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The Expansion of Arapaima Cf. Gigas (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Bolivian Amazon As Informed by Citizen and Formal Science

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The Expansion of Arapaima Cf. Gigas (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Bolivian Amazon As Informed by Citizen and Formal Science Management of Biological Invasions (2015) Volume 6, Issue 4: 375–383 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2015.6.4.06 Open Access © 2015 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2015 REABIC Research Article The expansion of Arapaima cf. gigas (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Bolivian Amazon as informed by citizen and formal science Paul A. Van Damme1,2*, Claudia Coca Méndez1, Milton Zapata1, Fernando M. Carvajal-Vallejos1,2, Joachim Carolsfeld3 and Julian D. Olden4 1FAUNAGUA, Institute for Applied Research on Aquatic Resources, final Av. Max Fernández s/n, zona Arocagua Norte, Cochabamba, Plurinational State of Bolivia 2Centre for Limnology and Aquatic Resources (ULRA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología (FCyT), Mayor de San Simón University (UMSS), Calle Sucre frente al parquet La Torre s/n, zona Las Cuadras, Cochabamba, Plurinational State of Bolivia 3World Fisheries Trust (WFT), Victoria, 434 Russell Street, Victoria, BC V9A 3X3, Canada 4School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA E-mail: [email protected] (PAVD), [email protected] (CCM), [email protected] (MZ), [email protected] (FMCV), [email protected] (JC), [email protected] (JDO) *Corresponding author Received: 7 July 2014 / Accepted: 30 June 2015 / Published online: 29 July 2015 Handling editor: Kit Magellan Abstract The giant osteoglossomorph fish Arapaima cf. gigas was introduced to the northern Bolivian Amazon over a half century ago and now contributes significantly to commercial fisheries. Despite this, little is known regarding its current distribution and invasion potential. Here, we address this knowledge gap using two complementary methods: interviewing key informants and examining fisheries landing records in the principal landing site (Riberalta). Both interviews and landing data revealed that the species represents approximately 50% of the total commercial catches, and that it now occupies approximately 340 km2 of floodplain lakes in the Beni, Orthon and Madre de Dios River basins. The annual yield is estimated at 258 t, equivalent to 0.76 kg/ha/year. The current geographic distribution represents approximately one-quarter (24%) of floodplain lakes in the lower Bolivian Amazon, suggesting high fisheries potential of the species if it would also colonize the remaining Mamoré and Iténez River basins. The potential for negative ecosystem impacts of the A. cf. gigas invasion seems likely, considering the large body size, life history and feeding ecology of this species, but has not yet been clearly demonstrated. Factors that might limit further expansion are natural barriers (waterfalls) in the lower Mamoré, and periodic cold temperature conditions in the Mamoré and Iténez River basins. Key words: fish, bony tongue, introduced species, artisanal fisheries, Upper Madera River, Riberalta Introduction observe and interpret (Beard et al. 2011). Issues of over-exploitation, climate change, dams and Inland fisheries provide a vital source of commerce, the effects of other human-related threats on employment and nutrition for people throughout these fisheries are a continuing concern (Allan et the world (Welcomme et al. 2010). This is al. 2005; Ficke et al. 2007; Castello et al. 2013). particularly true in subsistence and artisanal Non-native fish species are considered a critical fisheries in developing nations, where inland threat to freshwater ecosystems (Leprieur et al. fishing activities are an integral part of a 2009; Vitule et al. 2009; Cucherousset and Olden diversified livelihood, playing a critical role in 2011; Vitule et al. 2012), however these species the food security of producers and their families, can also support important targeted commercial as well as contributing to national and international and recreational fisheries (Eby et al. 2006; Gozlan economies. Many inland fisheries, particularly 2008; Simberloff et al. 2013). those of large tropical river basins, occur within The Bolivian Amazon, consisting largely of species-rich, ecologically diverse assemblages the middle Madera River basin, supports over where population dynamics are difficult to 800 fish species (Carvajal-Vallejos et al. 2014). 