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The Asparagus Beetles and Their Control

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The Asparagus Beetles and Their Control THE ASPARAGUS BEETLES AND THEIR CONTROL F. H. CHITTENDEN EDtomcdogist in Charge of Truck Crop Insect I mrestigatkms FARMERS' RULLETIN 837 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Contributioa from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief WaBhingtoii, D. C. t Anptst, 1917 Show this buQptii) to a neighbor. Additional copiea may be obtained free from the Diviuon of PuUicaticHU, United States Oepartmnnt of Agriculture WMHIHQTOfil 1 OOVEIfnMCnT MUHTIMO OfTICC : IMT ASPARAGUS GROWERS in large sections of the United •^^ States now have to protect their crop against the attacks of the adults and j'oung of two species of beetles intro­ duced originally from Europe. These insects feed on the young and tender asparagus shoots and render them worthless for the. market. Later broods devour the foliage and frequently kill the plants. This bulletin gives brief description= of the vax'ious stages of these pests, tells how they live and work, and gives suggestions for controlling them. Of remedial measures the best for general use is shown to be spraying with arsenate of lead, directions for tlie preparation and application of which are given on pages 10-U. THE ASPARAGUS BEETLES AND THEIR CONTROL. CONTENTS. Tho common asparafnis beetle 3 The common dsparagus beetle—Contlnaod, Gciinral appciiraiico of lieetlo and charac­ Methods of control , 9 ter of iiijury to plants 3 Tlie twolvo-spof.tod flsparagiia beetle 11 lUstrlbutLonand niBaiis of Bproad .... 5 Introduction and spread in the United IlaWlsanddeveJopnient 6 SlJitos 11 The life cycle 0 Description, seasonal history, and habits. 12 Natural checks 7 Romeiiios,.., 13 LTHOUGH introduced into this country from Eiirope by the A•- early settlers, asparagus is believed to have been cultivated here for two centuries before it was troubled by insects. Sev­ eral species of native Anieriean insects, it is true, feed upon this plant, but none, so far as we know, has become sufficiently attached to it to cause serious injury. Few of our edible plants, indeed, down to the time at the Civil War have enjoyed such immujiity from insect ravages. In the Old World, however, two insects called asparagus beetles have been known as important enemies of this crop since early times. One of these, known as the common asparagus beetle, was introduced into Greater New York about 1860, while tho other, tho twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, sometimes called tho red asparagus beetle, to dis­ tinguish it from the blue or common species, was first discovered in this country on asparagus in 1881 near Baltimore, Md. Both of these are now firmly established and widely distributed in this country and require special measures for their control. THE COMMON ASPAHAGUS BEETLE.' GENERAL APPEAKANCE OF BEETLE AND CHARACTER OF INJURY TO J-LANTS. The adult of the common asparagus beetle is a beautiful insect, sh'iider and graceful, blue black with red thorax and lemon-yelloW and dark-blue wing-covers having a reddish borch^-. A common form about tho District of Columbia is illustrated in figure 1, a. Farther north the prevailing form is darker, the lighter colornig somc- tinios showing <udy as a reddish border and six small rfubmargmal ' CTiocerit tuparagl L.; order Coleoptera, famJJy Chrysamelidae. W162*—Bull. 837—17 - 3 4 FARMKBS' nm.I.KTTN «37. yellow spots. (Fig, 2, a.) An extrenio, liglit form, not uncommon in tho southern range of the insect, is shown f<ir comijarisoji iii figure 2, h. The length of the body is a trifle less than one-fourth inch. The full- grown larva, orgnib (fig. 1, (/), is dark gray or olive, sometimes light(T but not infn^quently very dark. Its head and legs are shuiing bluck and its body is soft and fleshy and much wrinkled. The ]m])a, or resting stage, shown in figure 1, e, is yellowish. Fio. I.—The common Mpttrugut beetle: o, Beetle; 6, egg; e, newly hatched tarva: d, (ulJ-grown larva; f, pupn. All enlarged. Injurj' by this insect is due to the work of both aihdls imd hirvto, or "siugM," to tho tender shoots, which they render ludit for market early in the season. Later they destroy by dcfoliiition the high- growii plants, particularly seedhjigs, the roots of wliich become weak­ ened when their tops are devoured. The larvm are sometimes so abundujit tliat the black mola-iscslike fluid whicli o.xutles from tlicir mouths soils th*> hau<isof tiiose engaged in bunching the stidks for market, and the eggs are some times lni<l upon tliestii[ksiiisu<li numbers that the latter are rendered iiusightl\ and even slippery by their ]n-es('iice. Lnrviv. as well as beetles, attack the tenderer ]iortions of the plants, but tlu^ beetles gnaw the ei)i(lcr- mis, or rind, of the stems, seeuiingly with eqmd relish. The beetles are also aeciised of gnawing yoimg shoots beneath the surface, causijig them to btwomo Woody and cn>oked in growth. (See b'i». •.'