TowardToward COPCOP 1515 JapanJapan’sJapan’’ss InitiativeInitiative onon ClimateClimate ChangeChange
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan May, 2009 Version 3 Today’s Agenda
1. The current state of climate change
2. Issues to tackle
3. Towards a low-carbon society
2 1. The current state of climate change
Sea level rise at the Funafuti atoll (Funafuti, capital of Tuvalu)
A dried-up swamp f rom lack of rainwater in the Sahara region
Danger of increasing infectious diseases Major Diplomatic Events Related to Climate Change (2009)
JulyApril October December U U Thirtieth sessions of the Resumed seventh Fifth session of the Seventh session of the N COP15 N UNFCCC Convention Informal meeting of session of the AWG- AWG-LCA*; Seventh AWG-LCA*, Ninth session F
F (Copenhagen) session of the AWG-KP** subsidiary bodies the AWG-LCA*; LCA*, Resumed ninth
C of the AWG-KP** C (Including: Six th session of Informal meeting of session of the AWG-KP** December 7-18 C C the AWG-LCA*; Eighth (March 29-April 8, Bonn) the AWG-KP** C (September 28-October 9, C session of the AWG-KP**) (November 2-6, location Bangkok) (June 1-12 , Bonn) (August 10-14, Bonn) to be confirmed)
Agreement on a post-2012 framework
G8 Environment G8 Summit in Italy Ministers’ Meeting (April, Siracusa) MEF Summit July 8-10 G8 Energy Ministers’ Meeting The Asia-Pacific Partnership G8/MEF (May, Rome) G8/MEF on Clean Development Major Economies and Climate (APP) Ministerial Meeting Forum (MEF) (Dates to be confirmed, China) (April 27-28, Washington DC) UN General Assembly (September, Informal ministerial Informal ministerial New York) Meeting hosted meeting at the consultations at the margins Greenland Dialogue by Denmark of the 17th session of the Others UNEP Governing Others Council Commission for Sustainable (Hosted by Denmark, (To be considered in the future, Development (CSD) June or July, including whether or not Greenland) it will be held) (Hosted by Denmark, February, Nairobi) (Hosted by Denmark and Poland, May 14, New York) **AWG-KP: Ad Hoc Working *AWG-LCA: Ad Hoc Working Group on Group on Long-term Cooperative Further Commitments for Annex I Parties Action under the Convention under the Kyoto Protocol 2. Issues to tackle
(1) International Framework beyond 2012 Establishing a new framework for the international community (2) International Environmental Cooperation Assistance for developing countries’ efforts (3) Innovation Development & dissemination of environmental technologies
Japan is leading the efforts of the international community based on the “Cool Earth 50” and “Cool Earth Promotion Programme,” as a comprehensive prescription unique to Japan (1) The Post-2012 Framework
Projected global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion Total emissions from all countries with reduction 60,000 obligations under the Kyoto Protocol amount to 50,000 MEM Increases in emissions volumes
no more than 30% of global emissions. ) 2 from developing countries Other O countries C
40,000 s
n 62% o t Brazil
n o
i India l
l 30,000 It is necessary to have a framework for fair and i 52% M effective GHG reductions in which all major ( China 20,000 51% economies participate in a responsible manner. 35% 18% 23% USA 23% 20% 10,000 Countries w ith reduction obligations 21% 42% 29% 25% 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Source: Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) Japan’s initiatives ● Agree among the G8 countries to seek to share with all countries and adopt the vision of achieving at least 50% reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 ● Promote the efforts of both developed and developing countries ● Provide climate change-related assistance to developing countries that are aiming to achieve both emissions reductions and economic growth (Cool Earth Partnership) ● Announce its mid-term emissions reductions target by June 2009 Reference #2 ParticipationParticipation ofof AllAll MajorMajor EconomiesEconomies IsIs NecessaryNecessary
• The proportion of CO2 emissions from countries with emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to the global emissions is roughly 30%. (Reduction rates of major countries: Japan: -6%; EU: -8%; Russia: +/-0%)
• USA, China, and India as major emitters do not have emissions reduction obligations.