375 P.A. Van Damme et al. Figure 1. Relative percentage of fish taxa in the landings in the northern Amazon of Bolivia in 2008 according to interviews with key persons in seven landing sites. S = Siluriformes; O = Osteoglossi- formes; C = Characiformes; P = Perciformes. Clupeiformes were not included. See Table 1 for detailed list of species within each of the taxa mentioned. The fishing areas are approximate. P.Mald. = Puerto Maldonado (Peru). are points of first observation of A. cf. gigas (see Table 2). Figure 2. Map of minimum air temperatures in the Bolivian Amazon below 300 m above sea level (masl). Values were calculated averaging the four sequential coldest days of the year over 21 years (1990–2010), as recorded by SENAMHI weather stations. The map indicates localities where native species and A. cf. gigas mortality was reported in natural water bodies during a cold shock in July 2010. The high species richness can be explained by Pelicice et al. 2014; Daga et al. 2014) and significant habitat heterogeneity (Van Damme et consequent risk of non-native species introductions. al. 2011a) and historical isolation by high One of the first dramatic cases of species gradient rapids in the border area with Brazil. introductions is the invasion by Arapaima cf. gigas However, this isolation may change rapidly with (Schinz, 1822) of the northwestern region of the the construction of hydropower dams and the Bolivian Amazon (Carvajal-Vallejos et al. 2011; increasing trade of species for aquaculture Miranda-Chumacero et al. 2012) from intentional (Torrente-Vilara et al. 2011; Castello et al. 2013; releases or aquaculture escapees in Peru. 376 Arapaima cf. gigas expansion in the Bolivian Amazon Arapaima cf. gigas, called paiche in Peru, fisheries statistics from 1982 and 1995 do not report Ecuador, Venezuela and Bolivia, and pirarucú in this species (reviewed by Van Damme et al. 2011a). Brazil and Colombia (Carvajal-Vallejos et al. However, A. cf. gigas was already a common 2011), is a large (up to 3 m length and 200 kg) species in the northern Bolivian Amazon by 2004 air-breathing predator that historically dominated (Farell and Azurduy 2006). Its upstream advance floodplain lake systems of the tropical central in adjacent Bolivian watersheds appears to be Amazon (Migdalski 1957; Arantes et al. 2010). continuing at a steady pace, being now present in An ancient Osteoglossomorph fish species, with the upper Beni River basin 20 km below its closest relative in Africa, paiche is one of the Rurrenabaque (Miranda-Chumacero et al. 2012) world’s largest fish with scales. Recent work has (Figure 1). Its further expansion to the Mamoré suggested that the species could actually consist river basin seems to have been blocked by rapids of several species (Stewart 2013). In this paper we located in this river close to the Yata River thus use the A. cf gigas nomenclature, pending mouth and the town of Guayaramerín (Carvajal- resolution of the fish’s true identity. Vallejos et al. 2011) (Figure 1). Recent reports In its native Brazil, Peru, and Colombia, paiche of A. cf. gigas in fish markets in the Iténez and has long been utilized by indigenous peoples Mamoré river basins (Doria and Souza 2012) can (Sánchez 1960), with a substantial increased be traced to individuals that originate from the exploitation with the advent of European colonists Beni River basin. However, Carvajal-Vallejos et (Goulding 1980) and an appreciation of the al. (2011) mention that the presence of the species animal’s firm flesh, giant slabs of meat, and lack in these two river basins is to be expected, giving of intramuscular bones – marketed as salted and the uncontrolled trade and the introduction of dried fillets (Hrbek et al. 2007). The advent of juvenile fish by Bolivian aquaculture activities nylon gill nets and ice increased the fishery across the region. substantially, so that by the 1980s there was In this paper, we describe the current distribution dramatic decline of A. cf. gigas populations in of A. cf gigas, as deduced from citizen reports the lower and middle Amazon. As a result, the and formal fisheries statistics, and explore the fish was indexed in Appendix II of the inter- evolving impact of the species on the catch national conservation treaty Commercial Species composition of fisheries in the Bolivian Amazon. of Wild Fauna and Flora (Carvajal-Vallejos et al. We also seek to explain the invasion success of 2011). Brazil eventually responded to this crisis in the species, as well as discuss the factors that 1996 and closed the fishery entirely for several might limit further expansion in the area. In years, subsequently allowing only selected commu- doing so, we highlight gaps in knowledge about the nity-managed lake fisheries that implemented a invasion potential and ecological negative impacts management plan for this species (Castello et al. of A. cf. gigas in new waters. 2009). Although its range may have been substantially Methods greater in geological time, recent native distri- bution in the Amazon of the species does not Bolivia dismantled its formal public system of include Bolivia. Presumably, the rapids downstream fish landing data collection in 1995 resulting in of Cachuela Esperanza in the Beni River and no governmental fish landing records being Guayaramerín in the Mamoré River (Figure 1) available for almost the last 20 years. This poses formed barriers to natural upstream range extension a formidable challenge for documentation of (Carvajal-Vallejos et al. 2011; Torrente-Vilara et fisheries status or detection of trends in fish al. 2011). The species is listed as Data Deficient population numbers and distribution. To overcome (DD) according to the IUCN Red List of this limitation, we employed two complementary Threatened Species. approaches to assess the effect of A. cf. gigas Arapaima cf. gigas was first found in the introduction on fish landings in the Bolivian upper headwaters of the Madera in the 1960s; a Amazon.
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