluid Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations of Sheep Fed Ground Orchardgrass Hay, Swine Waste- Orchardgrass Hay Silages, and Ground Orchardgrass Hay Plus Soybean Meal... .. 2 ee ee ee ew ee we e) 2 18 Apparent Digestion Coefficients of Swine Waste in Swine Waste-Ground Orchardgrass Hay Silages When Fed to Sheep . ° e ° e e e e ca » ° * s e e e e e e ° e e s 74 19 Daily Dry Matter Intake by Sheep Fed Ground Orchard- grass Hay, Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages, and Ground Orchardgrass Hay Plus Soybean Meal ........ 76 20 Daily Dry Matter Intake by Swine Fed a Basal Diet and Diets Containing Swine Waste-Orchardgrass Hay Silages . 2. 1. 1 6 ww ee ee we te we we tht wh thw th ehh eh wl ew) C8 21 Proximate Components of Various Ensiled Proportions of Swine Waste and Ground Corn, Small Silo Study. .... 80 22 Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Ground Corn Grain upon pH, Water Soluble Carbohydrates, Lactic Acid, and Dry Matter Disappearance, Small Silo Study .........24.2... «821 viii table page 23 Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Ground Corn upon Volatile Fatty Acid Production, Small Silo Study. ...... 2. «1 © © «© © © « 83 24 Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Ground Corn upon the Number of Total Bacteria, Total Coliforms, Total Fecal Coliforms, and Qualitative Tests for Salmonella, Shigella, and Proteus Organisms, Small Silo Study. 1. 1. 6. 1 1 2 ew ee ww we tw we we we 84 Proximate Components of Swine Waste-Ground Corn Silages, Large Silo Study .........-+50e2 «eee 87 26 Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Ground Corn on Volatile Fatty Acids, pH, Water Soluble Carbohydrates, and Lactic Acid Levels, Large Silo Study. 1. 2. 1. 6 «6 «© © © © © © wo we te ew we 88 27 The Effect of Ensiling Various Proportions of Swine Waste and Ground Corn on the Number of Total Bacteria, Total Coliforms, Total Fecal Coliforms and Qualitative Tests for Salmonella, Shigella, and Proteus Organisms, Large Silo Study .......e.ee-.
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