→ A fair and effective framework with participation of all major economies is necessary.
Global CO2 emission from fuel combustion (2006) [%]
UK
Source: IEA Halving global emissions by 2050 Reference #3
Global Future estimation CO2 (Business as usual) emissions
・Peak out global GHG emissions ・Develop innovative technologies within the next 10-20 years ・Shift to a low-carbon society
International Environment “Cool Earth 50” Halve global Cooperation emissions by 2050 • Accelerate improvement of global energy efficiency • Cool Earth Partnership
Present 2018～2028 2050 Reference #4 Sectoral Approaches for post-2012 framework Through analyzing reduction potentials and setting indicators, Sectoral Approaches helps to compare the developed countries’ targets helps to set MRV mitigation actions (intensity targets) of major developing countries accelerates global emissions reduction by supporting developing countries through transfer of technologies and practices CO2 emission Compare the efforts reduction target Developed Developed Major Developing Country X Country Y Countries Z Aggregate Residential Residential MRV actions Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure (e.g. based on efficiency Automobiles etc. indicators)
Energy policy Energy policy Energy policy International coal-fired power generation etc. Cooperative Actions Iron and Steel e.g. APP, IISI, Cement IAI and CSI of WBCSD Aluminum (2) International Environmental Cooperation
Assistance for developing countries’ efforts to address climate change issues Adaptation measures Clean energy Mitigation measures Address the adverse Assistance for access impacts of climate change GHG reductions
CoolCool EarthEarth PartnershipPartnership AssistAssist developingdeveloping countriescountries making making efforts efforts to to reduce reduce GHG GHG emissions emissions and and achieveachieve ClimateClimate InvestmentInvestment economiceconomic growthgrowth in in a a compatiblecompatible way way (from (from 2008 2008 over over the the following following five five years, years, Japan Japan providesprovides ODAODA andand otherother fundingfunding onon thethe scalescale ofof US$10US$10 billion)billion) Approx. ¥250 billion Developing countries Disseminate Approx.¥1 trillion Funds (CIF) (on th e basis of Assistance for Funds (CIF) Assistance for adaptation policy consulta tion) advanced Japanese & improved access to clean energy mitigation A multilateral fund established through the technology in energy A multilateral fund established through the conservation and Grant aid Vulnerable leadership of Japan along with the UK and the countries other areas to the Climate change leadership of Japan along with the UK and the world; promote GHG Japanese ODA loans = ¥500 bn USUS (a (a fund fund of of approx. approx. US$6 US$6 billion billion in in total; total; Technical assistance emissions reduction Countries at the global level JapanJapan has has announced announced contributions contributions of of US$1.2 US$1.2 Contributions Int’l org’ns eligible for Other public funds billion)billion) ODA loans, Private sector etc. activities & funds JBIC P r o j e
Assistance for adaptation c t Strategic Climate s Clean Technology and improved access to Encourage private NEXI Fund (SCF) Fund (CTF) clean energy; promote finance; promote technology transfer NEDO, sustainable development Other funds etc. Cool Earth Climate Change Japanese ODA Loans Partnership Reference #5 (“Cool Earth Loans”) (1) Bangladesh: New Haripur Power Plant Development Project & Central Zone Power Distribution Project
(1) New Haripur Power Plant Development Project (Phase II) Central Zone Power Distribution Project (¥22.21 billion)
Intended location for New Haripur Power Plant Development Project Overview
In this project, a high-efficiency combined cycle thermal power plant (360MW) that reduces CO2 emissions will be constructed in the city of Narayangonj on the outskirts of Dhaka and technical support w ill be provided. The increase in the electric generating capacity and the enhanced efficiency of the operation and maintenance of the plant will contribute to the stable supply of ダッカ New Haripur Power Plant Development (Phase II) electricity and dramatic reductions in CO2 emissions compared to conventional power generating facilities can also be expected.
