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Task Analysis and Synthesis As Well As Work Structuring

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Task Analysis and Synthesis As Well As Work Structuring Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics Unit 2 Work organization Fall Winter 2016/2017 Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. medic. Dipl.-Inform. Alexander Mertens Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christopher M. Schlick Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Bergdriesch 27 52062 Aachen phone: 0241 80 99 494 email: [email protected] © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University Learning Objectives Fundamentals of work organization with reference to task analysis and synthesis as well as work structuring The historical development of work organization Features characterizing group and team work Design and implementation of group and team work in different functional areas of industrial companies Pros and cons occurring with the implementation of group and team work in different functional areas of industrial companies © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 2 Work organization from the ancient world to the early modern period Ancient world . principle of addition . principle of multipliers Medieval times . Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519): First experimental work studies Early modern period . Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban (1663 - 1707): First arrangement to organize work, first approach for performance-oriented remuneration . Jean-Rudolphe Perronnet (1708 - 1794): Describtion of the production of a pin (assignments, equipment, earnings) . Adam Smith (1723 - 1790): Study about the division of labor using the example of pins © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 3 Development of WO in the 20th and 21st Century Frederick Winslow Taylor; Henry Ford 1910 1920 REFA Foundation Hawthorne Study; Elton Mayo, etc. Motion-Time Analysis systems 1930 1940 Simultaneous Assembly lines at Toyota Engineering (SE) in the 1950 aerospace industry Semi-autonomous untimed groups in Sweden; 1960 Volvo, Saab “Humanization of Working Life“ research program Introduction of production islands (AWF) 1970 and quality circle concepts SE team in automobile development 1980 “Lean Production“ MIT study Business Process Reengineering etc. Renaissance of ”group work” 1990 MIT-Scenarios: Cooperative Networks versus Global in Europe Conglomerates Process orientation (ISO 9000:2000) Integrated Management 2000 Systems (IMS) Six Sigma (6σ) V2 Age-differentiated Lean Administration/Office Ford line work systems 2010 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 4 Classification of Industrial and Work Organization Hierarchy levels Hierarchical Structuring 7th Level Network- “Network Level” Org. 6th Level Macro- Enterprise “Enterprise Level” level IO 5th Level “Plant Level” Plant 4th Level “Operational Manufacturing Area Planning Area Organizational Meso- Unit” level WO 3rd Level Work Team Work Team “Work Team” 2nd Level Work Place “Work Place” Work Place Micro- 1st Level 123 123 level “Job / Function” WO IO: Industrial Organization; WO: Work Organization © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 5 Work Organization: Definition Work organization describes a system of permanent goals, measures and regulations for an organizational micro- or meso-structure, which determines the function and structure of the work system of the persons as well as the hierarchical and procedural interrelationships of work tasks and ensures optimal task processing according to the system objectives. Aspects: 1. Structure Organization Organizational Unit Relation of Subordination 2. Process Organization Tasks or activities Predecessor-successor- relationship © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 6 Human-oriented concept for developing a work system Organizational needs, business needs and Boundary of work regulatory requirements system development Evaluation Requirement analysis Task analysis Task synthesis . Define functional . Performance . Distribution requirements analysis connection . Determine work . Object analysis . Management environment . Rank analysis connection . Phase analysis . Staff relation . Functional relations Design loop . Workflow connection Requirements loop analysis . Council connection Control loop Control loop Control loop System analysis and control (balance) Balanced organisation Pilot implementation by considering trade-offs between productivity, flexibility and well-being © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 7 Goal Triangle of Work Organization Flexibility Focus of goals • Amounts • Capacities • Planning of tasks • Structure • Scope of action • Processes • Avoidance of monotony •… • Health • Rationalization • Optimization of time / cost • Automatization • Adaptability • Balancing of disturbances • Quick adaptation Economic Efficiency Human-Oriented to environment (in a broader sense) Design • Effectiveness • Possibilities for • Efficiency development • Balanced and • Productivity • Freedom of harm integral • Utilization • Multiplicity of • Quality demands objectives •… •… © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 8 Organizational Differentiation ... is the search for the most convenient division and distribution of tasks. goal Task is defined here as the “target objective for Aggregation level 2 purpose-based human actions“ (Kosiol 1962). These actions are referred to as functions, and are carried out on given objects (so-called work objects). subgoal Task analysis is the systematic penetration of the Aggregation level 1 tasks to be distributed. The task analysis stems from the total task of an enterprise. This, in turn, can be divided into concrete subtasks through a multi-step sub- analysis according to specific criteria, until a level of subgoal elementary tasks is reached. As a result, the total task Aggregation level 0 can be grasped with a greater degree of precision. Task synthesis is the systematic, goal-oriented aggregation of the subtasks identified in the task Legend: analysis, which then creates positions and the Task corresponding labor division forms that “generate the New task organizational structure of the enterprise through their Required information/control flows connections”. Alternative information/control flows Source: Schreyögg 2003, Schlick et al. 2010, p. 437 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 9 Task Analysis ... divides the total task stepwise into portions through use of five dimensions. This results in numerous subtasks of varying degrees of aggregation, differentiated according to individual perspectives. 1 The performance analysis is used for the acquisition of subtasks according to their related operations and functions 5 (e.g., sawing, grinding, hammering). 2 The goal of the functional relations analysis The operational procedures extend to objects, is the ordering of tasks according to their e.g., the products to be developed and position in the performance process. Tasks processed in terms of quantity and structure, must be distinguished depending on Dimensions during the object analysis. whether they are direct – primary of Task Analysis purposeful tasks (uniquely value-adding) 3 or indirect (management based). Rank analysis signifies the classification of tasks into execution and decision tasks. 4 Phase analysis signifies the formation of subtasks according to the three phases of planning, implementation and controlling/organizing. Source: Schreyögg 2003 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 10 Forms of Division of Labor Types of Division of Labor Division of labor Division of labor Division of labor according to the according to the according to the performance principle object principle performance and (division by type) (division by quantity) object principle (combination) Each worker is given a different Each worker is given the type of workload. same type of workload. For example, division of larger tasks through the coupling of the ... exemplary formation of a workplace of gear production: performance and the object principle Employee A and the respective synchronization. Sawing and turning Material of 150 axles flow Employee A Employee B Sawing of Turning of Material flow 300 axles 300 axles Material flow Employee B Sawing and turning of 150 axles © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 11 Task Analysis According to Performance Performance refers to an activity that must be executed in order to fulfill a task. According to Kosiol, each performance must be analytically dissected until the elementary performance level – performance of tracts of the lowest order – has been reached. Design Work Gear … and preparation wheels development production Casing Spacer Procurement … manufactur- … bushing ing production Manufacturing planning Ball- Prepa- Axle bearing … … ration of manufactur- production ing gears for Manufacturing ⋀ the ⋀ Feather key … market Wheel set production manufactur- ⋀ Storage and ing logistics ⋀ AND connector Assembly Marketing and X Exclusive OR connector sales ⋀ OR connector Maintenance © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University 2 - 12 Task Analysis According to Objects Performances are always related to work objects. Therefore, the task analysis induces objects of different
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