. -The rommnii iifimr- Bgiia twelle; a. Hark form illustration on title-page.) ol Iwetle; b, ll^ht form, Enlormd. In sojiu> loealities it is in the establishnu'nt of new beds that tho greatest trouble and expense are mcurred. The plants nntst grow a year as seetilings and two more in the beds before being cut for table use, and during these three years they are exposed tu the attacks of this insect. ASPARAGUS BEETLES AND THEIB CONTROL. 6 DISTRIBUTION AND MEANS OF SPREAD. The common asparagus beetle was introduced at Astoria, near New York C^ity, about 1856. From there it soon spread to the asparagus farms in Queens County, N. Y., and by 1862 was reported to have occasioned the destruction of more than one-third of the crops in certain localities, tho loss being estimated at 850,000. To dato the common asparagus beetle has been reported in 19 States and tho District of Columbia and in several locaUties in Canada. Its known distribution now extends from Toronto, Canada, through Now York and New England, except Maine, to southern North Carolina and westward to the border line between Illinois FIO. 3.—Miip showing diatrlbuUon of the common HspiirLiKna beetle in the United States and Canada as recorded up to the yeur 1917. and Iowa, and in addition it has been reported from one locality, BouUler, in Ctdorado, and three in California. (See fig. 3.) Un­ doubtedly many localities in addition to those shown on the map will be adttetl in time, for it is rather certain that the insect occurs elsewhere iii Canada and in some of our States, such as Maine, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois. This species appeared at Bouldin Island, Cal., in 1904, but disappeared subsequently, probably owing to the fact that the island had been flooded, causing the extermination of the post. Tlio common asparagus beetle has bwn widely disseminated mainly by what are termed "commercial jumps," either through the presence of hibernating beetles and pupte in shipments of propa­ gating roots or by tho accidental carriage of tho beetles on railroad trains or boats. Tlio natural spread of the insect has been mainly by the flight of the beetles. Undoubtedly, also, the beetles have been carried from 0 FARMEI^S' BULLETIN 837. place to place along watercourses by the ciuTent and by the rising and falling of the tide. Until recxmtly this insect has not spread far from the scacoast and tho larger rivers near tlio coast. As is well known, asparagus was originally a salt water plant, und has escapetl from cultivation and grows most luxuriantly near bcxlies of water, and it is upon wild asparagus plants that tliis insect first makes its appearance hi new localities. HABITS AND DEVELOPMENT. The common asparagus beetle passes the winter in tho adult state uiuier convenient shelter, such as piles of rubbish, slicks, or stomas, or under the loose bavk of trees and feiico posts. Toward ibo inid of April or hi May, according to locality, at about tho season for cut- ling thft asparagus for market, the beetles issuer from tlicir liihcrnating quartei-s and lay eggs for the first brood. Tlie egg is very largo in proportion to the beetle, being nearly a sixteenth of an inch in length, and of the elongated-oval form illustrated at 6, figure 1. It is nearly three times as long as wide and of a dark- brown color. Tho eggs are deposited endwise upon the stem or foliage and, in early spring, on the dovel- FiQ. 4. — E|!Es of opingstalks, usually in rows of 2 to 7 or more. (Fig. 4.) *""^b^u **^'"^'" ^^^ ^^"""^ ^ *^' ^ ^"-^^ ^^^° ^SS'^ hatch, tho young lar- paraKUB buds. "VfiB, comuioiily coUcd "gTubs," "womis," or *'slugs," £Sd"^' ®°" presenting the appearance indicated in figure 1, c. Tlic head of the newly-hatched larva is large, black, and beadlike; its body is lead gray, and its three pairs of legs black. It begins to feed at once and in from 10 days to a fort­ night attains full siz.e, appearing as in figure \, d. As previously stated, it is soft and fleshy, much wrinkled, and of a dark gray or ohve coh)r, sometimes light, but nt)t infrequently very dark. The head is shining black, as are also the 6 legs. Each segment is pro­ vided with a pair of footlike tubercles which, with the anal prolegs, or false hind legs, assist it in crawling and in clinging to the plant. The mature larva enters tho earth, and here, within a little rounded, dirt-covered cocoon formed by it, changes to a yellowish pupa (fig. 1, e). In 5 to 8 or more days this transforms to the adult beetle, which in a short tune issues from the ground.
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