(2) Central Zone Power Distribution Project (¥9.715 billion)
Electrical grid in Bangladesh Project Overview
In this project, electrical grids will be newly constructed and repaired in the Central Zone (the Greater My mensingh District and the Greater Sylhet region). In addition, support w ill be provided to dev elop the organizational foundation of the public corporation executing this new power distribution. Reductions in distribution losses w ill result in less CO2 emissions. Cool Earth Climate Change Japanese ODA Loans Reference #6 Partnership (“Cool Earth Loans”) (2) Indonesia: Climate Change Program Loan Policy objectives in Indonesia
Forestry sector ¥30.768 billion (1) A pilot project will be launched as one of the first under a new market mechanism to prevent deforestation (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries [REDD]). (2) The CO2 absorption capacity of the forestry sector will be Energy sector increased by ensuring the sound management of plantation forests, (1) The capacity of geothermal power facilities in 2025 will be increased including preventive measures for forest fires and peat land rehabilitation. to 9,500MW (projected to reduce GHG emissions by approximately 60 million tons annually). (2) In order to raise the portion of the total energy supply derived from renewables (excluding geothermal) to at least 10% by 2025, related laws will Industrial, domestic (household), & business sectors be formulated and the investment climate will be developed so as to foster (1) Energy efficiency will be improved by 12-18% by 2025. private investment. (2) Relevant laws and regulations will be developed in order to facilitate (3) Through the introduction of renewable energies and energy-conservation improvements in energy efficiency. measures, CO2 emissions from the energy sector will be reduced by 17% (3)The creation of data on energy consumption will be improved. In compared to a scenario in which such measures were not taken. addition, for the main industrial sectors (iron/steel, cement, etc.), a roadmap towards CO2 emissions reductions will be created and rules for CO2 emissions reductions will be established, including targets for each sector. Water resources sector The following measures will be undertaken in order to conduct optimal watershed management adapted to the impacts of climate change: Other sectors (1) Formulate plans for integrated water resources management Policies and systems regarding the agricultural sector, national land use (2) Coordinate stakeholders and establish a committee on water, etc. to plan, the co-benefit approach and climate early warning system, etc. will be form the core for formulating a strategy for the construction of facilities created or improved. Cool Earth Reference #7 Partnership Environment Program Grant Aid Bangladesh: “The Programme for Improvement of Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City toward a Low Carbon Society in Bangladesh”
Development of Human Resources Capacity Development of Dhaka City Provision of waste collection vehicles Environmental education for sanitation department workers (drivers, etc.) (Instruction on reducing GHGs and awareness raising)
Low-carbon type waste collection vehicles→ Environmental education;
CO2 reductions M
technical instruction on operation a i and maintenance; n t e
institutional building n a n c e
Waste Collection Vehicles Formulation of CNG promotion plan
Prov ision of tools & equipment for maintenance facilities
Image (Natural gas vehicle) current state (3) Innovation
Compatibility between economic growth Developing & disseminating energy-conserving and GHG emission reductions and other leading-edge & innovative environmental technologies will be key
Japan: Highest level of energy-saving technology in the world
Japan’s level of energy efficiency is three times the global average Japan: 0.24 kg/Average level internationally: 0.75 kg CO2 emissions volume per unit of GDP (2005) ［kgCO2/US$, converted at basic exchange rate for 2000]
◆Plug-in hybrid cars ◆High-temperature ◆Solar power generation superconducting (HTS) cables Improved electric power transmission efficiency
CO2 emissions volume is 1/2 to 1/4 that of Clean & non-exhaustible gasoline-powered cars Cutting CO2 by 30% through Reference #8 innovative steel manufacture processes
Approximately 6% of total global CO2 emissions are emissions from the steel sector (2005) *according to IEA calculations
Development of innovative steel manufacturing technology using CO2 emissions can be cut by hydrogen as a reducing agent, as a approximately 30% through a partial substitute for coke combination of these two technologies Technology for separation/capture generated from blast furnace Reducing CO2 emissions from Reference #9 coal thermal power plants to zero
Approximately 26% of total global CO2 emissions are emissions from coal thermal power plants (2005) *According to IEA calculations
High-efficiency coal CO2 recapture/ thermal power CO2 sequestration
Raise generation efficiency from current Realize by 2020 42% to 65% Realize zero emissions by Possible to cut CO2 emissions approx. + combination with high-efficiency coal 40% from current levels thermal power generation
CO2 Underground Storage System
Massive Injection emission Injection Storage Pipeline Tanker transport transport
separation/ Cap rock capture Pipeline Transport Cap rock Underground aquifer Underground aquifer Tachibana Bay coal thermal power plant, Japan’s largest （Source: Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth [RITE]) Technology development for advanced nuclear power generation Reference #10
Nuclear power generation emits no CO2 during the generation process It ensures the 3Ss (safety, security and safeguards)
Fast reactor Medium/small-sized reactor
Practical strategic research study design example 中小型炉 Ex.,（例： 350MWe-IMR350MWe-IMR） ６ｍ
内装型制御棒Self-contained rod 駆動機構control mechanism
蒸気発生器Steam generator ２次系主配管Secondary main line 18ｍ Pump embedded ポンプ組込型 中間熱交換器type intermediate 蒸気発生器Steam generator heat exchanger Reactor vessel 炉心Core 原子炉容器 ＝１次系(primary system)
（Source: Japan Atomic Energy Agency） Core炉心
Develop fast reactor that raises the Develop compact medium/small- use efficiency of uranium resources sized reactor appropriate for drastically and dramatically energy demand in developing decreases radioactive waste countries, island states, etc. Expanding advanced technologies Reference #11 to reduce global emissions
5.0 4.41 CO2 emissions compared to GDP (2005) 4.0 ［kgCO2/US$（2000 standard exchange rates)］
3.0 2.68 Global standard level 1.78 2.0 0.75
0.80 1.0 0.67 0.70 0.43 0.53 0.24
0.0 a n a th a 7 d u a a in ia p 2 S a e lia i h s a U n o r a d C s J U a S o r In u E C K st R u A Source: IEA (2007), “CO2 emissions from fuel combustion 1971-2005” Major CO2 reductions through Reference #12 next-generation vehicle technologies
Approximately 17% of global total CO2 emissions are emissions from vehicles (2005) *According to IEA calculations Hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle Fuel-cell vehicle
Hybrid vehicle combining electricity and Electric vehicles that Fuel-cell vehicle using hydrogen internal combustion engine (gasoline) run only by electricity as its fuel
CO2 emissions to reach 1/2-1/4 those of gasoline vehicles CO2 emissions to reach 1/3 of those of gasoline vehicles Battery volume to be increased 7-fold from current levels Greatly raising the efficiency of Reference #13 solar power generation
The rapidly rising level of solar panels cumulatively introduced
Germany
Japan
US Large-scale solar panel
Note1:Source: Trends in Photovoltaic Applications / IEA/ PVPS (as of 2006) installation on plant roof Note2:IEA PVPS participating countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, UK, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, US, Portugal (Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan) We will dramatically raise the generation efficiency from its current 15-20% to over 40% We will reduce the current cost of solar power generation (46 yen/kWh) to the same level as thermal generation (7 yen/kWh) 3. Towards a low-carbon society
“mass“mass production,production, massmass consumption,consumption, 20th mass disposal” society century mass disposal” society
ClothingClothing stylesstyles thatthat facilitatefacilitate energyenergy conservationconservation PromotionPromotion ofof thethe 3Rs3Rs Dissemination of innovative technologies and existing advanced technologies Energy-savingEnergy-saving homehome appliancesappliances
Promote “Cool Biz” clothing Switching from styles as business attire incandescent bulbs suited to the hot & humid to fluorescent bulbs Japanese summer which use much less energy
21st low-carbon,low-carbon, century soundsound material-cyclematerial-cycle societysociety Reference #14
Source: Ministry of the Environment Reference #15
Source: Ministry of the Environment